锅炉培训课件

提高锅炉热效率的途径

Themethodofimprovingthermalefficiencyofaboiler2023/6/61友情提示上课时间请勿：--请将您手机改为“震动”

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Generalintroduction

提高锅炉热效率的基本方向

Thebasicmethodofimprovingthermalefficiencyofaboiler

提高锅炉热效率有两个基本方向：

Thetwosidesofimprovingthethermalefficiency1.提高燃烧效率，降低不完全燃烧热损失q3

和q4

。

Loweringtheheatlossduetounburnedq3andq4toimprovethecombustionefficiency.链条炉的远大于q3，因此，重点要抓q4的降低。

Theefficiencyoftravelinggrateissurpassq3more,sothefocusiscutq4down.2023/6/642.提高传热效率，降低排烟热损失和散热损失。

Loweringtheheatlossduetoexhaustgastoimprovingtheefficiencyofheattransfer.

排烟热损失常为使锅炉热效率降低的另一主要因素，而一般散热损失较小。

Theothermainelementofreducingtheboilerefficiencyistheheatlossduetoexhaustgas,butthenormalheatlossduetoradiationisless.

2023/6/65二、提高锅炉燃烧效率（以层燃炉为例）

Improvingboilercombustionefficiency(Layerburningfurnaceasanexample)1.燃料燃烧的基本概念Thebasicconceptoffuelcombustion

1）燃烧

combustion：

燃料中的可燃物质与空气中的氧在一定温度下发生剧烈的化学反应，发出光和热的现象。

Combustiblematerialinthefuelandoxygenintheairtoacertaintemperature,theoccurrenceofviolentchemicalreactionsentthephenomenonoflightandheat.

2）燃烧的三个条件

Threeconditionsforcombustion：有可燃物、空气、达到可燃物的着火的温度。

Theyarefuel、airandfueltoreachthetemperatureofthefire.2023/6/663）完全燃烧的条件Combustionconditions：（同时具备以下条件）(Atthesametimeareasthefollows)

燃烧温度，达到着火点并保持一定的温度，能连续燃烧直至燃尽；足够的空气量；良好的混合；充分的燃烧时间在不同的燃烧阶段将由其中的一个或两个要素起主要作用。

Combustiontemperature,reachingignitionpointandmaintainingacertaintemperature,cancontinuetoburnuntiltheburning;enoughair;wellmixingandfullofburningtimeofwhichwillbeoneortwofactorsplayamajorroleindifferentstagesofcombustion.2023/6/674）燃烧过程

Thecombustionprocessisdividedintothreephases：

（分为三个阶段）着火前的热力准备阶段；着火燃烧阶段；燃尽阶段。

Thermalpreparationphase

beforethefire;ignitedstage;burnstage2023/6/682.层燃炉——链条炉的工作特点Thecharacteroflayerburningfurnaceandtravelinggratefurnace：

链条炉为单面点火的炉子，着火由上而下进行，着火条件比较差，煤层与炉排无相对运动。

Travelinggrateisignitedtoonesideofthefurnace,top-downfire,fireconditionsarerelativelypoor,coalandgratewithnorelativemotion.因为煤是加在空炉排上，送入冷空气，温度低于200℃，不能满足着火前热力准备阶段所需的热量，挥发分较少的无烟煤或劣质煤、水分多的煤等都不易着火，适宜燃用烟煤。2023/6/69

Ⅰ-新燃料区；Ⅱ-挥发物析出、燃烧区；Ⅲa-焦炭燃烧氧化区；Ⅲb-焦炭燃烧还原区；Ⅳ灰渣形成区2023/6/6103.链条炉实际运行常存在的问题

Theprobleminoperationoftravelinggratefurnaceregularly：

1）利用煤仓供煤，煤的向下垂直压力较大，与煤闸板挤压形成的煤层比较密实，透气性差。

Whenthecoalissuppliedwithcoalstore,thecoalformedwiththepressureofcoalbrakeiscompactandpoorventilation.

2）炉排上的煤层都是些颗粒大小不等混合在一起构成的——煤的粒径无序掺混。

Thecoalonthegrateisconsistedwithmixedparticleofvariablesizes(coalisblendeddisorderinsize)2023/6/611

3）沿炉排方向两侧块状煤多，而细碎煤粒则在中部较多，造成

Bothsidesofdirectionalongwiththegratearealotofmassivecoalandmorefinecoalparticlesinthemiddle,cause：炉排上通风分布不均，易形成火口或漏煤量较大Ventilationonthegratedistributesunevenly,toeasilyformburnerorleakmorecoal；

炉排两侧易漏入冷空气，炉膛过量空气系数上升Onbothsidesofthegrateeasilyleakintothecoldair,andthefurnaceexcessairratioisincreased；

降低炉温，煤不易烧透，排渣含碳量高Lowerfurnacetemperature,thecoalisburnedthroughhardly,andtheslagwithhighcarboncontent；

锅炉效率和出力下降Boilerefficiencyandoutputwilldecline.2023/6/6123.改善层燃炉燃烧的措施Themeasuresofimprovingthelayerburningfurnace1）设前、后拱

Setfrontandreararch

改变气流上升方向，使可燃气体与空气良好混合，将炉内热量尽量向炉前反射，加速新燃料的着火。特别是前拱

Changingthedirectionofrisingaircurrents,sothatthecombustiblegasescanmixedwiththeair

well,tokeeptheheatinfurnacereflectedtotheforthasmuchaspossible,tospeedupthenewfueltofire——引燃拱，反射烟气投射来的热量。在前后拱间形成“喉口”，使生成的气体在喉部加强混合。

Archfirereflectstheheatprojectedfromgas.Throatisformedbetweenfrontarchandreararch,tostrengthenthemixtureoftheformedgasinthethroat.2023/6/613拱的形状和尺寸与燃料的性质有关。Theshapeandsizeofthearcharerelatedtothecharacterofthefuel.燃用低挥发分的无烟煤采用低而长的后拱。Thelowandlongreararchisadoptedtothefueledcoalstonewithlowvolatilization.燃用高挥发分的褐煤和烟煤采用高而短的后拱

Thehighandshortreararchisadoptedtothefueledcoalandlignitewithhighvolatilization

。燃用褐煤、烟煤的链条炉燃用无烟煤的链条炉2023/6/6142）分区送风

Zonecontroldraft

链条炉排上燃烧过程沿炉排方向所需的空气量是不同的“分段送风”，使送入的风量与需要的风量吻合。

Intheprocessofcombustiononthegrate,therequiredamountofairalongthedirectionofthegrateisdifferent.zonecontroldraftmakethevolumeofairflowdeliveredtocoincidewiththeneeded.着火前准备阶段基本不需空气

Thereisnoneedforairbasicallyinthestageofpreparationbeforefire.挥发分和焦炭燃烧区需大量空气

Intheareaofcokecombustionandvolatileneedsalotofair.

灰渣形成阶段需要少量空气

Inthestageofslagformationneedsasmallamountofair.链条炉空气分布情况2023/6/615３）设二次风

Setsecondaryair在喉部设二次风，加强扰动和混合，降低q３．

Settingsecondaryairinthethroat,toreinforceagitationandmixture,toslowerq３.风量为总送风量的5~15%Thevolumeofairsuppliedaccountsup5~15%tothetotal；风速为50~80m/sWindspeedfor50~80m/s；工质可为空气、烟气、蒸汽。Therefrigerantforair、gasorvapor.1-前拱Fortharch2-后拱Reararch3-喉口Throat4-二次风Secondaryair2023/6/6164）向炉内送热风Ventilateheatedairtothefurnace——尾部加空气预热器Addairheateratrear5）采用合适煤种和粒度Useappropriatecoalandthesize——燃用设计煤种Burningthecoaldesigned高挥发分的煤,水分控制在8~10%

Thehighvolatilecoal,watercontrolinthe8to10%；灰分,干燥基灰分≤30%Ash,dryash≤30%；灰的熔化温度t3≥1200℃

Theashmeltingtemperaturet3≥1200℃；粒度20~30mm，均匀

Size20~30mm,uniform

；煤层厚度100~150mm

Thicknessofcoalis100~150mm.2023/6/617三、燃烧技术简介

Thebriefintroductionofcombustiontechnology

1.链条炉分层燃烧技术Thetechnologyofhierarchicalcombustioninthetravelinggratefurnace1）分层燃烧装置的结构（见图）

Thestructureofhierarchicalcombustioninstallation2）分层燃烧装置的工作过程Theprocessofhierarchicalcombustioninstallation.

在溜煤管的出口加装给煤器，使炉排上煤层按不同粒度范围分成二层或三层，避免了煤层密实、粒径无序掺混带来的缺点，提高效率和出力及煤种的适应性。Addattheexitof,todividethecoalonthegrateintotwoorthreelayersaccordingtothescopeofparticles,toavoidthedefectsfromcoalcompactingandparticlesmingleddisorderly,toimproveefficiencyandeffort,adaptabilityofthecoalandsoon.2023/6/618滚筒分层给煤机（ZL95233823.8）1-落煤斗2-给煤斗3-分煤斗4-单层复合筛5-耐火砖6-后梁7-链条炉排8-弹力挡煤板9-槽钢架10-弹簧11-螺栓12-挡煤板13-丝杆14-折低的筛条15-托板16-滚筒17-筋条18-传动带

筛子的结构1-筛板2-梳齿状筛条3-折低的筛条2023/6/6193）特点Character

使落煤疏松，按粒度分离分档，按颗粒大小有序排列、均匀分布，提高燃烧效率，降低q4。

Thecoaldroploosely,accordingtothesizeseparated,bythesizeoftheparticlesarrangedorderly,distributeduniformly,improvingcombustionefficiency,cuttingq4down.

2023/6/6202.煤与炉渣混烧

Co-firingofthecoalandslag——

在煤中掺入颗粒较大的渣（煤渣比为4：1）减少通风阻力，增加了煤层的透气性，使送风均匀，提高燃烧的稳定性，降低q4。

Thecoalmingledwiththelargerparticlesofslag，reducingtheresistanceofventilation,increasingthepermeabilityofthecoal,ventilatinguniform,improvingthestabilityofthecombustion,cuttingq4down.

注意：煤层要加厚，炉膛温度会略有下降。

Attention:Ifthecoalthickening,thetemperatureoffurnacewilldropslightly.

2023/6/6213.过量空气系数的优化

Optimizationofexcessairratioα值的大小对燃烧及q2、q3、q4均有影响，一实例测试数据表明，α存在一优化值使Q2、q3、q4

andcombustionareallundertheinfluenceofthescaleofthevalueofa,Oneexampleoftestdatashowthattheexistenceofoptimizethevalueofαmeet

如图：过量空气系数由烟气分析测得烟气中的含氧量O2，根据下式计算炉膛出口处的过量空气系数α

ExcessairratiomeasuredbytheanalysisofthegasintheoxygencontentofO2,tocalculateexcessairratioαinthefurnaceexitaccordingtotheequationasfollowed

2023/6/6224.循环流化床燃烧Circulatingfluidizedbedcombustion——洁净燃烧技术Cleancombustiontechnology1）流化床

Fluidizedbed

流化床的工作过程

Theprocessofthefluidizedbed：将物料放在有空隙的箅板上，从箅板部通过箅或间隙向料层通入空气，当颗粒的重力大于气流推力时颗粒静止在箅板上，料层不动，为固定床。Materialsareputonthegrateplatewithgaps,thelayerofmaterialsareventilatedairthrough()andgaps,ifthegravityofparticlesisgreaterthanthethrustofairflow,theparticleswillbestaticontheboardandthelayerofmaterialsismotionlessalso,sothatisdefinedasafixedbed.固定床Fixedbed2023/6/623若风速增加，料层膨胀，当风速超过某值，料层的稳定性被破坏，而被风托起，且颗粒上下不停地翻腾，这种处于松散沸腾状态的料层成为沸腾床或流化床，开始形成流化床的风速称为沸腾临界风速。Thelayerofmaterialswillexpandbytheincreasingofwindspeed,whenthewindspeedexcessavalue,thelayerofmaterialswillbedistructedinstabilityandholdupbythewind,writhingofparticlesupanddown,then,thelayerofmaterialsinthestateofboilingandlooseisdefinedasboilingbedorfluidizedbed.Thelayerofmaterialsledtotheformationoffluizedbedisdefinedasboilingcriticalwindspeed.流化床Fluidizedbed2023/6/624达到临界风速后，再增加风速至某值，固体颗粒不再上下翻腾而是被吹走了，就形成了气力输送，如图。达到气力输送时开始的风速为极限风速。风速在临界风速和极限风速之间都可形成流化床。

Afterachievedcriticalwindspeed,ifincreasingthewindspeedtoavalue,solidparticalsarenolongerwrithingupanddownbutblownoff,thuspneumaticconveyingisformed.Thewindspeedatthebeginningofpneumaticconveyingisdefinedaswindspeedlimit.Thefluidizedbedcanbeformedbetweencriticalspeedandwindspeedlimit.气力输送2023/6/625固定床Fixedbed流化床Fluidizedbed气力输送Pneumaticconveying

沸腾临界风速Boilingcriticalwindspeed，极限风速Windspeedlimit2023/6/6262）循环流化床锅炉Circulatingfluidizedbedboiler

循环流化床锅炉就是在锅炉体内装有旋风分离器，从炉膛出来的烟气首先经分离器，将烟气中的固体颗粒收集，并送返炉内在进行燃烧，固体颗粒这样循环燃烧，使燃烧效率很高，也就提高了锅炉的热效率。同时向炉内加石灰石粉进行燃烧中脱硫。

CFBboilerisequippedwithacycloneinthebody.Thesolidparticlesarecollectedtocyclonewhenthegascomingoutoffurnacepassthroughcycloneandreturnedinfurnaceburnning.Suchcirculatingcombustionofsolidparticleskeepcombustionefficiencyhighly,andthenimproveboilerefficiency.Atthesametime,limestonepowderaddedtothefurnaceforcombustiondesulfurization.2023/6/627循环流化床锅炉的优点Theadvantagesofcirculatingfluidizedbedboiler：

1）燃料适应性强

Theadaptableoffuelwell；

2）可回收烟气中的碳粒，燃烧效率高，可达95%，高于层燃炉、低于煤粉炉。

Recoverycarbongrainofthegas,High-efficiencycombustion,upto95%,morethan,lessthanpulverizedcoal

3）对负荷变化适应性好，低负荷时可转换为鼓泡流化床，最低在25%~30%额定负荷下仍可以运行，负荷调节速率快，操作灵活。

Adaptivetochangeinload.Runninginlowloadcanbeconvertedintobubblingfluidizedbed,aminimumof25%to30%oftheratedloadcanstillrun,rateofloadregulationfast,flexibleoperation.2023/6/628

4）可采用较小的空气过量系数，传热效果好，热效率高，可达85%以上。炉子的热强度高，炉体紧凑。

Excessaircoefficiencyadoptedsmaller,effectiveheattransfer,boilerefficiencyhighly,above85%.Heatintensityinfurnacehighly,furnacecompactly.

5）循环流化床锅炉固硫后的灰渣有较好的强度，在制成混凝土时还有补偿收缩或实现微膨胀的功能，降低水化热核提高流动性。

TheslaggeneratedafterdesulfurizationofCFBboilerisintensityhighlyandfunctionedofcompensationcontractionortherealizationofmicro-expansionintheconcretemaking.2023/6/629

6）脱硫脱氮的效果好，由于料层燃烧温度低，维持在850℃~900℃，是CaCO3分解和SO2与CaO化合的最佳温度，石灰石粉比表面积大，又是沸腾燃烧，能与SO2充分接触，由于空气过量系数小，NOX生成量较少。因此循环流化床燃烧被称为“洁净燃烧技术”。

Effectiveindesulfurizationanddenitrification,Duetolayerofmaterialscombustinginlow-temperature,maintainedat850℃~900℃,isthebesttemperaturefordecompositionofCaCO3andthecombinationofSO2andCaO,thelimestonepowderwithgreatspecificsurfaceareaandboilingburningcancontactwithSO2fully,duetothesmallexcessiveaircoefficient,NOXgenerateless.Therefore,circulatingfluidizedbedcombustion,knownas"cleancombustiontechnology."2023/6/630循环流化床锅炉的缺点Theshortcomingsofthecirculatingfluidizedbedboiler:1）排尘量大，需用电除尘才能达到环保要求，增加了锅炉房的初投资。ThequantityofdustemissionissolargethatitneedsESPtomeettherequirementofenvironmentalprotection,sothatwillincreasetheinvestmentintheearly.2）循环流化床锅炉烟气中的固体颗粒的浓度较高，水冷壁、分离器、面料系统及锅炉内衬、特别是炉内埋管磨损严重。

TheconcentrationofsolidparticlesintheCBFboilergasishigher,andtheabrasioninthewatercooledwall,seperators,fabicsystemandboiler-linedisserious,especiallyinthefurnacepipe.2023/6/631

3）循环流化床锅炉的耗电量大，费用较高，约为链条炉的两倍。因需将煤破碎为0~10mm的细粒，将石灰磨成0.1~0.3mm的细粉；采用高压风机、电除尘要耗电，购买石灰石也需费用。

Theconsumptionandexpenditureofcirculatingfluidizedbedboilerisastwiceastravlinggrate.Socoalwillbebrokenforthe0~10mmfineandlimewillbegroundintofinepowderof0.1~0.3mm.TheexpenditureincludesusinghighpressurefanandESP,andalsothecostofthepurchaseoflimestone.

4）炉墙的严密性要求高，密封性差会形成漏灰、漏风。

Tightnessofthefurnacewallhigh,Poortightnesswillinducealeaktightnessgray,theairleakage.2023/6/632四、提高传热效率Improvingtransferefficiency

（需要细化展开论述）1.受热面的合理布置避免烟气短路

Therationalarrangementofheatingsurfacecanavoidgasshortcircuit.1）受热面的合理分配与布置

Therationalallocationandarrangementofheatingsurface.

辐射受热面受热强度远大于对流受热面；

Theheatintensityofradiantheatingsurfaceislargerthanconvectionheatingsurface.

锅炉对流管束中是近于饱和温度的锅水，而烟气流过对流管束温度越来越低，过多地布置对流管束，其末端温差减小，传热效果降低。

Thewaterintheconvectiontubebankarenearsaturationtemperature,thetemperatureofthegasflowconvectiontubebankismoreandmorelower,iftheconvectiontubebankarrangedtoomuch,thatdifferenceintemperaturewillreduceandeffectofheattransferwilllower.

2023/6/633因此常在锅炉尾部设置省煤器及空气预热器等尾部受热面。辐射受热面、对流受热面及尾部受热面三者的分配是否恰当，是影响锅炉传热效率及经济性的重要因素。

Sotherearheatingsurfaceincludingeconomizerandairheaterareusuallysetintheboilerrear.Whetherthedistributionofradiantheatingsurface,convectionheatingsurfaceandrearheatingsurfaceappropriateornotisanimportantfactortoaffecttheheattransferefficiencyofboilerandeconomy.

2023/6/634锅炉对流管束受烟气冲刷，其排列方式（顺排或错排）、流动方式（顺流或逆流）以及与烟气冲刷的方式（横向冲刷或纵向冲刷）对放热系数都有很大影响。管束的布置还与流动阻力及水循环等因素有关。

Thearrangement(shunroworstaggeredarrangement),typeofflow(faircurrentorreversecurrent),aswellasthewayofwashing(lateralorverticalerosionwashed)ofconvectiontubebankofboilerwhichiswashedoutbygashasastrongimpactonheatemissioncoefficient.Thearrangementoftubesisrelatedtothefactorsofwatercycleandflowedfriction,andsoon.2023/6/6352023/6/6362）防止隔墙损坏造成烟气短路

Topreventtheshortcircuitofgascausedbythedamageofthewall在对流管束间常用砖或耐火材料砌成隔墙，是烟气沿一定的路线流动，保持与管束正常地冲刷。若这些隔墙损坏，就会造成烟气短路，使一部分受热面得不到冲刷，而传热量减少，烟气离开受热面的温度增高，q2热损失增加。

Partitionwasusuallypiledbybricksorfireresistantmaterialbetweenconvectionbanks,gasflowinacertainroute,maintainingnormalerosion.Smokeshort-circuit

thatleadstoapartofheatingsurfacewithouterosion,andthenreduceheattransfercapacity,increasethetemperatureofgasdepartingfromheatingsurface,increaseheatlossq2.2023/6/6372.增加尾部受热面，回收烟气的余热；

Increasetherearheatingsurface,recoverythewasteheatofgas1）控制排烟热损失及烟气余热回收

Tocontrolheatlossduetoexhaustgasandrecoverthewasteheat

优化α值及排烟温度，控制排烟热损失。

Tooptimizethevalueofαandthetemperatureofexhaustgas,controlheatlossduetoexhaustgas.2）加装换热设备回收烟气余热

—如热管换热器

Toinstallheattransferequipmenttorecoverthewasteheat,takeheatpipeheatexchangerforanexample.2023/6/6383.保持受热面内部的洁净，减少管内传热热阻

Maintainthecleanlinessoftheinternalheatingsurface,reducingheatpipethermalresistance

1）加强水处理防止结垢Strengtheningthewatertreatmenttopreventscaling

Ca、Mg水垢导热性能很差(比钢小30～50倍)

thescalethermalconductivityofCa、Mgperformpoorly(lessthansteelfor30～50times)，使排烟温度升高，降低锅炉的出力和效率。

Raisingtheexhausttemperature,reducingoutputandefficiencyoftheboiler.2023/6/639根据试验，在汽锅内壁附着1mm厚的水垢，就要多消耗煤

2％～3％左右。同时，受热面的壁温大为增高，引起金属的过热而使其机械强度降低，导致管壁起疱或出现裂缝。

Accordingtothetest,thesteamboileradheredwithscaleofthicknessof1mmwillconsumethecoalaround2％～3％more,atthesametimetoincreasethewalltemperatureofheatingsurface,tocausemetaloverheatingandthenreduceitsmechanicalstrengthandleadtothewallblisteredorcracked.2023/6/640锅炉水管内壁结垢后，使管内流通截面减小，水循环的流动阻力增大，影响循环回路正常工作，甚至会堵塞水管，导致管子烧损。

Afterscalingintheboilerpipewall,toreducetheflowofcross-sectioninthepipe,toincreasetheflowresistanceofthewatercycle,toaffectthenormalcirculationloop,oreventoplugthepipeandleadthepipetoburning.2023/6/641我国国家质量技术监督局于2001-01-10批准，2001-10-01实施的《低压锅炉水质标准》中规定“承压热水锅炉给水应进行锅外水处理，对于额定功率小于等于4.2MW非管架式承压的热水锅炉和常压热水锅炉，可采用锅内加药处理，但必须对锅炉的结垢、腐蚀和水质加强监督”。

Low-pressureboilerwaterqualitystandardsimplementedon2001-10-01andapprovedbytheStateBureauofQualityandTechnicalSupervisionon2001-01-10providesthatfeedwaterofpressurehotwaterboilershouldbetreatedoutsideofboiler,fortheratedpowerequaltolessthan4.2MWnon-possessionstyleofpressurehotwaterboilerandpressurehotwaterboiler,d,osingpotcanbedealtwith,however,theboilermustbescaling,corrosionandwaterqualitysupervision.2023/6/6422）保持凝结水及回水洁净Keepcondensationwaterandreturnwaterclean热水管网的回水，特别是直供系统的回水，所含的杂质多为散热器及管网中存在的污物及腐蚀产物，一般要求管网上的除污器性能可靠和经常冲洗即可。

Theimpuritiesinthereturnwaterofthehotwaterpipenetwork,especiallyinthedirectsupplysystem,aremostlydirtandcorrosionproductsexistedintheradiatorandnetwork,andthedecontaminationinthenetworkrequiresperformancereliableandwashedfrequently.2023/6/6433）锅炉和热网的冲洗及加强锅炉排污

Towashtheboilerandnetworkandstrengthenblowdown.锅炉和热网竣工时要冲洗，冲洗水速要高于1m/s。

Theboilerandnetworkwhicharecompletedneedtowash,andthespeedofflushingwaterismorethan1m/s.锅炉内的水渣应及时通过排污排出，否则水渣会粘着在管壁上，受热后仍有生成二次水垢的可能。

Theslagintheboilershouldbedischargedthroughblowdowntimely,orelsewilladhereonthewallanditispossibletogeneratethesecondwaterafterslagheated.2023/6/6444）离子交换软化及除盐

Ionexchangesofteninganddesalting

（1）离子交换软化Ionexchangesoftening

供热锅炉为低压锅炉，一般仅进行软化，通常采用阳离子交换法，阳离子和复合阴离子根组成离子交换剂。进行离子交换反应时，阳离子则能和水中的钙(Ca++)、镁(Mg++)等离子互相交换。

Usuallycationexchangewhoseion-exchangeagentiscomposedofcationandcompositerootanionicisadoptedforlowerpressureheatingboiler,justtosoftengenerally.Forionexchangereaction,thecationcanexchangewithcalcium(Ca++),andmagnesium(Mg++)andsooninthewater.2023/6/645离子交换剂具有不会形成硬度的阳离子如钠离子(Na+)等与水中的Ca++和Mg++进行交换反应，水中的Ca++和Mg++被吸附在交换剂上，交换剂上原有的Na+转入水中，Na+来代替原水中的Ca++和Mg++，而水中的Ca++、Mg++就被除去。

Ion-exchangeagentwillnothavethecationtobehardness,forexample,inthereactionofCa++、Mg++inthewaterwithNa+andsoon,Ca++andMg++areabsorbedontheexchangeagent,theoriginalNa+ontheexchangeagentshiftingintothewaterreplaceoriginalCa++andMg++inthewater,sothatCa++、Mg++inthewaterareremoved.

2023/6/646（2）离子交换除盐

Ionexchangedesalting

小型电厂的中压或次高压锅炉要求除盐。Inferiorhighpressureormediumpressureboilerofsmall-scalepowerplantrequiredesalting4.膜分离技术MembraneTechnology2023/6/6474.保持受热面外部洁净，减少管外的热阻。

Tomaintainheatingsurfacecleanandreducetheresistanceofthetube.1）加强吹灰

Strengthensootblowing

管道外表面积灰时传热热阻增加。？定量Quantity

吹灰时应沿着烟气流动方向由前向后逐步吹扫。

Transferresistancewillbeincreasedwhentheoutersurfaceofthepipeisfouling.Itshouldblowalongwiththedirectionofgasflowfromfronttobackgradually.

2023/6/6482）防止管外结焦

Topreventtheoutsidetubecoking管外结焦是灰熔融再冷却后形成的熔渣。熔渣主要出现在炉膛内辐射受热面上，水冷壁、凝渣管和过热器等Theslagthatformedaftertheashmeltedandcooledisthecokeoutsidetube。Intheinnerfurnace,slagismainlyappearedontheradiationheatingsurface,waterwall,condensatetubeandsuperheaterandsoon.2023/6/6492023/6/650在这些区域炉温最高，煤中的灰粒大部分处于熔融或软化状态，碰到水冷壁后就被冷却凝固，粘结在受热面的外表面上。（no）2023/6/651结焦影响受热面的传热能力、引起水冷壁的热偏差、流量偏差，造成水循环故障和暴管，还会引起受热面的高温腐蚀时管壁变薄。结焦的原因有：煤的灰分熔点过低、炉膛结构不恰当（qv偏高，水冷壁受热面偏小）、火焰中心偏移等。（no）2023/6/6525.减少散热损失及余热回收Reduceheatlossandheatrecovery

1）加强炉墙保温Strengtheningthefurnacewallinsulation

当环境温度≤27℃时，设备和保温结构外表面温度应≤50℃；当环境温度＞27℃时，保温结构外表面温度≤环境温度+25℃。Whenthetemperatureofenvironmentlessthanorequalto27degree,thetemperatureofequipmentandoutsidethestructureoftheinsulationshouldlessthanorequalto50degree.Whenthetemperatureofenvironmentlessthanorequalto27degree,thetemperatureofoutsidethestructureoftheinsulationshouldlessthanorequaltothetemperatureadded25degreeofenvironment.

2023/6/6532）q6热损失的回收

Thelossofheatrecovery

q6——为灰渣物理显热

Thephysicalashheat。固态排渣

Solidslag600℃

流化床排渣

Slagbed800℃2023/6/6543）排污余热利用Blowdownwasteheatrecovery

为保持锅水标准及排除锅内沉淀物，锅炉必须排污。

Inordertomaintainthestandardpotofwaterandruleoutthepotsedimentthattheboilermustblowdown

控制排污量的蒸汽锅炉水质指标中，主要是碱度和溶解固形物。

Thewaterqualityindicatorsofsteamboilercontrolledtheamountofsewageismainlyalkalinityanddissolvedsolids

定期排污的间隔时间长，一般每班一次，在经济上值得利用的是连续排污。

Theblowdownonaregularbasisneedsalongtime,ageneralclass,economicallytheblowdowninarowisworthwhileusing.2023/6/655五、提高锅炉的净效率

Improvethenetefficiencyoftheboiler锅炉净效率是扣除锅炉运行期间锅炉房自用汽和自用电能消耗，而计算的锅炉效率。Afterdiscountingtheeffectofthevaporusedforboilerroomandtheconsumptionofpowerforpersonaluseintheboilerrun-time,thecalculationoftheefficiencyoftheboilerisjustthenetefficiencyoftheboiler.2023/6/656提高锅炉热效率，除了降低q2、q3、q4、q5、q6以外，还应节约自用汽量及节约用电量。

Toimprovethethermalefficiencyofboilers,inadditiontolowerq2,q3,q4,q5,q6,italsoshouldsavetheirownsteamandtheamountofelectricitysavings.2023/6/6571）风机、水泵采用变频调速Fans,pumpsusedFrequency

风机、水泵的选型是以额定负荷为依据的；计算流量和扬程时还需加一个富裕量，锅炉运行时的风机和水泵的实际流量都小于设备的额定流量，必须进行调解。

Theselectionoffanandpumpisbasedontheratedload;thecalculationofflowandheatneedstoaddWell-offvolume,intherun-timeofboiler,theactualflowoffanandpumpislessthantheratedflowofequipment,soitneedstomediate.2023/6/658改变进、出口节流阀或挡板的开度，电机输出功率一部分用来克服节流的阻力而损失掉了。变频调速是频率改变而使电机转速改变，流量得以调节，而电机的输出功率随转速大小而改变，达到节能的效果。

Changingtheopeningofthet