2018年考研英语五夜十篇讲义

目第三篇：GDP标准第七篇：道德第九篇：新的第十篇：早期第十一篇：类第十二篇：理论第一篇:电脑学习第二篇：成功第三篇：全职Forthefirsttimeinhistorymorepeopleliveintownsthaninthecountry.InBritainthishashadacuriousresult.WhilepollsshowBritonsrate“thecountryside”alongsidetheroyalfamily,ShakespeareandtheNationalHealthService(NHS)aswhatmakesthemproudestoftheircountry,thishaslimitedpoliticalsupport.AcenturyagoOctaviaHilllaunchedtheNationalTrustnottorescuestylishhousesbuttosave“thebeautyofnaturalcesforeveryoneforever.”Itwasspecificallytoprovidecitydwellerswithspacesforleisurewheretheycouldair.”Hilsconsumesmoreofit.Itneedsconstantguardianship.Atthenextelectionnoneofthebigpartiesseemlikelytoendorsethissentiment.TheConservatives’nningreformexplicitlygivesruraldevelopmentpriorityoverconservation,evenauthorizing“off-n”buildingwherelocalpeoplemightobject.Theconceptofsustainabledevelopmenthasbeendefinedasprofitable.Labourlikewisewantstodiscontinuelocalnningwherecouncilsopposedevelopment.TheLiberalDemocratsaresilent.OnlyUkip,sensingitschance,hassidedwiththosepleadingforamoreconsideredapproachtousinggreenland.ItsntoProtectRuralEnglandstruckterrorintomanylocalConsecutiveparties.Thesensiblecetobuildnewhouses,factoriesandofficesiswherepeopleAckroydrecentlyidentifiedenoughsitesforhalfamillionhousesintheLondonarealone,withnointrusionongreenbelt.WhatistrueofLondoniseventrueroftheprovinces.Theissueisnottheneedformorehousesbut,asalways,wheretoputthem.Underrenewal.Hefavoursout-of-townshopsitesagainsthighstreets.Thisisnotamarketbutabiasedone.Ruraltownsandvillageshavegrownandwillalwaysgrow.Theydosobestwherebuildingstickstotheiredgesandrespectstheircharacter.Wedonotruinurbanconservationareas.Whyruinruralones?Developmentshouldbenned,notletrip.AftertheNetherlands,BritainisEurope’smostcrowdedcountry.Halfacenturyoftownandcountrynninghasurbanliving.Thereisnodoubtofthealternative—thecorruptedlandscapesofunitetheleftandrightofthepoliticalspectrum.Britain’spublicsentimentaboutthe didn’tstarttilltheShakespeareanhasbroughtmuchbenefittotheisfullybackedbytheroyalisnotwellreflectedin.graduallyeffectivelyreinlargelyproperlyWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromParagraphLabourisunderattackforopposingTheConservativesmayabandon“off-n”TheLiberalDemocratsarelosingpoliticalUkipmaygainfromitssupportforruralTheauthorholdsthatGeorgeOsborne’s highlightshisfirmstandagainstlobbyshowshisdisregardforthecharacterofruralstressesthenecessityofeasingthehousingrevealsastrongprejudiceagainsturbanInthelastparagraph,theauthorshowshisappreciation thesizeofpopulationinthepoliticallifeintoday’stheenviableurbanlifestyleinthetown-and-countrynninginInorderto“changelivesforthebetter”andreduce“dependency”,GeorgeOnlyifthejoblessarriveatthejobcentrewithaCV,registerforonlinejobsearch,andstartlookingforworkwilltheybeeligibleforbenefit—andthentheyshouldreportweeklyratherthanfortnightly.Whatcouldbemorereasonable?Moreapparentreasonablenessfollowed.Therewillnowbeaseven-daywaitforthejobseeker’sallowance.“Thosefirstfewdaysshouldbespentlookingforwork,notlookingtosignon,”heclaimed.“We’rengthesethingsbecauseweknowHelp?Really?Onfirsthearing,thiswasthesociallyconcernedchancellor,tryingtochangelivesforthebetter,completewith“reforms”toanobviouslyindulgentsystemthatdemandstoolittleeffortfromthenewlyunemployedtofindwork,andsubsidizeslaziness.Whatmotivatedhim,weweretounderstand,washiszealfor“fundamentalfairness”—protectingthetaxpayer,controllingspendingandensuringthatonlythemostdeservingclaimantsreceivedtheirbenefits.Losingajobishurting:youdon’tskipdowntothejobcentrewithasonginyourheart,delightedattheprospectofdoublingyour Itisfinanciallyterrifying,psychologicallyembarrassingandyouknowthatsupportisminimalandextraordinarilyhardtoget.Youarenownotwanted;youarenowexcludedfromtheworkenvironmentthatofferspurposeandstructureinyourlife.Worse,thecrucial etofeedyourselfandyourfamilyandpaythebillshasdisappeared.Askanyonenewlyunemployedwhattheywantandtheanswerisalways:ajob.ButinOsborneland,yourfirstinstinctistofallintodependency—permanentdependencyifyoucangetit—supportedbyastateonlytooreadytoindulgeyourfalsehood.Itisasthough20yearsofever-tougherreformsofthejobsearchandbenefitadministrationsystemneverhappened.TheprincipleofBritishwelfareisnolongerthatyoucaninsureyourselfagainsttheriskofunemploymentandreceiveunconditionalpaymentsifthedisasterhappens.Eventheveryphrase“jobseeker’sallowance”isaboutredefiningtheunemployedasa“jobseeker”whohadnofundamentalrighttoabenefitheorshehasearnedthroughmakingnationalinsurancecontributions.Instead,theclaimantreceivesatime-limited“allowance,”conditionalonactivelyseekingajob;noentitlementandnoinsurance,at￡71.70aweek,oneoftheleastgenerousintheEU.GeorgeOsborne’sschemewasintendedto [A]providetheunemployedwitheasieraccesstobenefits[B]encouragejobseekers’activeengagementinjobseeking[C]motivatetheunemployedtoreportvoluntarily[D]guaranteejobseekers’legitimaterighttobenefitsThephrase“tosignon”(Para.2)mostprobablymeans [A]tocheckontheavailabilityofjobsatthejobcentretoacceptthe ernment’srestrictionsontheallowance[C]toregisterforanallowancefromthe [D]toattend ernmentaljob-trainingWhatpromptedthechancellortodevelophisscheme?[A]Adesiretosecureabetterlifeforall.Aneagernesstoprotecttheunemployed.[C]Anurgetobegeneroustotheclaimants.[D]Apassiontoensurefairnessfortaxpayers.AccordingtoParagraph3,beingunemployedmakesonefeel Towhichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostprobablyagree?[A]TheBritishwelfaresystemindulgesjobseekers’laziness.[B]Osborne’sreformswillreducetheriskofunemployment.[C]Thejobseekers’allowancehasmettheiractualneeds.[D]Unemploymentbenefitsshouldnotbemadeconditional.第三篇：GDPandGDPalreadypredictedtoslowasaresult,itisnowatimelymomenttoassesswhathewasreferringto.ThequestionofGDPanditsusefulnesshasannoyedmakersforoverhalfacentury.Manyarguethatitisaflawedconcept.Itmeasuresthingsthatdonotmatterandmissesthingsthatdo.Bymostrecentmeasures,theUK’sGDPhasbeenbeingshedssomelightonthatquestion.Acrossthe163countriesmeasured,theUKisoneofthepoorestperformersinensuringthateconomicgrowthistranslatedintomeaningfulimprovementsforitscitizens.RatherthanjustfocusingonGDP,over40differentsetsofcriteriafromhealth,educationandcivilsocietyWhileallofthesecountriesfacetheirownchallenges,thereareanumberofconsistentthemes.Yes,therehasbeenabuddingeconomicrecoverysincethe2008globalcrash,butinkeyindicatorsinareassuchashealthandeducation,majoreconomieshavetodecline.Yetthisisn’tthecasewithallcountries.includingcivilsociety,eequalityandenvironment.Thisisalessonthatrichcountriescanlearn:WhenGDPisnolongerasthesolemeasureofacountry’ssuccess,theworldlooksverySowhatKennedywasreferringtowasthatwhileGDPhasbeenthemostcommonenough.Itdoesnotincludeimportantfactorssuchasenvironmentalqualityoreducationes—allthingsthatcontributetoa’ssenseofwell-being.ThesharphittogrowthpredictedaroundtheworldandintheUKcouldleadtoadeclineintheeverydayserviceswedependonforourwell-beingandforgrowth.Butmakerswhorefocuseffortsonimprovingwell-beingratherthansimplyRobertF.Kennedyiscitedbecausehe [A]praisedtheUKforitsGDP[B]identifiedGDPwithhappiness[C]misinterpretedtheroleofGDP[D]hadalowopinionofGDPItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2that [A]theUKisreluctanttoremolditseconomicpattern[B]theUKwillcontributelesstotheworldeconomy[C]GDPasthemeasureofsuccessiswidelydefiedinthe[D]makersintheUKarepayinglessattentiontoWhichofthefollowingistrueabouttherecentannualstudy?[A]ItexcludesGDPasanindicator.[B]Itissponsoredby163countries.[C]Itscriteriaarequestionable.[D]Itsresultsareenlightening.Inthelasttwoparagraphs,theauthorsuggeststhat [A]theUKispreparingforaneconomicboom[B]highGDPforeshadowsaneconomicdecline[C]itisessentialtoconsiderfactorsbeyondGDP[D]itrequirescautiontohandleeconomicissuesWhichofthefollowingisthebesttitleforthetext?[A]HighGDPButInadequateWell-being,aUKLesson[B]GDPFigures,aWindowonGlobalEconomicHealth[C]RobertF.Kennedy,aTerminatorofGDP[D]Brexit,theUK’sGatewaytoWell-Onafivetothreevote,theSupremeCourtknockedoutmuchofArizona’simmigrationlawMonday—amodestvictoryfortheObamaAdministration.ButonthemoreimportantmatteroftheConstitution,thedecisionwasan8-0defeatfortheAdministration’sefforttoupsetthebalanceofpowerbetweentheernmentandtheprovisionsofArizona’scontroversialntohavestateandlocalenfederalimmigrationlaw.TheConstitutionalprinciplesthatWashingtonalonehasthepowerto“establishauniformRuleofNaturalization”andthatfederallawsprecedestatelawsarenoncontroversial.Arizonahadattemptedtofashionstatepoliciesthatranparalleltotheexistingfederalones.JusticeAnthonyKennedy,joinedbyChiefJusticeJohnRobertsandtheCourt’provisionsthemajorityheldthatCongresshaddeliberay“occupiedthefield”andArizonahadthusintrudedonthefederal’sprivilegedpowers.However,theJusticessaidthatArizonawouldbeallowedtoverifythelegalstatusofpeoplewhocomeincontactwithlawenment.That’sbecauseCongresshasalwaysenvisionedjointfederal-stateimmigrationenmentandTwoofthethreeobjectingJustice—SamuelAlitoandClarenceThomas—agreedwiththisConstitutionallogicbutdisagreedaboutwhichArizonarulesedandSeditionActs.inhisobjectionas“ashockingassertionoffederalexecutivepower”.TheWhiteHousearguedthatArizona'slawsedwithitsenmentpriorities,evenifstatelawscompliedwithfederalstatutestotheletter.Ineffect,theWhiteHouseclaimedthatitcouldinvalidateanyotherwiselegitimatestatelawthatitdisagreeswith.Somepowersdobelongexclusivelytothefederalernment,andcontroloffromusingtheirownresourcestocheckimmigrationstatus,itcould.ItneverdidJusticerightlyrejectedthisremarkableclaim.ThreeprovisionsofArizona’snwereoverturnedbecausethey.[A]oversteppedtheauthorityoffederalimmigrationlaw[B]disturbedthepowerbalancebetweendifferentstates[C]deprivedthefederalofConstitutionalpowers[D]contradictedboththefederalandstatepoliciesOnwhichofthefollowingdidtheJusticesagree,accordingtoStates’independencefromfederalimmigrationFederalofficers’dutytowithholdimmigrants’States’legitimateroleinimmigrationenCongress'sinterventioninimmigrationenItcanbeinferredfromParagraph5thattheAlienandSeditionActs [A]violatedtheConstitution[B]stoodinfavorofthestates[C]supportedthefederalstatute[D]underminedthestates'interestsTheWhiteHouseclaimsthatitspowerofenment [A]outweighsthatheldbythestates[B]isestablishedbyfederalstatutes[C]isdependentonthestates’support[D]rarelygoesagainststatelawsWhatcanbelearnedfromthelastparagraph?[A]ImmigrationissuesareusuallydecidedbyCongress.[B]TheAdministrationisdominantoverimmigrationissues.[C]JusticeswantedtostrengthenitscoordinationwithCongress.[D]JusticesintendedtocheckthepoweroftheAdministration.Adealisadeal—except,apparently,whenEntergyisinvolved.The,amajorenergyrinNewEngland,provokedjustifiedoutrageinVermontlaststate’sstrictnuclearregulations.Instead,thehasdonepreciselywhatithadlongpromiseditwouldnot:challengetheconstitutionalityofVermont’srulesinthefederalcourt,aspartofadesperateefforttokeepitsVermontYankeenuclearpowerntrunning.It’sastunningmove.sonlynuclearpowernt,anagingreactorinVernon.Asaconditionofreceivingstateapprovalforthesale,the agreedtoseekpermissionfromstateregulatorstooperatepast2012.In2006,thestatewentastepfurther,requiringthatanyextensionofthent’slicensebesubjecttotheVermontlegislature’sapproval.Then,too,the wentalong.collapseofacoolingtowerin2007andthediscoveryofanundergroundpipesystemsmanagement—especiallyafterthemademisleadingstatementsaboutthepipe.EnragedbyEntergy’sbehavior,theVermontSenatevoted26to4lastyearagainstallowinganextension.Nowtheissuddenlyclaimingthatthe2002agreementisinvalidbecauseofthe2006legislation,andthatonlythefederalernmenthasregulatorypowerovernuclearissues.Thelegalissuesinthecaseareobscure:whereastheSupremeCourthasruledthatstatesdohavesomeregulatoryauthorityovernuclearpower,thosepowersextend.Certainly,therearevalidconcernsaboutthepatchworkregulationsthatcouldresultifeverystatesetsitsownrules.ButhadEntergykeptitsword,thatdebatewouldbebesidethepoint.TheseemstohaveconcludedthatitsreputationinVermontisalreadyruns11otherreactorsintheUnitedStates,includingPilgrimNuclearstationinPlymouth.PledgingtorunPilgrimsafely,thehasappliedforfederalpermissiontokeepitopenforanother20years.ButastheNuclearRegulatoryCommission(NRC)reviewsthe’sapplication,itshouldkeepitmindwhatpromisesfromEntergyareworth.Thephrase“renegingon”(Line3,Paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningto.Byenteringintothe2002agreement,Entergyintendedto [A]obtainprotectionfromVermontregulatorsseekfavorfromthefederallegislature[C]acquireanextensionofitsbusinesslicense[D]getpermissiontopurchaseapowerntAccordingtoParagraph4,Entergyseemstohaveproblemswithits [A]managerialpractices[B]technicalinnovativeness[C]financial [D]businessIntheauthor’sview,theVermontcasewill Entergy’scapacitytofulfillallitsthenatureofstates’patchworkregulations[C]thefederalauthorityovernuclearissues[D]thelimitsofstates’powerovernuclearissuesItcanbeinferredfromthelastparagraph Entergy’sbusinesselsewheremightbetheauthorityoftheNRCwillbedefied[C]EntergywillwithdrawitsPlymouthapplication[D]Vermont’sreputationmightbedamagedspremiseandregardcorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR)policiesasawasteofCSRmaycreatemonetaryvalueforcompanies—atleastwhentheyareprosecutedforThelargestfirmsinAmericaandBritaintogetherspendmorethan$15billionayearonCSR,accordingtoanestimatebyEPG,aconsultingfirm.Thiscouldaddvaluetotheirbusinessesinthreeways.First,consumersmaytakeCSRspendingasa“signal”thata’sproductsareofhighquality.Second,customersmaybewillingtobuya’sproductsasanindirectwaytodonatetothegooddeedsearnitgreaterconsiderationfromconsumersandothers.consumerscanbeaffectedbyallthree.ArecentstudyattemptstoseparatethembylookingatbriberyprosecutionsunderAmerica’sForeignCorruptPracticesAct(FCPA).Itarguesthatsinceprosecutorsdonotconsumea’sproductsaspartoftheirinvestigations,theycouldbeinfluencedonlybythehaloeffect.CSRprogrammestendedtogetmorelenientpenalties.Theirysisruledoutthepossibilitythatitwasfirms’politicalinfluence,ratherthantheirCSRstand,thataccountedfortheleniency:CompaniesthatcontributedmoretonsdidnotreceivelowerInall,thestudyconcludesthatwhereasprosecutorsshouldonlyevaluateacasebasedonitsmerits,theydoseemtobeinfluencedbya ’srecordinCSR.“Weestimatethateithereliminatingasubstantiallabour-rightsconcern,suchaschildlabour,orincreasingcorporategivingbyabout20%resultsinfinesthatsaysoneresearcher.Researchersadmitthattheirstudydoesnotanswerthequestionofhowmuchdo-goodingpolicies.Butatleasttheyhavedemonstratedthatwhencompaniesgetintotroublewiththelaw,evidenceofgoodcharactercanwinthemalesscostlyTheauthorviewsMiltonFriedman’sstatementaboutCSR AccordingtoParagraph2,CSRhelps winningtrustfromguardingitagainstprotectingitfrombeingraisingthequalityofits morelesslessmoreWhenprosecutorsevaluateacase, ’sCSR hasanimpactontheircomesacrossasreliableincreasesthechanceofbeingconstitutespartoftheWhichofthefollowingistrueofCSR,accordingtothelastItsnegativeeffectsonbusinessesareoftenThenecessaryamountofcompanies’spendingonitisCompanies’financialcapacityforithasbeenIthasbroughtmuchbenefittothebankingdearthofintegrityacrosssomanyofourinstitutions”.Integrityhadcollapsed,sheargued,becauseofacollectiveacceptancethattheonly“sortingmechanism”insocietyshouldbeprofitandthemarket.But“it’sus,humanbeings,wethepeoplewhocreatethesocietywewant,notprofit.”Drivingherpointhome,she:“It’sincreasinglyapparentthattheabsenceofpurpose，ofamorallanguagewithin ofmoralpurposewaswoundingcompaniessuchasNewsInternational,shethought,makingitmorelikelythatitwouldloseitswayasithadwithwidespreadillegalephonehacking.World,AndyCoulson,forconspiringtohackphones,andfindinghispredecessor,Thisishackingonanindustrialscale,aswasacknowledgedbyGlennMulcaire,themanhiredbytheNewsoftheWorldin2001tobethepointforphonehacking.Othersawaittrial.Thislongstorystillunfolds.Inmanyrespects,thedearthofmoralpurposeframesnotonlythefactofsuchwidespreadphonehackingbutthetermsonwhichthetrialtookce.OneoftheastonishingrevelationswashowlittleRebeccaBrooksknewofwhatwentoninhernewsroom,howlittleshethoughttoaskandthefactthatsheneverinquiredhowthestoriesarrived.Thecoreofhersuccessfuldefensewasthatsheknewnothing.Intoday’sworld,ithasenormalthatwell-paidexecutivesshouldnotnotbesosurprised.Forageneration,thecollectivedoctrinehasbeenthatthesortingmechanismofsocietyshouldbeprofit.Thewordsthathavematteredaresales,impactand,innewspapers,circulation.Wordsdegradedtothemarginhavebeenjustice,fairness,tolerance,proportionalityandaccountability.ThepurposeofeditingtheNewsoftheWorldwasnottopromotereaderunderstanding,tobefairinwhatwaswrittenortobetrayanycommonhumanity.Itwastoruinlivesinthequestforcirculationandimpact.MsBrooksmayormaynothavehadsuspicionsabouthowherjournalistsgottheirstories,butsheaskednoquestions,gavenoinstructions—norreceivedtraceable,recordedanswers.Accordingtothefirsttwoparagraphs,Elisabethwasupsetby [A]theconsequencesofthecurrentsortingmechanismcompanies’financiallossduetoimmoralernmentalineffectivenessonmoralissues[D]thewidemisuseofintegrityamongItcanbeinferredfromParagraph3that [A]GlennMulcairemaydenyphonehackingasacrime[B]morejournalistsmaybefoundguiltyofphonehacking[C]AndyCoulsonshouldbeheldinnocentofthecharge[D]phonehackingwillbeacceptedoncertainoccasionsTheauthorbelievesthatRebeccaBrooks’defense [A]revealedacunning centeredontrivialissues[C]washardlyconvincing[D]waspartofaconspiracyTheauthorholdsthatthecurrentcollectivedoctrineshows [A]generallydistortedvaluesunfairwealthdistribution[C]amarginalizedlifestyle[D]arigidmoralcodeWhichofthefollowingissuggestedinthelastparagraph?[A]Thequalityofwritingsisofprimaryimportance.[B]Commonhumanityiscentraltonewsreporting.Moralawarenessmattersineditinganewspaper.[D]Journalistsneedstricterindustrialregulations.tocarryouttheirwork.Butintheeverydaypracticeofscience,discoveryfrequentlyfollowsanambiguousandcomplicatedroute.Weaimtobeobjective,butwecannotescapethecontextofouruniquelifeexperiences.Priorknowledgeandsubsequentactionswetake.Opportunitiesformisinterpretation,error,andself-deceptionabound.Consequently,discoveryclaimsshouldbethoughtofasprotoscience.Similartonewlystakedminingclaims,theyarefullofpotential.Butittakescollectiveisthecredibilityprocess,throughwhichtheindividualresearcher’sme,here,nowesthecommunity’sanyone,anywhere,anytime.Objectiveknowledgeisthegoal,notthestartingpoint.Onceadiscoveryclaimespublic,thediscovererreceivesinlectualmakediscoveries;editorsandreviewersactasgatekeepersbycontrollingthepossiblypanyingtechnology.Asadiscoveryclaimworksitswaythroughthecommunity,theinctionandbetweensharedandcompetingbeliefsclaimintothecommunity’scrediblediscovery.Twoparadoxesexistthroughoutthiscredibilityprocess.First,scientificworktendstofocusonsomeaspectofprevailingknowledgethatisviewedas orincorrect.Littlereward paniesduplicationandconfirmationofwhatisalreadyknownandbelieved.Thegoalisnewsearch,notresearch.Notsurprisingly,newlypublisheddiscoveryclaimsandcrediblediscoveriesthatappeartobeimportantandconvincingwillalwaysbeopentochallengeandpotentialmodificationorrefutationbyfutureresearchers.Second,noveltyitselffrequentlyprovokesdisbelief.NobelLaureateandphysiologistAlbertAzent-GyorgyioncedescribedButthinkingwhatnobodyelsehasthoughtandlingotherswhattheyhavemissedmaynotchangetheirviews.Sometimesyearsarerequiredfortrulynoveldiscoveryclaimstobeacceptedandappreciated.Intheend,credibility“happens”toadiscoveryclaim—aprocessthatcorrespondstowhatphilosopherAnnetteBaierhasdescribedasthecommonsoftheandeachother’sconceptionsofreason.” uncertaintyandcomplexity[B]misconceptionanddeceptiveness[C]logicalityandobjectivityessandItcanbeinferredfromParagraph2thatcredibilityprocessrequires [A]strictinspection[B]sharedefforts[C]individualwisdomParagraph3showsthatadiscoveryclaim escredibleafterit [A]hasattractedtheattentionofthegeneralpublic[B]hasbeenexaminedbythescientificcommunity[C]hasreceivedrecognitionfromeditorsandreviewers[D]hasbeenfrequentlyquotedbypeerscientistsAlbertAzent-Gyorgyiwouldmostlikelyagreethat [A]scientificclaimswillsurvivechallenges[B]discoveriestodayinspirefutureresearch[C]effortstomakediscoveriesarejustified[D]scientificworkcallsforacriticalWhichofthefollowingwouldbethebesttitleofthetest?[A]NoveltyasanEngineofScientificDevelopment[B]CollectiveScrutinyinScientificDiscovery[C]EvolutionofCredibilityinngScience[D]ChallengetoCredibilityattheGatetoasAlexanderPolyakovsaidwhenheacceptedthisyear’sawardinMarch.Anditisfarfromtheonlyoneofitstype.AsaNewsFeaturearticleinNaturediscusses,astringoflucrativeforresearchershavejoinedtheNobelPrizesinrecentyears.Many,liketheFundamentalPhysicsPrize,arefundedfromtheephone-number-sizedbankaccountsofInternetentrepreneurs.Thesebenefactorshavesucceededintheirchosenfields,theysay,andtheywanttousetheirwealthtodrawattentiontothosewhohavesucceededinscience.What’snottolike?Quitealot,accordingtoahandfulofscientistsquotedentrepreneurscannotbuytheirprizestheprestigeoftheNobels.ThenewTheyperpetuatethemythofthelonegenius.Thegoalsoftheprize-giversseemasscatteredasthecriticism.Somewanttoshock,otherstodrawpeopleintoscience,ortobetterrewardthosewhohavemadetheircareersinresearch.AsNaturehaspointedoutbefore,therearesomelegitimateconcernsabouthowscienceprizes—bothnewandold—aredistributed.TheBreakthroughPrizeinLifeSciences,launchedthisyear,takesanunrepresentativeviewofwhatthelifesciencesinclude.ButtheNobelFoundation’slimitofthreerecipientsperprize,whenitcomestoacknowledgingthediscoveryoftheHiggsboson.TheNobelswere,todowithhisownmoney.Time,ratherthanintention,hasgiventhemlegitimacy.Asmuchassomescientistsmaycominaboutthenew,twothingsseemclear.First,mostresearcherswouldacceptsuchaprizeiftheywereofferedone.thangoelsewhere.Itisfairtocriticizeandquestionthemechanism—thatisthecultureofresearch,afterall—butitistheprize-givers’moneytodowithastheyplease.Itiswisetotakesuchgiftswithgratitudeandgrace.TheFundamentalPhysicsPrizeisseen [A]asymboloftheentrepreneurs’wealth[B]apossiblerecementoftheNobelPrizes[C]anexampleofbankers’investments[D]ahandsomerewardforThecriticsthinkthatthenewwillmostbenefit [A]theprofit-orientedscientists[B]thefoundersofthe[C]theachievement-basedsystem[D]peer-review-ledresearchThediscoveryoftheHiggsbosonisatypicalcasewhichinvolvescontroversiesovertherecipients’thejointeffortofmodernresearchers[C]legitimateconcernsoverthenewprizes[D]thedemonstrationofresearchfindingsAccordingtoParagraph4,whichofthefollowingistrueoftheNobels?[A]Theirendurancehasdonejusticetothem.[B]Theirlegitimacyhaslongbeenindispute.[C]Theyarethemostrepresentativehonor.[D]Historyhasnevercastdoubtonthem.Theauthorbelievesthattheneware [A]acceptabledespitethecriticism[B]harmfultothecultureofresearch[C]subjecttoundesirablechanges[D]unworthyofpublicattentionThemostthoroughlystudiedinthehistoryofthenewworldaretheministershistoryofAmericanphilosophy,nowhereelseincolonialAmericawas"SomuchNewEngland'sleadersestablishedthebasicthemesandpreoccupationsofanunfolding,dominantPuritantraditioninAmericaninlectuallife.TotakethisapproachtotheNewEnglandersnormallymeantostartwiththePuritans'theologicalinnovationsandtheirdistinctiveideasaboutthechurch-importantsubjectsthatwemaynotneglect.Butinkeewithourexaminationofsoutherninlectuallife,wemayconsidertheoriginalPuritanscolonieswerethescenesofimportantepisodesinthepursuitofwidelyunderstoodidealsofcivilityandvirtuosity.TheearlysettlersofMassachusettsBayincludedmenofimpressiveeducationandinfluenceinEngland.BesidestheninetyorsolearnedministerswhocametoWinthrop,aneducatedgentleman,lawyer,andofficialoftheCrownbeforehejourneyedtoBoston.Theremenwroteandpublishedextensively,reachingbothNewWhilefewcraftsmenorfarmers,letalonedependentsandservants,leftlirycompositionstobeyzed,TheinthinkingoftenhadatraditionalsuperstitionsofhisreasonsforleavingEnglandthatisfilledwithsigns.ualconfusion,economicfrustrations,andreligioushope-allnametogetherinadecisivemomentwhenheopenedtheBible,toldhisfatherthefirstlinehesawwouldsettlehisandIwillbeyourGodandyoushallbemypeople."OnewonderswhatDanethoughtofthecarefulsermonsexiningtheBiblethatheheardinpuritanchurched.clergymanlearnedinconfrontingfolkalongthecoastwhomockedthattheyhadnotcometotheNewworldforreligion."Ourmainendwastocatchfish."Theauthornotesthatintheseventeenth-centuryNew PuritantraditiondominatedpoliticalinlectualinterestswerePoliticsbenefitedmuchfrominlectualinlectualpursuitsenjoyedaliberalItissuggestedinparagraph2thatNew experiencedacomparativelypeacefulearlybroughtwiththemthecultureoftheOldpaidlittleattentiontosoutherninlectualwereobsessedwithreligiousTheearlyministersandpoliticalleadersinMassachusetts werefamousintheNewWorldfortheirgainedincreasingimportanceinreligiousabandonedhighpositionsbeforecomingtotheNewcreatedanewinlectualatmosphereinNew.influencedbytroubledwithreligiouspuzzledbychurchfrustratedwithfamilyThetextsuggeststhatearlysettlersinNew weremostlyengagedinpoliticalweremotivatedbyanillusorycamefromdifferentleftfewformalrecordsforlaterTheroughguidetomarketingsuccessusedtobethatyougotwhatyoupaidfor.advertisements—stillyamajorrole,companiestodaycanexploitmanymediabywillinglypromotingittofriends,anda mayleverage“owned”mediabysendinge-mailalertsaboutproductsandsalestocustomersregisteredwithitsWebsite.Thewayconsumersnowapproachtheprocessofmakingpurchasedecisionspaidmedia.Forearnedmedia,suchmarketersactastheinitiatorforusers’responses.Butinsomecases,onemarketer’sownedmediaeanothermarketer’spaidmedia—forinstance,whenan suchsoldmediaasownedmediawhosetrafficissostrongthatotherorganizationscetheircontentor merceengineswithinthatenvironment.Thistrend,whichwebelieveisstillinitsinfancy,effectivelybeganwithretailersandtravelprov