英语1考研真题及参

1986年入学统一考试英语试SectionIII:ReadingReadthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.Putyourchoiceinthebracketsontheleft.(10points)Thereareagreatmanycareersinwhichtheincreasingemphasisisonspecialization.Youfindthesecareersinengineering,inproduction,instatisticalwork,andinteaching.Butthereisanincreasingdemandforpeoplewhoareabletotakeingreatareaataglance,peoplewhoperhapsdonotknowtoomuchaboutanyonefield.Thereis,inotherwords,ademandforpeoplewhoarecapableofseeingtheratherthanthetrees,ofmakinggeneraljudgments.Wecancallthesepeople“generalists.”Andthese“generalists”areparticularlyneededforpositionsinadministration,whereitistheirjobtoseethatotherpeopledothework,wheretheyhavetonforotherpeople,toorganizeotherpeople’swork,tobeginitandjudgeit.Thespecialistunderstandsonefield;hisconcerniswithtechniqueandtools.Heisa“trained”man;andhiseducationalbackgroundisproperlytechnicalorprofessional.Thegeneralist--andespeciallytheadministrator--dealswithpeople;hisconcerniswithleadership,withnning,andwithdirectiongiving.Heisan“educated”man;andthehumanitiesarehisstrongestfoundation.Veryrarelyisaspecialistcapableofbeinganadministrator.Andveryrarelyisagoodgeneralistalsoagoodspecialistinparticularfield.Anyorganizationneedsbothkindsofpeople,thoughdifferentorganizationsneedthemindifferentproportions.Itisyourtasktofindout,duringyourtrainingperiod,intowhichofthetwokindsofjobsyoufit,andtonyourcareeraccordingly.Yourfirstjobmayturnouttobetherightjobforyou--butthisispureaccident.Certainlyyoushouldnotchangejobsconstantlyorpeoplewill esuspiciousofyourabilitytoholdanyjob.Atthesametimeyoumustnotlookuponthefirstjobasthefinaljob;itisprimarilyatrainingjob,anopportunitytounderstandyourselfandyourfitnessforbeinganemployee.Thereisanincreasingdemandfor allroundpeopleintheirownpeoplewhosejobistoorganizeotherpeople’sgeneralistswhoseeducationalbackgroundiseithertechnicalorspecialistswhosechiefconcernistoprovideadministrativeguidancetoThespecialistis amanwhosejobistotrainotheramanwhohasbeentrainedinmorethanoneamanwhocanseetheratherthantheamanwhoseconcernismainlywithtechnicalorprofessionalTheadministratoris a“trained”manwhoismoreaspecialistthanaamanwhoseesthetreesaswellastheamanwhoisverystrongintheamanwhoisan“educated”Duringyourtrainingperiod,itisimportant totrytobeatochooseaprofitabletofindanorganizationwhichfitstodecidewhetheryouarefittobeaspecialistoraAman’sfirstjob isnevertherightjobforshouldnotberegardedashisfinalshouldnotbechangedorpeople esuspiciousofhisabilitytoholdanyisprimarilyanopportunitytofithimselfforhisfinalAtthebottomoftheworldliesamightycontinentstillwrappedintheIceAgeand,untilrecenttimes,unknowntoman.Itisagreatlandmasswithmountainrangeswhoseextentandelevationarestilluncertain.Muchofthecontinentisacompleteblankonourmaps.Manhasexplored,onfoot,lessthanonepercentofitsarea.AntarcticadiffersfundamentallyfromtheArcticregions.TheArcticisanocean,coveredwithdriftingpackediceandhemmedinbythelandmassesofEurope,Asia,andNorthAmerica.TheAntarcticisacontinentalmostaslargeasEuropeandAustraliacombined,centeredroughlyontheSouthPoleandsurroundedbythemostunobstructedwaterareasofthe--theAtlantic,Pacific,andnThecontinentalicesheetismorethantwohighinitscentre,thus,theairovertheAntarcticisfarmorerefrigeratedthanitisovertheArcticregions.Thiscoldaircurrentfromthelandissofulthatitmakesthenearbyseasthestormiestintheworldandrendersunlivablethoseregionswhosecounterpartsattheoppositeendoftheglobeareinhabited.Thus,morethanamillion livewithin2,000 oftheNorthPoleinanareathatincludesmostofAlaska,Siberia,andScandinavia--aregionrichinandminingindustries.ApartfromahandfulofweatherwithinthesamedistanceoftheSouthPolethereisnotasingletree,industry,orThebesttitleforthisselectionwouldbe LandofTheUnknownUtopiaatAtthetimethisarticlewaswritten,ourknowledgeofAntarcticawas veryfairlyAntarcticaisborderedbythe PacificnAtlanticAllTheAntarcticismadeuninhabitableprimarilyby coldcalmlackofknowledgeabouttheAccordingtothisarticle 2,000peopleliveontheAntarcticamillionpeoplelivewithin2,000oftheSouthweatherconditionswithina2,000radiusoftheSouthPolemakesettlementsonlyahandfulofnativesinhabitSectionVIII:English-Translatethefollowingpassageinto.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20Itwouldbeinterestingtodiscoverhowmanyyoungpeoplegotouniversitywithoutanyclearideaofwhattheyaregoingtodoafterwards.(71)Ifoneconsiderstheenormousvarietyofcoursesoffered,itisnothardtoseehowdifficultitisforastudenttoselectthecoursemostsuitedtohisinterestsandabilities.(72)Ifastudentgoestouniversitytoacquireabroaderoflife,toenlargehisideasandtolearntothinkforhimself,hewillundoubtedlybenefit.(73)Schoolsoftenhavetoorestrictinganatmosphere,withitstimetablesanddisciplines,toallowhimmuchtimeforindependentassessmentoftheworkheisaskedtodo.(74)Moststudentswould,Ibelieve,profitbyayearofsuchexplorationofdifferentacademicstudies,especiallythose“allrounders”withnoparticularinterest.Theyshouldhavelongertimetodecideinwhatsubjecttheywanttotaketheirdegrees,sothatinlaterlife,theydonotlookbackandsay,“Ishouldliketohavebeenanarchaeologist.IfIhadn’ttakenadegreeinModernLanguages,Ishouldn’thaveendedupasaninterpreter,butit’stoolatenow.Icouldn’tgobackandbeginalloveragain.”(75)Thereis,ofcourse,anothersidetothequestionofhowtomakethebestuseofone’stimeatuniversity.(76)Thisisthecaseofthestudentwhoexcelsinaparticularbranchoflearning.(77)HeisimmediayacceptedbytheUniversityofhischoice,andspendshisthreeorfouryears ingaspecialist,emergingwithafirst-classHonourDegreeandverylittleknowledgeofwhattherestoftheworldisallabout.(78)Ittherefore esmoreandmoreimportantthat,ifstudentsarenottowastetheiropportunities,therewillhavetobemuchmoredetailedinformationaboutcoursesandmoreadvice.Onlyinthiswaycanwebesurethatwearenottohave,ontheonehand,abandofspecialistsignorantofanythingoutsideoftheirownsubject,andontheotherhand,aneverincreasingnumberofgraduatesqualifiedinsubjectsforwhichthereislittleornodemandintheworkingworld.1986SectionIII:ReadingComprehension(105.SectionVIII:English-Translation(20一门符合他的和能力的课程是多么。学会独立思考，那么，进大学对他是有好处的。 详尽的信息和的指点。这个问题显得越来越重要了。1987年入学统一考试英语试SectionII:ReadingEachofthreepassagesbelowisfollowedbyfivequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefourreadthepassagecarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachofthequestion.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(15points)Forcenturiesmendreamedofachievingverticalflight.In400A.D.childrenyedwithafan-liketoythatspunupwardsandfellbacktoearthasrotationceased.LeonardodaVinciconceivethefirstmechanicalapparatus,calleda“Helix,”whichcouldcarrymanstraightup,butwasonlyadesignandwasnevertested.Theancient-dreamwasfinallyrealizedin1940whenaRussianengineerpilotedastrangelookingcraftofsteeltubingwitharotatingfanontop.Itroseawkwardlyandverticallyintotheairfromastandingstart,hoveredafewfeetabovetheground,wentsidewaysandbackwards,andthensettledbacktoearth.Thevehiclewascalledahelicopter.Imaginationswerefired.Mendreamedofgoingtoworkintheirown alhelicopters.Peopleanticipatethatverticalflighttransportswouldcarrymillionsofpassengersasdotheairlinersoftoday.Suchfantasticexpectationswerenotfulfilled.Thehelicopterhasnow eanextremelyusefulmachine.Itexcelsinmilitarymissions,carryingtroops,gunsandstrategicinstrumentswhereotheraircraftcannotgo.Corporationsusethemasairborneoffices,manymetropolitanareasusetheminwork,constructionandloggingcompaniesemploytheminvariousadvantageousways,engineersusethemforsiteselectionandsurveying,andoilcompaniesusethemasthebestwaytomakeoffshoreandremoteworkstationsaccessibletocrewsands.Anyurgentmissiontoahard-to-get-toceisalikelytaskforahelicopter.Amongtheirothermultitudeofused:deliverpeopleacrosstown,flytoandfromairports,assistinrescuework,andaidinthesearchformissingorwanted Peopleexpectthat theairlinersoftodaywouldeventuallyberecedbyhelicopterswouldsomedaybeabletotransportlargenumberofpeoplefromcetoceasairlinersarenowngtheimaginationsfiredbytheRussianengineer’sinventionwould earealityinthetheirfantasticexpectationsabouthelicopterscouldbefulfilledbyairlinersofHelicoptersworkwiththeaidof acombinationofrotatingdevicesinfrontandonarotatingdeviceonerotatingfaninthecenteroftheaircraftandothersateacharotatingfanunderneathforWhatissaidaboutthedevelopmentoftheHelicoptershaveonlybeenworkedonbymansincechildrenwerethefirsttoachieveflightinhelicopters.HelicopterswereconsideredmoredangerousthantheearlyairSomepeoplethoughtthey ewidelyusedbyaverageHowhastheuseofhelicoptersTheyhavebeenwidelyusedforvariousTheyaretakingtheceofhigh-flyingTheyareusedforrescueTheyarenowusedexclusivelyforcommercialUnderwhatconditionsarehelicoptersfoundtobe yForoverseaspassengerForextremelyhighaltitudeForhigh-speedForurgentmissiontocesinaccessibletootherkindsofInancientGreeceathleticfestivalswereveryimportantandhadstrongreligiousassociations.TheOlympianathleticfestivalheldeveryfouryearsinhonorofZeus,kingoftheOlympianGods,eventuallylostitslocalcharacter,becamefirstanationaleventandthen,aftertherulesagainstforeigncompetitorshadbeenabolished,international.NooneknowsexactlyhowfarbacktheOlympicGamesgo,butsomeofficialrecordsdatefrom776B.C.ThegamestookceinAugustontheinbyMountOlympus.ManythousandsofspectatorsgatheredfromallpartsofGreece,butnomarriedwomanwasadmittedevenasaspectator.Slaves,womenanddishonored swerenotallowedtocompete.Theexactsequenceofeventsuncertain,buteventsincludedboy’sgymnastics,boxing,wrestling,horseracingandfieldevents,thoughtherewerefewersportsinvolvedthaninthemodernOlympicGames.OnthelastdayoftheGames,allthewinnerswerehonoredbyhavingaringofholyoliveleavescedontheirheads.Sogreatwasthehonorthatthewinnerofthefootracegavehisnametotheyearofhisvictory.AlthoughOlympicwinnersreceivednoprizemoney,theywere,infact,richlyrewardedbytheirstate .Howtheirresultscomparedwithmodernstandards,weunfortunayhavenomeansofling.Afteranuninterruptedhistoryofalmost1,200years,theGamesweresuspendedbytheRomansin394A.D.TheyforsuchalongtimebecausepeoplebelievedinthephilosophybehindtheOlympics:theideathatahealthybodyproducedahealthymind,andthatthespiritofcompetitioninsportsandgameswaspreferabletothecompetitionthatcausedwars.Itwasover1,500yearsbeforeanothersuchinternationalathleticgatheringtookceinAthensin1896.Nowadays,theGamesareheldindifferentcountriesinturn.Thehostcountryprovidesvastfacilities,includingastadium,swimmingpoolsandliving modation,butcompetingcourtierspaytheirownathletes’expenses.TheOlympicsstartwiththearrivalinthestadiumofatorch,lightedonMountOlympusbythesun’srays.Itiscarriedbyasuccessionofrunnerstothestadium.ThetorchsymbolizedcontinuationoftheancientGreekathleticideals,anditburnsthroughouttheGamesuntiltheclosingceremony.Thewell-knownOlympicflag,however,isamodernconception:thefiveinterlockingringssymbolizetheunitingofallfivecontinentsparticipatingintheGames.InancientGreece,theOlympicGames weremerelynationalathleticwereinthenatureofanationaleventwithastrongreligioushadruleswhichputforeignparticipantsinadisadvantageouswereprimarilynationaleventswithfewforeignIntheearlydaysofancientOlympicGames onlymaleGreekathleteswereallowedtoparticipateintheallGreeks,irrespective ,religionorsocialstatus,wereallowedtotakeallGreeks,withtheexceptionofwomen,wereallowedtocompeteinallmaleGreekswerequalifiedtocompeteintheTheorderofathleticeventsattheancientOlympics hasnot ybeenvariedaccordingtothenumberofforeignwasdecidedbyZeus,inwhosehonortheGameswerewasconsideredModernathletes’resultscannotbecomparedwiththoseofancientrunnersbecause theGreekshadnomeansofrecordingthetheyaremuchdetailssuchasthetimewerenotrecordedinthetheyaremuchNowadays,theathletes’expensesarepaidfor outoftheprizemoneyoftheoutofthefundsraisedbythecompetingbytheathletesbyInsciencethemeaningoftheword“exin”sufferswithcivilization’severystepinsearchofreality.Sciencecannotreallyexinelectricity,magnetism,andgravitation;theireffectscanbemeasuredandpredicted,butoftheirnaturenomoreisknowntothemodernscientistthantoThaleswhofirstlookedintothenatureoftheelectrificationofamber,ahardyellowish-browngum.contemporaryphysicistsrejectthenotionthatmancaneverdiscoverwhatthesemysteriouss“really”are.“Electricity,”BertrandRussellsays,“isnotathing,likeSt.Paul’sCathedral;itisawayinwhichthingsbehave.Whenwehavetoldhowthingsbehavewhentheyareelectrified,andunderwhatcircumstancestheyareelectrified,wehavetoldallthereistol.”Untilrecentlyscientistswouldhavedisapprovedofsuchanidea.Aristotle,forexample,whosenaturalsciencedominatedWesternthoughtfortwothousandyears,believedthatmancouldarriveatanunderstandingofrealitybyreasoningfromself-evidentprinciples.Hefelt,forexample,thatitisaself-evidentprinciplethateverythingintheuniversehasitsproperce,henceonecandeducethatobjectsfalltothegroundbecausethat’swheretheybelong,andsmokegoesupbecausethat’swhereitbelongs.ThegoalofAristoiansciencewastoexinwhythingshappen.ModernsciencewasbornwhenGalileobegantryingtoexinhowthingshappenandthusoriginatedthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwhichnowformsthebasisofscientificinvestigation.Theaimofcontrolledscientificexperimentsis toexinwhythingstoexinhowthingstodescribeself-evidenttosupportAristoianWhatprinciplesmostinfluencedscientificthoughtfortwothousandthespeculationsof sofelectricity,magnetism,andAristotle’snaturalBertrandRussell’snotionaboutelectricityis disapprovedofbymostmoderninagreementwithAristotle’stheoryofself-evidentinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“how”thingsinagreementwithscientificinvestigationdirectedtoward“why”thingsThepassagesaysthatuntilrecentlyscientistsdisagreedwiththeidea thattherearemysterioussinthethatmancannotdiscoverwhats“really”thatthereareself-evidentthatwecandiscoverwhythingsbehaveastheyModernsciencecameintobeing whenthemethodofcontrolledexperimentwasfirstwhenGalileosucceededinexininghowthingswhenAristoianscientisttriedtoexinwhythingswhenscientistswereabletoacquireanunderstandingofrealityofSectionIV:CloseChequeshave36recedmoneyasameansofexchangefortheyarewidelyacceptedeverywhere.Thoughthisisveryconvenientforbothbuyerandseller,itshouldnotbeforgottenthat37whenheacceptsachequesandheisquite38hisrightsifonoccasion,herefusestodoPeopledonotalwaysknowthisandareshockediftheirgoodfaithiscalled39.Anoldandverywealthyfriendofminetoldmehehadanextremelyunpleasantexperience.Hewenttoafamousjewelryshopwhichkeepsalarge40ofpreciousstonesandaskedtobeshownsomepearlnecklaces.Afterexaminingseveraltrays,hedecidedtobuyaparticularlyfinestringofpearlsandaskedifhecouldpaybyCheques.Theassistantsaidthatthiswasquite41butthemomentmyfriendsignedhisname,hewasinvitedintothemanager’soffice.Themanagerwasverypolite,butheexinedthatsomeonewithexactlythesamenamehadpresentedthemwithaworthlessChequenotlongago.Myfriendgotveryangrywhenheheardthisandsaidhewouldbuyanecklacesomewhereelse.Whenhegotuptogo,themanagertoldhimthatthewouldarriveatanymomentandhehadbetterstay42thewantedtogetintoserioustrouble.43,thearrivedsoonafterwards.Theyapologizedtomyfriendforthe44,butexinedthata whohadusedthesamenameashiswasresponsibleforanumberofrecentrobberies.Thentheaskedmyfriendtocopyoutanotewhichhadbeenusedbythethiefinanumberofshops.Thenote45:“Ihaveaguninmypocket.Asknoquestionsandgivemeallthemoneyinthesafe.”Fortunay,myfriend’shandwritingwasquiteunlikethethief’s.Hewasnotonlyallowedtogowithoutfurtherdelay,buttotakethestringofpearlswithhim.[A][A][A]out[A]inininin[A][A]inininin[A][A]Sure[A][A]SectionVIII:English-Translatethefollowingpassageinto.Onlytheunderlinedsentencesaretobetranslated.(20Havetherealwaysbeencities?(71)Lifewithoutlargeurbanareasmayseeminconceivabletous,butactuallycitiesarerelativelyrecentdevelopment.Groupswithprimitiveeconomicsstillmanagewithoutthem.Thetrend,however,isforsuchgroupstodisappear,whilecitiesareincreasinglyingthedominantmodeofman’ssocialexistence.(72)Historically,citylifehasalwaysbeenamongtheelementswhichformacivilization.Anyhighdegreeofhumanendeavorandachievementhasbeencloselylinkedtolifeinanurbanenvironment.(73)Itisvirtuallyimpossibletoimaginethatuniversities,hospitals,largebusinessesorevenscienceandtechnologycouldhavecomeintobeingwithoutcitiestosupportthem.Tomostpeople,citieshavetraditionallybeentheareaswheretherewasaconcentrationofcultureaswellasofopportunity.(74)Inrecentyears,however,peoplehavebegun eawarethatcitiesarealsoareaswherethereisaconcentrationofproblems.WhathashappenedtothemodernAmericancity?Actually,theproblemisnotsuchanewone.Longbeforethiscenturystarted,therehadbegunatrendtowardtheconcentrationofthepooroftheAmericansocietyintothecities.Eachgreatwaveofimmigrationfromabroadandfromtheruralareasmadetheproblemworse.Duringthiscentury,therehasalsobeenthedevelopmentoflargesuburbanareassurroundingthecities,fortherichprefertoliveintheseareas.Withinthecities,sectionsmaybesharplyintohighandlowrentdistricts,the“rightsideoftown”andtheOfcourse,everyonewantstodosomethingaboutthisunhappysituation.Butthereisnoagreementastogoals.Neitheristhereanysystematicapproachorintegratedprogram.Opinionsareasdiverseasthepeoplewhogivethem.(75)Butonebasicdifferenceofopinionconcernsthequestionofwhetherornotthecityassuchistobep.Perhapstransportationandthemeansofcommunicationhavereallymadeitpossiblefortheretobeanendtothebigcities.Ofcourse,thereistheproblemofpersuadingpeopletomoveoutofthemoftheirownwill.(76)Andthereisalsotheobjectionthatthecityhasalwaysbeenthecorefromwhichculturaladvancementhasradiated.Isthis,however,stillthecasetodayinthepresenceofeasytransportationandcommunication?Doescultureariseasaresultofpeoplelivingtogethercommunally,orisittootheresultofdecisionsmadeatthelevelofernmentandthecommunicationsindustry?Itisprobablytruetosaythatmostpeopleprefertopreservethecities.Somethinkthatthecitiescouldbecleaneduportotallyrebuilt.Thisiseasytosay;itwouldnotbesoeasytodo.(77)Tobesure,agreatrebuildingprojectwouldgivejobstomanyofthosepeoplewhoneedthem.Livingconditionscouldnothelpbutimprove,atleastforawhile.Butwouldtheproblemsreturnaftertherebuildingwascompleted?Nevertheless,withthemajorityofthepeoplelivinginurbanareas,theproblemofthecitiesmustbesolved.(78)Fromagreementonthisgeneralgoal,wehave,unfortunay,inthepastproceededtodisagreementonspecificgoals,andfromtheretototalinaction.Atthebasisofmuchofthisinactionisanold-fashionedconcept--theideahumanconditionswillnaturallytendtoregulatethemselvesforthegeneralgoal.1987SectionII:ReadingComprehension(153.24.25.SectionIV:CloseTest(105.SectionVIII:English-Translation(20对我们来说生活要是没有广大的城市地区似乎是不可但实际上城市还是比较按从历史上看，城市生活始终是文明的一个组成部分。(2分(3分可是，近几年来人们开始城市也是问题成堆的地方。(2分但是，一个最主要的意见是，像目前这样的城市是否还要保存下去。(3分同时也有人说，文化方面的进步，始终是以城市为中心而向外辐射的。(3分诚然，一个宏伟的重建计划也许能为许多需要工作的人提供就业机会。(2分1988年入学统一考试英语试SectionII:ReadingEachofthethreepassagesbelowisfollowedbysomequestions.Foreachquestiontherearefouranswers.Readthepassagescarefullyandchosethebestanswertoeachofthequestions.PutyourchoiceintheANSWERSHEET.(20points)Itdoesn’tcomeasasurprisetoyoutorealizethatitmakesnodifferencewhatyoureadorstudyifyoucan’trememberit.Youjustwasteyourvaluabletime.Maybeyouhavealreadydiscoveredsomecleverwaystokeepyourselffromforgetting.Onedependableaidthatdoeshelpyourememberwhatyoustudyistohaveaspecificpurposeorreasonforreading.Yourememberbetterwhatyoureadwhenyouknowwhyyou’rereading.Whydoesaclerkinastoregoawayandleaveyouwhenyourreplytoheroffertohelpis,“No,thankyou.I’mjustlooking”?Bothyouandsheknowthatifyouaren’tsurewhatyouwant,younotlikelytofindit.Butsupposeyousayinstead,“Yes,thankyou.Iwantapairofsunglasses.”Shesays,“Rightthisway,please.”Andyouandsheareoff--botheagertolookforexactlywhatyouIt’squitethesamewithyourstudying.Ifyouchoseabookatrandom,“justlooking”fornothinginparticular,youarelikelytogetjustthat--nothing.Butifyoudoknowwhatyouwant,andifyouhavetherightbook,youarealmostsuretogetit.Yourreasonswillvary;theywillincludereadingorstudying“tofindoutmoreabout”,“tounderstandthereasonsfor”,“tofindouthow”.Agoodstudenthasaclearpurposeorreasonforwhatheisng.Thisisthewayitworks.Beforeyoustarttostudy,yousaytoyourselfsomethinglikethis,“IwanttoknowwhyStephenVincentBenethappenedtowriteaboutAmerica.I’mreadingthisarticletofindout.”Or,“I’mgoingtoskimthisstorytoseewhatlifewaslikeinmedievalEngland.”Becauseyouknowwhyyouarereadingorstudying,yourelatetheinformationtoyourpurposeandrememberitbetter.Readingisnotonesingleactivity.Atleasttwoimportantprocessesgoonatthesametime.Asyouread,youtakeinideasrapidlyandaccuray.Butatthesametimeyouexpressyourownideastoyourselfasyoureacttowhatyouread.Youhaveakindofmentalconversationwiththeauthor.Ifyouexpressedyourideasorally,theymightsoundlikethis:“Yes,Iagree.That’smyopiniontoo.”or“Ummmm,Ithoughtthatrecordwasbrokenmuchearlier.I’dbettercheckthosedates,”or“Buttherearesomeotherfactstobeconsidered!”Youdon’tjustsittheretakinginideas--youdosomethingelse,andthatsomethingelseisveryimportant.Thisadditionalprocessofthinkingaboutwhatyoureadincludesevaluatingit,relatingittowhatyoualreadyknow,andusingitforyourownpurposes.Inotherwords,agoodreaderisacriticalreader.Onepartofcriticalreading,asyouhavediscovered,isdistinguishingbetweenfactsandopinions.Factscanbecheckedbyevidence.Opinionsareone’sown alreactions.Anotherpartofcriticalreadingisjudgingsources.StillanotherpartisdrawingaccurateIfyoucannotrememberwhatyoureadorstudy, itisnoitmeansyouhavenotreallylearneditmeansyouhavenotchosentherightyourealizeitisofnoBeforeyoustartreading,itisimportant tomakesurewhyyouaretorelatetheinformationtoyourtorememberwhatyoutochooseaninterestingReadingactivityinvolves onlytwosimultaneousprimarilylearningaboutideasandevaluatingthemmerelydistinguishingbetweenfactsandmainlydrawingaccurateAgoodreaderisonewho relateswhathereadstohisownknowledgeaboutthesubjectdoeslotsofthinkinginhistakesacriticalattitudeinhisisabletocheckthefactspresentedagainstwhathehasalreadyIfyouliveinalargecity,youarequitefamiliarwithsomeoftheproblemsofnoise,butbecauseofsomeofitsharmfuleffects,youmaynotbeawareoftheextentofitsinfluenceonhumanbehavior.Althougheveryonemoreorlessknowswhatnoiseis,i.e.,itissoundsthatonewouldrathernothear,itisperhapsbesttodefineitmorepreciselyforscientificpurposes.Onesuchdefinitionisthatnoiseissoundsthatareunrelatedtothetaskathand.Thusstimulithatatonetimemightbeconsideredrelevantwillatanothertimebeconsiderednoise,dependingonwhatoneisngatthemoment.Inrecentyearstherehasbeenagreatdealofinterestintheeffectsofnoiseonhumanbehavior,andconceptssuchas“noisepollution”havearisen,togetherwithmovementstoreducenoise.Exposuretoloudnoisescandefiniyproduceapartialorcompletelossofhearing,dependingontheintensity,duration,andfrequencycompositionofthenoise.Manyjobspresentnoisehazards,suchasworkinginfactoriesandaroundjetaircraft,drivingfarmtractors,andworking(orsitting)inmusichallswhererockbandsareying.Ingeneral,continuousexposuretosoundsofover80decibels(ameasureoftheloudnessofsound)canbeconsidereddangerous.Decibelvaluescorrespondtovarioussounds.Soundsaboveabout85decibelsmay,ifexposureisforasufficientperiodoftime,producesignificanthearingloss.Actuallosswilldependupontheparticularfrequenciestowhichoneisexposed,andwhetherthesoundiscontinuousorintermittent.Noisecanhaveunexpectedharmfuleffectsonperformanceofcertainkindsoftasks,forinstance,ifoneisperformingawatchkeetaskthatrequiresvigilance,inwhichheisresponsiblefordetectingweaksignalsofsomekind(e.g.,watchingaradarscreenfortheappearanceofaircraft).Communicatingwithotherpeopleisunfavorablyaffectedbynoise.Ifyouhaveriddenintherearofajettransport,youmayhavenoticedthatitwasdifficulttocarryonaconversationatfirst,andthat,eventually,youadjustedtheloudnessofyourspeechtocompensatefortheeffect.TheproblemisNoisediffersfromsoundinthat itissoundsthatinterferewiththetaskbeingitisaspecialtypeoflouditisusuallyunavoidableinbigitcanbedefinedmorepreciselythantheOneoftheharmfuleffectsofnoiseonhumanperformanceisthat itreducesone’sitrendersthevictimitdeprivesoneoftheenjoymentofitdrownsoutconversationsatThepurposeofthispassageis todefinetheeffectsofnoiseonhumantowarnpeopleofthedangerofnoisetogiveadviceastohowtopreventhearing lthedifferencebetweennoiseandThetraditionalbeliefthatawoman’sceisinthehomeandthatawomanoughtnottogoouttoworkcanhardlybereasonablymaintainedinpresentconditions.Itissaidthatitisawoman’stasktocareforthechildren,butfamiliestodaytendtobesmallandwithayearortwobetweenchildren.Thusawoman’swholeperiodofchildbearingmayoccurwithinfiveyears.Furthermore,withcompulsoryeducationfromtheageoffiveorsixherroleaschiefeducatorofherchildrensoonceases.Thus,evenifweagreethatawoma