2022年湖北省黄石市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）

2022年湖北省黄石市大学英语6级大学英语六级知识点汇总（含答案）学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

TheUnitedKingdomofGreatBritainandNorthernIreland

ManyforeignerswhohavenotvisitedBritaincallalltheinhabitantsEnglish,fortheyareusedtothinkingoftheBritishIslesasEngland.Infact,theBritishIslescontainavarietyofpeoplesandonlythepeopleofEnglandcallthemselvesasEnglish.TheothersreferthemselvesasWelsh,Scottish,orIrish,asthecasemaybe;theyareoftenslightlyannoyedasbeingclassifiedasEnglish.

TheHighlands

ThedrivefromEnglandtoScotlandprovidesthetravelerwithmanypleasantchangesofscenery.Asitisafairlylongjourney,itisgoodtobeabletotravelwithafriendwhocantaketurnswithyouatthewheel.

ApatrioticScotsmantravellingwithanEnglishfriendmaytellhimheisgoingtosee,intheHighlands,thefinestsceneryintheworld.Thismaysoundexaggerated,butonarrivingintheHighlandsmostpeoplereallyagreethatthesceneryisindeedmagnificent.

TheHighlandsare,asthenameimplies,thehillyormountainousregionofthecountry;theyform.thegreaterpartofthewesternhalfofScotlandnorthofGlasgow.

OnthefirstnightinScotlandatouristmaychoosetoputupatahotelinthelittletownofCallander,whichisknownasoneof"theGateways"totheHighlands.Onthefollowingdayhecansetouttoseethevariouslakesintheneighborhood,andwillbedelightedwiththewildandromanticaspectofthecountryside.Whenhereturnstohishotelhewillbegladtoeata"hightea".Thisisamealwhich,inScotlandandmanypartsofnorthernEngland,takesplaceofteaanddinner.Itconsistsofonesubstantialcourse,suchasonewouldhaveatdinner,followedbybread-and-butter,withjamorhoney,andsomekindofcakeorcakes;teaisdrunkwiththemeal,whichistakenataboutsixo'clockintheevening.Onehasalightsupperlateintheevening.

Thenextmorningmanytouristsjourneyontothewestcoast,passingontheirwayLochLomond,oneofthelargestandmostfamousoftheScottishlakes.Theroadtwistsandturns,dipsandclimbs,butisnotdangerous.Thegreatesthazardistheblack-facedsheep:theseanimalsareasactiveasgoats,andfrequentlywanderrecklesslyintotheroad.Thetouristsmayalsoseeaherdoflong-hairedHighlandcattle,whichlooksavagebutarenomoresothanordinarycattle.Eventuallytheroadrunsparallelwiththesea,alongacoastlinefringedwithlittleislandsandmaderaggedwithrockybays.

Edinburgh

Edinburgh,thecapitalofScotland,isafineoldcitybuiltpartlyinthevalleyoftheRiverLeitfiandpartlyontherollinghillswhichsurroundit.Thecityisdominatedbythecastle,anancientfortress(要塞)standingonthesummitofamassiverock,whichhasbeenthesceneofmanybattlesthroughoutcenturiesofScottishhistory.Todaywhatremainsoftheoriginalcastleispreservedasamuseumpiece.

TheroadfromthecastletotheroyalpalaceofHolyroodhouseisknownas"TheRoyalMile".Itisaveryoldroadrunningthroughtheoldestpartofthecitywheretherearemanyfamoushistorichousesandnarrowlanescalled"closes".ThenewerpartofthecityliesnorthofthefamousPrincesStreet,whichisthewidestandmostimpressiveofthemanywidestreetsandelegantsquarethataretobefoundinEdinburgh.

ThetrainsbringingvisitorstoEdinburghrunrightintotheheartofthecity.Climbin

A.Britain

B.BritishIsles

C.England

D.Wales,ScotlandandIreland

2.

China'seconomicopportunitiesandits_____________onthefuturecontributestopeople'sinterestinlearningChinese.

3.

Howcanweknowwhetherourplannedretirementspendingwillwork?

A.Wecanusesomeon-lineretirementcalculators.

B.Wecanasksomepeoplewhohavealreadyretired.

C.Wecantrytolivebelowourmeans.

D.Wecanconductakindofexperimentofthatlife.

4.

Thetypeofhostage-takerthatNYpoliceofficercopewithmostoftenisthosein______.

5.

WildGiantPandasaresolelyfoundinSichuan,andthesouthwesternpartsofGansuandShanxiprovinces.

A.YB.NC.NG

6.Peopleaspotentialclients,customers,orpartnershelpyoutobenoticedbyothersandto_____.

7.

Buyingnewproductsisthemainideaofthearticle.

A.YB.NC.NG

8.

Aregressionisa______movementalongalineofprint.

9.ThesurveyoftheJosephsonInstituterevealedin2008that______.

A.moststudentspassedtheexaminationsbycheating

B.fewstudentsrealizedtheharmofdeceiving

C.lyinghadbecomeahabitofmanystudents

D.cheatingwasspreadingunrestrainedlyinschools

10.Caregiversofdisabledfamilymembersarereportedtoundergoamortalityrateof______.

11.

Thosepeoplewhohavesetupcorrectgoalswillalwaysbehappy.

A.YB.NC.NG

12.

Thee-wasteproblemwillbesolvedinthenearfutureifallcountriesadopttheapproachdesignedbyTheCentreforDesignatRM1TUniversity,aleaderinthegrowingfieldofDesignfortheEnvironment.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.

Asurveyshowsthatthesalerateofsmartphoneshasgrown______eachyear.

14.

HurricaneAndrewwasthesecondcostliestnaturaldisasterintheUnitedStates.

15.

Itcanbeeasiertochangeourdietalotthantochangeitalittle.

A.YB.NC.NG

16.WhycouldAdamSmithbethelasteconomistasthefaceonabanknote?

A.Noeconomicthinkercouldbemorehonorable.

B.Cashisveryversatileandenduring.

C.Wewillnotneedmoneyinthenearfuture.

D.Electronicmoneywillreplacecashinthefuture.

17.

Inhistoricalrecord,waterusedemandcaused______.

18.Accordingtothepassage,whathappenedtoT-Painsince2005?

A.HehadtogiveupAuto-Tune.

B.Hebecameverysuccessful.

C.HemadeafortuneworkingforthePrince.

D.Hewonfameasteachersofwell-knownsingers.

19.

Canadahadtototallybanfishingineastcoastwatersintheyearof______.

A.1975B.1980C.1990D.1992

20.

NocaptainsandnopilotseverescapedtheTriangleaccidents.

A.YB.NC.NG

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：W：Mary'sbeenrealbusy．ShehastogetallherpaintingsfromJohnson'sclassframedintimefortheexhibitionnextweek.

M：Didn'tsheknowabouttheexhibitionatthebeginningoftheterm?

Q：WhatcanbeinferredaboutMary?

(15)

A.Shedoesn'tknowmuchaboutpainting.

B.Sheshouldhavestartedsooner.

C.Sheoughttoknowwhentheclassbegins.

D.Sheworriestoomuch.

22.(24)

A.Whyspeciesdon'tavoidextinctionbyadapting.

B.Whyspeciesbecomeextinctattheratetheydo.

C.Whyhumansaren'textinct.

D.Howmanyspeciesaren'textinct.

23.(29)

A.AnInterestingDay.

B.TwoMistakesMade.

C.AFalseAlarm.

D.AnUnlawfulArrest.

24.

【B8】

25.(26)

A.Signapetition.

B.Helpthemanplanastudentrally.

C.Usethestudentparkinglot.

D.Makeadonationtosupportthegroup.

26.(28)

A.Withathesisstatement.

B.Withalistofreferences.

C.Withasummaryoftheconference.

D.Withaconclusionofthepaper.

27.【B9】

28.

【B2】

29.

【B7】

30.听力原文：Howdoyourisetothetopinbusiness?Whatpersonalqualifies,skills,andbackgroundareneeded?Suchquestionsarefrequentlyaskedbystudentspreparingtoentertheworkforceandbymenandwomenalreadyinthebusinessworld.

Somecompanieswareexecutiveswhocombineadministrativeabilitywithaspecialtyinsomebranchofknowledge,suchasmathematicsorengineering.Othercompanieslookforpeopleskilledinhumanrelations.Forthem,goodmanagementistheartofsolving"peopleproblems".

Theseareinterestinginsights,butwhatarethespecifictraitsthatwillhelppeopletoclimbtheladderofsuccess?

First,drive.Businesstakesanunusualamountofenergy.Asuccessfulexecutive—almostbydefinition—isastriver.Accordingtooneindustrialpsychologist,86.5%oftopmanagershaveahigheractivitylevelthantheaveragemiddlemanagers.Topmengettensewhentheyarenotstaving.

Second,peoplesense.SomesaybeingabletojudgepeopleismoreimportantthanahighIQ.Theskillcanbeinstinctual,butinmostcasesit'slearnedthroughhardwork.

Third,communicationability.Anexecutivegetsthingsdonethroughotherpeople.Thatmeanshiscommunicationsmustcomethroughloudandclear.Differentexecutivesmakethemselvesunderstoodindifferentways.Sometransmitideasbestfacetoface;othersaremastersofthetelephonecall;stillothersarepersuasivewriters.Onewayoranother,theyallcommunicateclearly.

Fourth,calmunderpressure,orasHemingwayputit,"graceunderpressure".Nobusinessmanwillgetveryfarifhechokesup.

(30)

A.Two.B.Three.C.Four.D.Five.

31.听力原文：M:Theviewfromthetopofthetowerwasbreathtaking!

W:Wasn'tit!

Q:Whatdoesthewomanmean?

(14)

A.Sheagreeswiththeman.

B.Shedidn'tvisitthetower.

C.Highplacesmakeheruncomfortable.

D.Shewillusetheelevatornexttime.

32.(19)

A.Spendingtoomuchmoneyonthecustomers.

B.FindingnoavailableconferenceroominShangri-la.

C.Toomanycustomerscomingtoattendthemeeting.

D.Fewcustomersgoingtoseeicesculpturesandbuildings.

33.【B6】

34.(25)

A.ThemanagerwouldcontactheronMay1st.

B.LindaBrowngotthejob.

C.Themanagerpromisedherapayrise.

D.Shewasabletoentertheuniversity.

35.听力原文：Arecentstudyrevealshighereducationtendstospeedupmentaldeclineandleaveelderlypeopleatalossforwords.

Participantsinthestudywereallmorethan70yearsold.Theyweretesteduptofourtimesbetween1993and2000ontheirabilitytoremember10commonwordsreadaloudtothem.Themosteducatedtestsubjectswerefoundtoexperienceasteeperdeclineduringtheyearsinrememberingthelist.

Individualswithabettereducationseemtohaveahigherstartingpointintheirwordmemory,andsomayinitiallyremembermoretotalwordsthantheirlesseducatedpeers.

Themoreeducationonehas,themorewordsonewillknowtobeginwith.Itappearsthemoreyouknow,themoreyouhavetolose.

Theexplanationforthefasterdeclineofmoreeducatedindividualscouldpossiblybetheywereunabletoaccessmemorytrickstheyoncereliedontohelpthemrememberthings.Forawhile,thesestrategiescanhelpthemcompensate,butastheygetolder,theirbrainsbecomeoverwhelmedandtheycannolongerusethosestrategies.

Becausethestudydidn'tfollowpeopleacrosstheirentirelifespans,therecouldbeotherunseenfactors.Forexample,thosewithlesseducationmaystarttheircognitivedeclineearlier.

Thepossiblyprotectivenatureagainstconditionslikedementiacouldbeduetoacorrelationbetweenhighereducationandgenerallyhigherlivingstandards,likeaccesstobetterhealthcareandbettereatinghabits.Thethingsthatmakeahealthybodymakeahealthymind.

(33)

A.Theolderpeopleget,themoretheylose.

B.Thelowereducationoldpeoplehavereceived,themoretheywillforget.

C.Elderlypeopletendtoforgetdespitetheireducationbackground.

D.Theelderlypeoplewithhighereducationaremorelikelytolosememory.

36.

【B11】

37.听力原文：W:It'sSara'sbirthdaytoday.We'replanningonhavingdinneraround6:30andthenseeingamovieat7:30.Andwe'rethrowingherasmallbirthdaypartyafterthemovie.Comeandjoinus.

M:Sure.Bestfriendsalwayssticktogether.

Q:Whatcanwelearnaccordingtotheconversation?

(19)

A.It'stheman'sbirthdaytoday.

B.Theywillhavedinneraround6.

C.Theywillhaveapartyfortheman.

D.Theywillgotomoviesafterdinner.

38.(18)

A.Totakesomemorevegetables.

B.Toavoidtakinganymorefood.

C.Topassthewomanthemeat.

D.Tohelptopreparethepotatoes.

39.(43)

40.(35)

A.Theywonthetournamentlastyear.

B.Theyhavebeentrainedthehardestinthetournament.

C.Theyhavethemostmoneytospendontheirathletes.

D.Theyhaveneverlostagamebefore.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.Manypeopleseemtothinkthatsciencefictionistypifiedbythecoversofsomeoftheoldpulpmagazines.Thisisunfortunatebecauseitdemeansanddegradesaworthwhileandevenimportantliteraryendeavor.Incontrasttothisunwarrantedstereotype,sciencefictionrarelyemphasizessex,andwhenitdoes,itismorediscreetthanothercontemporaryfiction.Indeed,thebasicinterestofsciencefictionliesintherelationbetweenmanandhistechnologyandbetweenmanandtheuniverse.

Thequestionis:whatissciencefiction?Andtheanswermustbe,unfortunate,thattherehavebeenfewattemptstoconsiderthisquestionatanylengthorwithmuchseriousness;itmaywellbethatsciencefictionwillresistanycomprehensivedefinitionofitscharacteristics.Tosaythis,however,doesnotmeanthattherearenowaysofdefiningnorthatvariousfacetsofitstotalitycannotbeclarified.Tobeginwith,thefollowingdefinitionshouldbehelpful:sciencefictionisliterarysubgenrewhichpostulatesachange(forhumanbeings)fromconditionsasweknowthemandfollowstheimplicationsofthesechangestoaconclusion.Althoughthisdefinitionwillnecessarilybemodifiedandexpanded,andprobablychanged,inthecourseofthisexplosion,itcoversmuchofthebasicgroundworkandprovidesapointofdeparture.

Thefirstpoint--thatSciencefictionisaliterarysub-genre--isaveryimportantone,butonewhichisoftenoverlookedorignoredinmostdiscussionsofsciencefiction.Specifically,sciencefictioniseitherashortstoryoranovel.Thereareonlyafewdramas,whichcouldbecalledsciencefiction,withKarelCapek'sRUR(Rossum'sUniversalRoots)beingtheonlyonethatiswellknown;thebodyofpoetrythatmightbelabeledsciencefictionistheonlyslightlylarger.Tosaythatsciencefictionisasub-genreoftheprosefictionistosaythatithasallthebasiccharacteristicsandservesthebasicfunctionsinmuchthesamewayasprosefictioningeneral--thatis,itsharesagreatdealwithallothernovelsandshortstories.

Everythingthatcanbesaidaboutprosefiction,ingeneralappliestosciencefiction.Everypieceofsciencefiction,whethershortstoryornovel,musthaveanarrator,astory,aplot,asetting,characters,language,andthetheme.Themesinsciencefictionareconstructedandpresentedinexactlythesamewaysthatthemesaredealtwithinanyotherkindoffiction.Theyaretheresultofaparticularcombinationofnarrator,story,plot,character,setting,andlanguage.Inshort,thereasonsforreadingandenjoyingsciencefiction,andthewaysofstudyingandanalyzingit,arebasicallythesameastheywouldbeforanyotherstoryornovel.

Sciencefictioniscalledaliterarysub-genrebecause_______.

A.Itisnotimportantenoughtobealiterarygenre

B.Itcannotbemadeintoadramaticpresentation

C.Ithasitslimits

D.Itsharescharacteristicswithothertypesofprosefiction

42.

Accordingtothefossilreconstruction,whatmainpartsdidatreecomprise?

A.Itcomprisedatrunk,verticalridgesandpalms.

B.Itcomprisedleaves,fernsandpalms.

C.Itcomprisedstumps,branchesandpalms.

D.Itcomprisedabase,atrunkandacrown.

43.

ItcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatGauss(Paragraph1)mustbe______.

A.aprominentmathematicianwhomadeimportantdiscoveries

B.afamouswriterwhowroteaboutNewton

C.ascientistwhomadediscoveriesinvariousfields

D.ascientistwhoadvocatedinstantscientificdiscoveries

44.

Welearnfromthepassagethatademandfortheoristsbysocietyis______thanthatforsocietybytheorists.

45.

Thewriterwouldbelesscriticalfashiondesignersplacedmorestressonthe______ofclothing.

A.costB.appearanceC.comfortD.suitability

46.ElectricTales—21stCenturyBooks

Itmaybethelastbookyou'lleverbuy.Andcertainly,fromapracticalstandpoint,itwillbetheonlybookyou'lleverneed.No,It'snottheBibleorsomeNewAgetomepromisingenlightenment—althoughitwouldletyoucarryaroundbothtextssimultaneously.It'sanelectronicbook—asinglevolumethatcouldcontainalibraryofinformationor,ifyourtastesruntowardwhat'scurrent,everytitleontoday'sbest-sellerlist.Andwhenyou'redonewiththose,youcouldrefillitwithnewtitles.

Whyanelectronicbook?Computerscanstoreatonofdataandtheirlaptopcompanionsmakeallthatinformationportable.Trueenough.Butlaptopsandsimilarportableinformationdevicesrequirealotofpower—andheavybatteries—tokeeptheirLCDscreensoperating.AndLCDsarenoteasytoreadinthebrightlightofthesun.

Thefactis,whenitcomestoportability,easyviewing,andlowpowerrequirements,it'shardtobeatplainoldpaper.

Solet'smaketheinkelectronic.

That'sthedeceptivelysimplepremisebehindaprojectcurrentlycomingtofruitionattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology.Somehurdlesmostlyhavingtodowithlarge-scalemanufacturing—remain,soitwillbeafewyearsbeforeyouseeanelectronicbookforsaleinstores.Butthebasictechnologyalreadyexists,developedattheInstitute'sMediaLabbyateamledbyphysicistJoeJacobson.

Simplyput,eachpaperpageinanelectronicbookiscoatedwithmillionsofmicroscopicparticlesencasedintinycapsules.Eachofthesemicrocapsulescanrespondindependentlytoanelectricalcharge:Particleswithinthecapsulemovingtotherearappeardarkwhilethosemovingtowardthefrontlookwhite.Thedirectioninwhichtheparticlesmovedependsuponwhetheranegative(dark)orpositive(white)chargeisapplied.Eachmicrocapsuleisabout40micronsinsize(that’salittlelessthanhalfthethicknessofahumanhair).

Thenumberofmicrocapsulesusedonagivenpageisenormous.Forinstance,about1,000microcapsulesmightbeusedtocreatetheletter“A”onthispage.“Thesmallerthesizeoftheletterthemoremicro-capsulesyouuse,”saysJacobson,“therebyimprovingresolution.”Thetargetistohavea“paperdisplay”witharesolutionhigherthanthatofferedbytoday'scomputerscreens.Morethanstaticlettersisatstake.Theoretically,themicrocapsulescouldbeprogrammedto“flip”rapidlybetweendarkandwhitestates,providing,forexample,asenseofmotioninadiagramshowinghowacarworks.

Thankstoelectronicink,thebookessentiallytypesetsitself,receivinginstructionsforeachpageviaelectronicshousedinthespine.Fromapowerstandpoint,thisprocessmakestheelectronicbookveryefficient.UnlikeanLCDscreen,whichusespowerallthetime,energyisnolongerneededtoviewtheelectronicbook'spagesoncetheyaretypeset.Onlyasmallbatterywouldberequired,asopposedtothelargeonesneededtopowerlaptopcomputersandtheirLCDs.

Convenience,though,isstillthemainattraction—andthatmeansmorethansimpleportability.Becausetheinformationisinelectronicform,itcanbeeasilymanipulated.Youcould,forinstance,makethetypelargerforeasierreading.Oryoucouldmakenotesinthemarginwithastylus,yourobservationsbeingstoredontiny,removableflash-memorycardsinthespine.

It'slikelythatelectronicbookswillcomepre-loadedwithaselectionoftitles.Newtitlescouldbemadeavailablethroughflash-memorycards,forexample.Jacobson,though,thinkstheInternetwillbethedeliverymethod:ofchoice.Imaginebrowsingthroughanonlinebookstorelikehttp://www.A.anddownloadinganovelintoyourelectronicbookviathemodeminitsspine.TransmittingMobyDickwouldtakeabouta

A.TheBible.

B.Asinglevolume.

C.NewAgetome.

D.Anelectronicbook.

47.

【C7】

48.

AccordingtoDeighton,thestudycouldmakeitbeneficialforpeopletostartnewbusinesswithoutoffering______.

49.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

WhenChristopherColumbuslandedonAmerica'sshore,heencounteredcopper-skinnedpeoplewhomhepromptlycalled"Indians".CurrentestimatesindicatethattherewereoveramillionIndiansinhabitingNorthAmericathen.Thereareapproximately800,000Indianstoday,ofwhomabout250,000liveonreservations.

TheearlysettlershadanamicablerelationshipwithIndians,whosharedtheirknowledgeofhunting,fishing,andfarmingwiththeiruninvitedguests.Thestereotypedstealthy,wickedIndianofmodemwesternmovieswascreatedbyindifferent,faithlesswhitemen;theIndianwasbornfriendly.

DisgustdevelopedbetweentheIndiansandthesettlers,whoseencroachmentonIndianlandsprovokedaneraofturbulence.Asearlyas1745,IndiantribesjoinedtogethertodrivetheFrenchofftheirland.TheFrenchandIndianwardidnotenduntil1763.TheIndianshadsucceededindestroyingmanyofthewesternsettlements.TheBritishsuperficiallysubmissivetotheIndians,promisedthatfurthermigrationswestwouldnotextendbeyondaspecifiedboundary.

Evictedfromtheirlandor,worsestill,franklycedingtheirpropertytothewhitesforafewbaubles,Indianswereruthlesslypushedwest.Thebattlein1876atLittleBigHornRiverinMontanainwhichSittingBullandtheSiouxbribesmassacredGeneralCusterscavalry,causedthewhitestointensifytheircampaignagainsttheredmen.ThebattleatWoundedKnee,SouthDakota,in1890putanendtothelastvestigeofhopeforamitybetweenIndiansandwhites.

AlthoughtheBureauofIndianAffairshasoperatedsince1824,presumablyforthepurposeofguardingIndians'interests,Indiansonreservationsleadnotoriouslydeprivedlives.InrecenttimesirateIndianshavetakenamilitantstandandhaveappealedtothecourtsandtheAmericanpeopletoimprovetheirsubstandardlivingconditions.

Inthemodemwhitewesterner'seyes,theIndiansare______.

50.

InmostofAsianbeliefsystems,thereisanessentialpartof______.

51.

Onegreatadvantageyoucanenjoytomakemoneyinthenetworkmarketingisthat______.

A.youcanearnasmuchmoneyasyoucan

B.youwillhavebasicincomeandbonuses

C.youwillhavethechanceforpromotion

D.youaren'tlimitedtosellinganything

52.ThepromotedJapanesemanageraskedforatransferbecause______.

A.hewasnotcompetentforthehigherposition

B.hewasnotaccustomedtoworkingbyhimself

C.hecouldnotmaketheadjustmenttohisnewjob

D.helackedadequatecommunicationwithhissuperiors

53.SomeofthemostbasicconceptsofpsychologyweredefinedbySigmundFreudandtwoofhisfollowers,AlfredAdlerandCarlGustavJung.

SigmundFreud,anAustrianneurologist,wasthefounderofpsychoanalysisand,somewouldsay,ofmodernpsychologyitself.ThemainhypothesisofFreud'stheoryisthathumanbehavior.isdeterminedprimarilybyunconsciousmotives.Theseunconsciousmotivescanbediscoveredthroughtheuseoffreeassociation,thatis,throughtalkingoutproblemswiththepatient.Freud'stheoryofpersonalityinvolvedthreebroadareasofinvestigationintohumanbehavior.structural,dynamic,anddevelopmental.Structurally,Freuddividedthehumanpersonalityintoid,ego,andsuperego.Theidisthecompletelyunconsciouspartofself.Itistherepository(资源)ofone'sinstinctualneedsanddrives.Freudpositedthatitconsistedofeverythingpsychologicalthatwasinherited.

Theegoistherationalaspectofthepersonality.Itgovernstheimpulsiveneedscreatedbytheidanddecideswhichneedscanandwillbesatisfiedaccordingtotheconditionsoftheenvironment.Thesuperegoistheconscience,theethicalormoralaspectofpersonality.Itisformedbythetraditionalvaluesandidealsofthesocietyorcultureinwhichapersonisborn.Thesuperegostrivesfortheideal.The"conscience"partprovidesguiltfeelingswhenmoralvaluesareviolated.The"ego-ideal"partprovidesfeelingsofpridewhentheselfactsinconsonancewithtraditionalvaluesofthegroup.

Freud'sdynamicconceptsinvolvedinstinct,libido,andanxiety.Generally,wetermbehavior.asinstinctiveifitoccurswithoutanyapparentopportunityofitshavingbeenlearned.Freud's"instinct"differedinthatitreferstoaninbornbodilyconditionrepresentedby"wish"and"need".Libidoisdescriptiveofone'semotionalorpsychicenergy.Thisenergyenableslife"instincts"toperform.theirworkandisderivedfromprimitivebiologicalurges,forexample,thesexdrive.Thus,thelibidoisusuallygoaldirected.Anxiety,inpsychologicalterms,isanuncontrollablestateoffearoftenunrelatedtoaspecificobjectorevent.Freud'sdevelopmentalconceptsincludedidentification,displacement,defensemechanisms,andpsychosexualstages.Identificationlabelsthebehavior.ofanindividualwhoimitatesanotherpersonorgroup(moviestar,gangster,etc.).Displacementoccurswhentheinstinctisblockedandthefrustratedenergyisthendivertedtosubstituteobjects.Defensemechanisms(repression,projection,andreaction)describebehavior.reactingtorelieveextremepressureandtodefendtheego.Psychosexualstagesrefertothefivesetstagesofanindividual,frombirththroughadolescence,oral(breast-suckingbabyhood),anal(toilet-trainingperiod),phallic(3-6years'developmentofsexualfeelings),latency(intermediatestagebetweenphallicandbeginningofpuberty(青春期),andgenital(formationofgenuinerelationshipsandtheendofnarcissism(自我陶醉)).

Freud'stwodisciplesbrokewiththemasterlargelyoverthecentralityofsexinFreud'stheorizing.AlfredAdlermaintainedthatmanwasmoreasocialbeingthanasexualone,andthatindividualsareprimarilymotivatedbysocialinterests.CarlJungalsodifferedfromFreudonwhatdeterminesthemotivationforhumanbehavior.Hestressedgoaldirectionbeyondchildhood,aswellastheinfluenceoftheancestralpastinsuchthingsasmagic,power,andheroworship.

Freud'sconceptsincluded______.

A.denialofinstinctivebehavior.inanimalsandhumans

B.beliefthatreligionproperlymoldedtheconsciencesothattheidcouldbecontrolled

C.beliefthathumanbehavior.canbeexplainedprimarilybytheunconsciousmotivesofindividuals

D.beliefthathumanbehavior.iscompletelycontrol