解析听力含翻译题目等

WhydoesthemangotoseetheTofindoutwhyheisnotonthelistofgraduatingToexinwhyhehasnotfulfilledhisgraduationrequirements.#Tofindouttheexactrequirementsforgraduation.#TosubmitarequiredforAccordingtotheregistrar,whatstepiscurrentlytakentoensurethatstudentsfulfilltheirgraduationAcademicrecordsareregularlycheckedbytheregistrar'soffice.#Studentsmeetwithadepartmentchairtontheircoursework.#Studentsreceiveletterslistingthecoursesthattheystillneedtotake.#WarninglettersaresenttostudentswhohavefallenbehindintheircourseWhydoesthemanmentionhisToexinhowheobtainedinformationaboutfieldresearch.#Topointoutthatmanystudentsliketodofieldresearch.#Toshowthatitisdifficulttogetintermediate-levelToemphasizehismotivationtodofiledresearchintwoofhisWhydoestheregistrarlthemantocontacthischair Adeadlinehasalreadypassed.#ThemanhasalimitedtimetoresolvehisThemanfirstneedstofindoutifthechairwillhelphim.#Issuinganewgrademaytakelongerthanexpected.#Listeningagaintopartoftheconversation.Thenanswerthequestion.Whydoestheregistrarimplywhenshesaysthis:Unfortunay,thecomputerisusuallyprettyreliable.SoI'mnotsurewhat'sgoingonhere.#Sheisuncertainaboutthereliabilityofthecomputer.#Shewillapprovetheman'sformdespiteherdoubtsaboutit.#Sheneedsmoreinformationabouttheman'scredits.#SheneedstocallsomeonetohelpherfixcomputerHi,I'dliketodropoffmygraduationform;Iunderstandyouneedthisinordertoprocessmydiploma.Ok,Iwilltakethat.Beforeyouleave,let'smecheckourcomputer.LookslikeyouareOKforgraduation,andhmm...actuallyIamgettingawarningflagonyouracademicrecordhere.##Yeah.Let'sseewhat'swaswhat.OK,areyoufamiliarwithourgraduationrequirements?Well,thenyouknowyouneed48creditsinyourmajorfieldtograduateandatleast24creditsintheintermediatelevelorhigher.Also,afteryoursecondyear,youhavetomeetwithyourdepartmentchairtooutlineanfortherestofyourtimehere.Inthepast,wealsoissuelettersbeforestudents'finalyearbegantoletthemknowwhattheyneededtotakeintheirfinalyeartobeOK,butwedon'tdothat#Idefiniymetwithmychair2yearsago;hetoldmethatIneeded8morecoursesattheintermediatelevelorhigherinthelast2yearstobeOK.SoIamnotsurewhattheproblemis,ImadesureIgotthesecredits.Unfortunay,thecomputerisusuallyprettyreliable;soiamnotsurewhatwasgoingonhere.ItcouldbethatI'vetaken2basiccoursesbutacouplebothofthemwithfieldexperiences.Whatdoyoumean?Well,Icouldonlytakeintrocoursesbecausetherewerenointermediatelevelcoursesavailableforthoseparticulartopics.MychairtoldmethatifIdidindependentfieldresearchinadditiontotheassignedworkineachcourse;theywouldcountasintermediatelevelcourses.Myclassmates,um,well,someofmyclassmates,didthisforaneasywaytomeettheirintermediatecourserequirement,butIdidittogetthekindofdepthinthosetopicsiwasgoingfor.AsitturnedoutIreallyenjoyedthefieldwork.Wasn'tthatsupplementtojustsittingandlisteningtolectures.#Iamsurethat'strue,butthecomputerstillshowingthemissbasiclevelcoursesdespitethefieldwork.Iamnotsurewhattodothen,Imean,shouldIcancelmygraduationparty?No,noreasontogetworriedlikethat.Justcontactyourchairimmediay,ok?lhimtocallmeassoonaspossiblesothatwecanverifyyourfieldworkarrangementandcertifythesecreditsrightaway.It'snotlikethereisanactualdeadlinetodayoranything.Butifmorethanafewweeksgoby,wemighthavearealproblemthatwouldbeverydifficulttofixintimeforyoutograduate.Infact,thereprobablywouldbenothingwecoulddo.#Iwillgeton正确答案，D。主旨题。学生要交毕业表格来办理毕业手续。#####那么你知道你需要在主课上获得48个学分才能毕业吗，其中至少24########不，没必要这么担心，不过要马上联系你的系，尽快给我打以便我们核实你的课外调研安排并#WhatisthemainpurposeoftheTocompareactivehabitatselectionwithpassivehabitatselection.#Toshowthatmosthabitatpreferencesinanimalsarelearned.#Tocomparethehabitatrequirementsofseveralbirdspecies.#Toexaminetheconsequencesofhabitatselectionbyanimals.#Whatelementoftheplover'shabitatinCaliforniawasthreatened?#Theavailabilityoffood.#TheavailabilityofThesafetyofnestsfromhumanTheprotectionofnestsfrompredatoryWhatdoestheprofessorillustratewiththeexampleofthebluewarbler?#Therelationshipbetweenhumanactivityandhabitatloss.#Therelationshipbetweenhabitatandreproductivesuccess.#Theadvantagesofhabitatswithlowvegetationdensity.#ThereproductiveadvantagethatyoungwarblershaveoverolderWhydoestheprofessormentionthepopulationdensityofblackcapsintwodifferenthabitats?#Toex inthesimilarreproductiveratesinthetwohabitats.#Toex intherelationbetweenaspecies'populationdensityanditsnestingbehavior.#Toillustratetheadvantagesofapreferredhabitatoverasecondaryhabitat.#ToillustratethepossibleimpactofmakingapoorhabitatAccordingtotheprofessor,whydidsomeblackcapschooseasecondaryhabitat?#Theywerefollowingamovingfoodsupply.#Theirpreferredhabitatwastakenoverbyanotherbirdspecies.#Theirnestingsitesweredisturbedbyhumanactivity.#TheirpreferredhabitatbecametooWhatcanbeinferredabouttheprofessorwhenshesaysthis?Ok.That'shabitatdestruction.Butnow,whataboutcaseswhereananimalexhibitsaclearchoice,onesuitablehabitatoveranother?Incaseslikethat,dosethepreferencematter?#Sherealizesthatshejustcontradictedastatementshemadeearlier.#Sheisabouttodiscussanotheraspectofthetopic.#ShethinkstheanswertoherquestionisShewantsstudentstorecallacasethatshehasalreadyOK,well,lasttimewetalkedaboutpassivehabitatselection,likentsforexample,theydon'tmakeactivechoicesaboutwheretogrow.Theyaredispersedbysomeotheragent,likethewind.Andiftheseedslandinasuitablehabitat,theydowellandreproduce.Withactivehabitatselection,anorganismisabletophysicallyselectwheretoliveandbreed.Andbecausetheanimalbreedinghabitatissoimportant,we'dexpectanimalspeciestodeveloppreferencesforparticulartypesofhabitats,ceswheretheiroffspringhavethebestchanceofsurvival.Solet'slookattheeffectthesepreferencescanhavebylookingatsomeexamples,butfirstlet'srecap.Whatdowemeanbyhabitat?Frank?#Well,it'sbasicallytheceorenvironmentwhereanorganismnormallylivesandgrows.Right,andaswe'vediscussed,therearesomekeyelementsthathabitatmustcontain,foodobviously,water,anditisgottahavetherightclimateandspacesforphysicalprotection.Andwesawhowimportanthabitatselectioniswhenwelookatthehabitatwheresomeofthefactorsareremoved,perhapsthroughhabitatdestruction.Ijustreadaboutashorebird,theplover.Theploverlivesbytheoceanandfeedsonsmallsfish,insectsandnts.Itblendsinwiththesand,soitwellcamouflagedfrompredatorbirdsabove.Butitlaysitseggsinshallowdepressionsinthesandwithverylittleprotectionaroundthem.Soiftherearepeopleordogsonthebeach,theeggsandfledglingsinthenestarereallyvulnerable.OutinCaliforniawheretherehasbeenalotofhumandevelopmentbytheocean.Theploversarenowathreatenspecies.Soconservationiststrytocreateanewhabitatforthem.Theymadeartificialbeachesandsunbarsinareainaccessibletopeopleanddogs.Andtheploverpopulationisupquiteabitinthoseces.Ok.Thatisanincidencewhereahabitatismadelesssuitable.Butnow,whataboutcaseswhereananimalexhibitsaclearchoicebetweentwosuitablehabitats?Incaseslikethat,doesthepreferencematter?Well,let'slookatthebluewarbler.TheBluewarblerisasongbirdthatlivesintheNorthAmerica.Theyclearlypreferhardwoodswithdenseshrubs,bushesunderneaththetrees.Theyactuallynestintheshrubs,notthetrees.Sotheyareprettyclosetotheground,butthesewarblersalsonestinsthathavelowshrubdensity.It'susuallytheyoungerwarblersthatnestintheseareasbecausethepreferredspots,wheretherearealotofshrubs,aretakenbyorder,moredominantbirds.Andthechoiceofhabitatseemstoaffectreproductivesuccess.Becausetheorderandmoreexperiencedbirdswhonestinthehighdensityshrubareashavesignificantlymoreoffspringthanthoseinlowdensityareas,whichsuggeststhatthechoiceofwheretonestdoeshaveanimpactonthenumberofchickstheyhave.Butapreferredenvironmentdoesn'talwaysseemtocorrelatewithgreaterreproductivesuccess.Forexample,InEurope,studyhasbeendoneofblackcapwarblers.Wejustcallthemblackcaps.Theblackcapscanbefoundintwodifferentenvironments.Uh...Theirpreferredhabitatissneartheedgesofstreams.However,blackcapsalsoliveinpinewoodsawayfromwater.Studieshavebeendoneonthereproductivesuccessrateforthebirdsinbothareas,andtheresultshowedsurprisinglythatthereproductivesuccesswasessentiallythesameinbothareas---thepreferredandthesecondchoicehabitat.Well.Why?Itturnedoutthattherewereactuallyfourtimesasmanybirdpairsorcoupleslivinginthestreamedgehabitatcomparedtotheareaawayfromthestream,sothisstreamedgeareahadamuchdenserpopulationwhichmeantmoremembersofsamespeciescompetingfortheresources,wantingtofeedonsamethingsorbuildtheirnestsinthesameces,whichloweredthesuitabilityoftheprimehabitateventhoughit'stheirpreferredhabitat.Sotheresultsofthestudysuggeststhatwhenthenumberofthecompetitorsintheprimehabitatreachesacertainpoint,thesecondrandomhabitat esjustassuccessfulastheprimehabitat,justbecausetherearefewermembersofthesamespecieslivingthere.Soitlookslikecompetitionforresourcesisanotherimportantfactorindeterminingifparticularhabitatis正确答案，B。细节题。教授由蓝莺的例子讲起，为了说明动物对栖息地的选择确实对繁殖成功率有影响。#先让我们回顾一下，“栖息地”怎么解释?克？## 是与更高的繁殖成功率挂钩。比如在欧洲，人们对黑头莺进行了研究，我们就叫它黑头(莺)黑头（莺）能在两种环境生存。它们更偏好在溪边的森林栖息。然而，黑头（莺）也能在离水较远的松结果发现在溪边的栖息地的鸟类数量是离水较远地区的四倍之多，溪边地区的鸟类更密集，这说明WhatisthelecturemainlyWhytheSalonexhibitionsbecamepopularamongwomensinParis.#WhyFrenchsocietydidnotapproveofartschoolsorwomen.#HowopportunitiesforwomensinParisimproved.#HowwomensinPariscooperatedwithoneanother.#WhatpointdoestheprofessormakeaboutJulianwhenhementionsthatJulian'sartschoolofferedsomeclassesonlyforwomen?#Julian'sschoolwasthefirstartschoolinParistoofferwomen-onlyclasses.#JulianwantedtoencouragethedistinctivestyleofwomeninParis.#Julianviewedhimselfasasocialreformer.#Julianpossessedoutstandingbusinessskills.#Whatdoestheprofessoremphasizeasonebenefitofcompetitioninwomen'sclasses?#Womengainedmoreconfidenceintheir icabilities.#WomenbecameinstructorsinprivateartWomenwereabletoselltheirpaintingsforlargeamountsofmoney.#Womencreatednewstylesofpainting.#Accordingtotheprofessor,whatweretwowaysthatthesituationofwomen shadchangedbythenendofthenineteenthcenturyinParis?Clickon2answers.#WomenandmentookartclassesWomensyedagreaterroleintheSalonexhibitions.#Moreschoolswereestablishedbywomen FewerwomensweretravelingtoWhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutBashkirtseff'spaintingIntheStudio?#Itwasoneofmanypaintingsthatdepictedawomen'sstudio.#ItdidnotbringBashkirtseffrecognitionforhericability.#Itwascriticizedforanunrealisticdepictionof ItwasbeneficialforbothBashkirtseffandtheschoolwheresheWhatdoestheprofessormeanwhenhesaysIfyouwantedto ean,Pariswasnotagoodcetogo;PariswasTHEcetogo.#Pariswasapopularcetovisit,butnotthebestcetostudyart.#Pariswasthemostimportantceforan tostudyandwork.#LivinginPariswasdifficultforwomen sfromothercountries.#StudinginPariswasbeneficialforsome s,butnotforothers.WehadbeentalkingabouttheartworldinthelatecenturyinParis.TodayI'dliketolookatthewomanwhowenttoParisatthattimeto es.Nowfromyourreading,whatdoyouknowaboutParis,abouttheartworldofParisduringthelate19thcentury?#Peoplecametherefromallovertheworldtostudy.Ithadalotofartschools swhotaughtpainting.Therewere...ourbookmentionsclasses s.Anditwasagoodcetogotostudyart.Ifyouwantedto ean,Pariswasnotagoodcetogo,ParisisTHEcetogo.Andwomencouldfindskilledinstructorsthere.Beforethelate19thcentury,ifthey，womenwhowantedto hadtotakeprivatelessonsorlearnfromfamilymembers.Theyhadmorelimitedoptionsthanmendid.Butaround1870s,some sinParisbegantoofferclassesforfemalestudents.Theseclasseswereforwomenonly.Andbytheendofthe19thcentury,itbecamemuchmorecommonforwomanandmantostudytogetherinthesameclasses.Sowithinafewdecades,thingshadchangedsignificantly.Okletbackupagainandtalkaboutthetimeperiodfrom1860stothe1880s,andtalkmoreaboutwhathadhappenedinwomen'sartclasses.In1868,aprivateartacademyopenedinParis,andfordecadesitwastheprobablythemostfamousprivateartschoolintheworld.Itsfounder,RudolphJulianwasacannybusinessman,andquicklyestablishedhisschoolasa edestinationforwomen s.Whathedidwas,afteraninitialtrialperiodofmixedclasses,hechangedtheschools'.Hecomple yseparatedthemanandwomanstudents.#Anyreasonwhyhedidthat?Well.LikeIsaid,Julianwasabrilliantbusinessmanwithprogressiveideas.Hesawthatanothersmallprivateartschoolwhereallthestudentswerewomenwasverypopularatthattime.Andthat'sprobablywhyheadoptedthewomenonlyclasses.Hisclassesweretypicallyofferedbyestablishedsandwereheldinthestudio,thecewheretheypainted.Thiswasabigdealbecausefinallywomencouldstudyartinaformalsetting.Andtherewasanotherbenefittothegroupsettingintheseclasses.Theclassesincludedweeklycriticism.Andtheteacherwouldranktheartofallthestudentsintheclassfrombesttoworst.HowwouldyoulikeifIdidthatinthisclass?#Butourtestbooksaidthecompetitive…thecompetitionwasgoodforwomen.Ithelpedthemseewheretheyneededtoimprove.#Isn'tthatinteresting?Onewoman,hernamewasMarryBashkirtseff.Bashkirtseffoncewrotehowshefeltaboutaclassmate'swork.Shethoughtherclassmate'sartwasmuchbetterthanherownanditgaveheranincentivetodobetter.Overallthecompetitioninthewomen'sartclassesgavewomenmoreconfidence,confidencethattheycouldalsocompeteintheartworldaftertheirschooling.AndeventhoughBashkirtseffcouldnotstudyinthesameclassesasman,shewashavinganimpactasan.Justlookatthesalon,whatdoyouknowaboutthesalon?#Itwasabigexhibition,abigartshowthattheyhadinPairseveryyear.Thearthadtobeacceptedby#Itwasabigdeal.Youcanmakeanameforyourself.Youcanhaveapaintingorsculptureinthesalonandgobacktoyourhomecountrysayingyou'dbeenasuccessinParis.Itwassortof,asealofapproval.Itwasagreatencouragementforan'scareer.Bythelasttwodecadesof19thcentury,onefifthofthepaintingsinthesalonwerebywomen,muchhigherthaninthepast.Infact,MarryBashkirtseffherselfhadapaintinginthesaloninthe1881.InterestinglythismasterpiececalledIntheStudioisapaintingofinteriorofJulian'sartschool.Itisnotinyourtextbook.Iwillshowyouthepaintingnextweek.Thepaintingdepictsanactivecrowdedstudiowithwomendrawingandpaintingalivemodel.Itwasactually...BashkirtseffactuallyfollowJulian'ssavvysuggestionandpaintedherfellowstudentsinaclassattheschoolwiththeherselfatthefarright.Agreatadvertisementfortheschoolwhenthepaintingeventuallyhungupatthesalon,forawomanstudiohadneverbeenpaintedbefore.正确答案，A。细节题。教授说女性艺术课堂上的竞争给女性带来了信心。正确答案，AB。细节题。教授说男女在同班学习 中展出的女性作品也比过去多很多。 ###员。她们比的选择面更有限。但到了9世纪0年代左右，一些巴黎的术家开始女生上课，这课专为女学生开设。到了9世纪末，男女学生同班上课的情况更普遍。在数十年里，事情发生了显著变化。好的，让我们再说点背景知识，谈谈9世纪60年代到0年代的情况，说说在女性艺术班里的情况。年，一个私立艺术学院在巴黎开设，在几十年时间里，那可能是全世界最著名的私立艺术学院。这所学院的创始人鲁道夫;是个精明的商人。他迅速把学校打造为女性艺术家的求学首选。他做了什么呢？在混合班级初期试行了一段时间后，他改变了学校政策，把男完全分开。###啊…##毕业后继续在艺术界竞争。尽管巴士没能和一起上课学习，但是作为艺术家她是有的。们来看看，对有什么了解### 利安艺术学校的教室内部。这幅画不在上，下周我会给展示一下。这幅画描绘了一群活跃的女性在工 在画作很靠右的位置。当这幅画最终悬挂在里的时候为学校成功做了，这是因为在此之前从未有女Whatistheconversationmainlyabout?#Preparingforatest.#Astrategyforattractingcustomers.#Businessopportunitiesinthefieldofhealth.#Differencesbetweentwobusinessmodels.#Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthe ingtest?#Itwillnotcontainquestionsaboutthehealth-clubmodel.#Itwillaskaboutwaystoimprovethecustomer'sself-ItwillrequirestudentstodiscussmarketingstrategiesforItwillnotrequirestudentstogiveexamplesofsuccessfulBasedontheconversation,indicatewhethereachofthefollowingisofferedbyhealthclubs.Yes/No.#Lowmembershipfees.#Exerciseclasses.#Positiveself-image.#Whatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutpubliclibraries?#Theytendtobemorepopularthanhealthclubs.#TheycannotofferasmanyservicesashealthTheyshouldnotspendmoneyonhigh-qualityequipment.#Theyneedtogivegreateremphasistostrategicmarketing.#Listeningagaintopartoftheconversation.Thenanswerthequestion.Whydoesthestudentsaythis?#Well,IknowwhenIpassbyahealthclubandIseeallthesepeopleworkingout,theexercising,Ijustsoonwalkonby. Tointroduceaalstoryaboutexercising.#Topointoutaflawinthehealth-clubTogiveanexamplethatsupportstheprofessor'spoint.#Toex inwhyhedisagreeswiththeprofessor.So,Richard,whatisup?Well,Iknowwehaveatestcominguponchapters...um...Chapter3and4fromthetextbook.Right,3and4,Ididn'tgetsomethingyousaidinclasson#Alright?Doyourememberwhatitwasabout?Yes,youweretalkingaboutagym,ahealthclubwherepeoplecangotoexercise,thatkindofthing.Ok,butthehealthclubmodelisactuallyfromchapter#Stu:Ok,chapter5.soitnot--OkbutIguessIstillwanttotryto#Ofcourse.Well,Iwastalkingaboutanissueinstrategicmarketing,um...thehealthclubmodel;Imeanwithahealthclubyoumightthinktheywouldtroubleattractingcustomersright?#Well,IknowwhenIpassbyahealthclubandIseeallthosepeopleworkingout,theexercising,Ijustsoonwalkonby.#Yes,thereisthat.Plus,lotsofpeoplehaveexerciseequipmentathome,ortheycanysportswiththeirfriends.right?##Butnowadaysinspiteofallthat,andexpensivemembershipfees,healthclubarehugelypopular,sohow#Iguessthat'swhatIdidn'tunderstand.Ok,basicallytheyhavetoofferthingsthatmostpeoplecan'tfindanywhereelse,youknow,quality,thatmeansbetterexerciseequipment,high-endstuff,um...andclasses-exerciseclassesmaybeaerobics.IamnotsureifI…okIgetit.Yeah,andyouknowanotherthingisIthinkpeopleprobablyfeelgoodaboutthemselveswhentheyareatthegym.Andtheycanmeetnewpeoplesocialize.#Right,sohealthclubofferhighqualityfacilities.Andalsotheysellanimageaboutpeoplehavingmorefunrelatingbettertoothersandimprovingtheirownlivesifthey emembers.#Sure.thatmakessense.Well,then,canyouthinkofanotherbusinessororganizationthatcouldbenefitfrom ngthis?#Thinkaboutanimportantbuildingoncampushere,somethingeveryoneuses,amajorsourceofinformation?Youmeanlikeanadministrativebuilding?Well,thatisnotwhatIhadinmymind.Oh,youmeanthelibrary.Exactly.Libraries.Imaginepublishlibraries;theyareaninformationresourceforthewholecommunity#Welltheycanbe,now,withtheinternetandbigbookstores,youcanprobablygetwhatyouneedwithoutgoingtoalibrary.#That'strue.Soifyouwerethedirectorofapubliclibrary,whatwillyoudoaboutthat?Togetmorepeopletostopin.well,likeyousaid,betterequipment,maybeasuper-fastinternetconnection,notjustagoodvarietyofbooksbutalsolikeniceandcomfortableareaswherepeoplecanreadanddoresearch.Thingsmakethemwanttocometothelibraryandstay.##Oh,and,maybehaveauthorscomeanddosomereadings,oridon'tknow,specialpresentations.Somethingpeoplecouldn'tgetathome.#Now,youaregettingit.Thanks,professorWilliams,Ithinkso正确答案，B。主旨题。学生找教授问策略中房模型的问题。正确答案，BCD。观点组织题。教授提到房的会员费高昂，但有更好的器械用品，还会组织像有氧运动 ##################学生##########谢谢教授，是的WhatisthelecturemainlyPoliticaleventsthatledtotheinventionofAcomparisonofattitudestowardvisioncorrectioninEuropeand.#Therelationshipbetweentheprintingpressandlicy.#AnoverviewofvisioncorrectionoverAccordingtotheprofessor,whatwasanadvantageofusingclearglassinsteadofquartztomakereadingstones?#ClearglasswaseasiertofindthanClearglasswaseasiertocuttotheappropriatesize.#Clearglassmagnifiedthelettersmorethanquartzdid.#Clearglasswaslessexpensivethanquartz.#WhatdoestheprofessorimplyabouttheinventionofItshistoricalrecordsaremoredetailedthanthoseofotherinventions.#Ithaslittleimpactonsocialattitudestowardvisioncorrection.#Itsoccurrenceindifferentcesatapproximaythesametimeisnotunusual.#Itcontributedtoasubstantialincreaseinthenumberoflitepeople.#Whichsentencebestdescribeeyeglassesbeforetheinventionoftheprintingpress?#Theywereavailabletoeveryone.#Theywereasymbolofwealthandwisdom.#Theycouldnotcorrectvisionaccuray.#TheycouldbeboughtonlyfromtravelingPuttheeventsintheorderthattheyInexpensiveeyeglassesbecameavailable.#Thefirsteyeglassesweremade.#Thenumberofpeopleinterestedinreadingincreased.#Theprintingpresswasinvented.#Listeningagaintopartoftheconversation.Thenanswerthequestion.Whatdoestheprofessorimplywhenshesaysthis?#SheisimpressedbytheThesolutionshedescribesisobvious.#Thesolutionwasnotacommonpractice.#Thesolutionwasnotparticularlyexpensive. Sowe'vebeentalkingabouttheprintingpress-howitchangedpeople'slives,um...makingbooksmoreaccessibletoeveryone.Morebooksmeanmorereading,right?But,asyouknow,noteveryonehasperfectvision.Thisincreasinglicy,um,inreading,ledtoanincreasingdemandforeyeglasses.Andwell,here'ssomethingyouprobablyhaven'tthoughtof.Thisincreaseddemandimpactedthesocietalattitudestowardeyeglasses.But,firstletmebackupabitandtalkaboutvisioncorrectionbeforetheprintingpress. And,um,whatdidpeoplewithpoorvisiondo,Imean,especiallythosefewpeoplewhowereactuallylite?Whatdidtheydobeforeglasseswereinvented?Well,theyhaddifferentwaysofdealingwithnotseeingwell.Ifyouthinkaboutit,poorvisionwasn'ttheironlyproblem.Imean,um,thinkabouttheconditionstheylivedin:housesweredark,sometimesthereweren'tanywindows;candlesweretheonlysourceoflight.Soinsomeces,um,likeancientGreeceforexample,thewealthiestpeoplewithpoorvisioncouldhavesomeoneelsereadtothem-easysolutionifyoucouldaffordit.Anothersolutionwassomethingcalleda“readingstone”.Around1000C.E.Europeanmonkswouldtakeapieceofclearrock,oftenquartz,andceitontopofthereadingmaterial.Theclearrockmagnifiedtheletters,makingthemappearlarger,um,lookslikewhathappenswhenadropofwaterfallsonsomething,whatever'sbelowthedropofwaterappearslarger,right?Well,the“readingstone”worksinasimilarway.Butrockslikequartz,well,quartzofopticalqualityweren'tcheap.Lateinthe13thcentury,glassmakerinItalycameupwithalessexpensivealternative.Theymadereadingstonesoutofclearglass.Andtheseclearglassreadingstonesevolvedintotheeyeglassesweknowtoday.Sowe'reprettysurethatglasseswereinventedinaboutthelate1200s,welloverahundredyearsbeforetheprintingpress.Butit'snotclearwhoexactlyinventedthemfirstorexactlywhatyear.ButrecordshowsthattheywereinventedinbothEuropeandataboutthesametime.Bytheway,wecallthis“independentdiscovery”. Independentdiscoverymeanswhensomethingisinventedindifferentpartsoftheworldatthesametimeandit'snotasunusualasitsounds.YoucanlookatthetimelinechartsinthebackofyourtextbooktoseewhenthingswereinventedindifferentculturesataboutthesametimetoseewhatI'mtalkingabout. Sonowlet'stiethistowhatIsaidbeforeaboutsocietalattitudestowardsglasses.InitiallyinpartsofEuropeandin,glasseswereasymbolofwisdomandinligence.Thisisevidentintheartworkfromtheperiod.Europeanpaintingsoftenportrayeddoctorsorjudgeswearingglasses.In,glasseswereveryexpensive.Soinadditiontoinligence,theyalsosymbolizeaffluence,um,wealth.In14thcenturyportraysthebiggertheglasses,thesmarterandwealthierthissubjectwas.Soglasseswereastatussymbolinsomepartsoftheworld.Nowlet'sgetbacktotheinventionofthepaintingpressin1440.Whathappened?Suddenly,booksbecamereadilyavailableandmorepeoplewantedtoread.Sotheneed,ohwell,actuallynotonlytheneedbutthedemandformoreaffordableglassesrosedrastically.Eventually,inexpensiveglasseswereproduced,andthenglasseswereavailabletoeveryone.Peoplecouldpurchasethemeasilyfromatravelingpeddler.正确答案，BDCA。Sowe'reprettysurethatglasseswereinventedaboutthelate1200s,well,overhundredyearsbeforetheprintingSoglasseswereastatussymbolinsomepartsoftheworld.Nowlet'sgetbacktotheinventionofthepaintingpressin1440.Whathappened?Suddenly,booksbecamereadilyavailableandmorepeoplewantedtoread.Sotheneed,ohwell,actuallynotonlytheneedbutthedemandformoreaffordableglassesrosedrastically.Eventually,inexpensiveglasseswereproduced,andthenglasseswereavailabletoeveryone.=======#嗯，我们讲过印刷术—它是怎么改变人们生活，让每个人更容易获得书本。的书意味着人 #独立发现是指一件东西同时在世界不同地区发明出来。这不像听起来那么的不同寻常。你可以翻到后#那么现在，让我们把这个与前面提到的社会对眼镜的态度做个联系。最初在欧洲和中国部分地区，眼镜是Inthebeginningofthelectureastudentasksaquestionabouttheperiodictable.Howdoesthestoryofelement43answerherquestion?#ByprovidinganexampleofanelementwhoseceintheperiodictablewasByprovidinganexampleofanelementwhoseexistencewaspredictablefromtheperiodictable.#Byprovidinganexampleofanelementwhichscientistspredictedwasformedfromuranium.#Byprovidinganexampleofanelementthatcanonlybemadeartificially.#30.Whatdoestheprofessorsayaboutearlyversionsoftheperiodictable?#Earlyversionslistedtwonamesforsomeelements.#Earlyversionshadtheincorrectatomicnumberforsomeelements.#Earlyversionswerenotaseasytouseasmodernversion.#EarlyversionsdidnotlistanelementforeveryatomicWhatfactinspiredresearcherstogivethename“technetium”toelementTheelementwasTheelementwasderivedfromuranium.#Theelementwascreatedartificially.#Theelementwasfoundusingx-rayWhatcharacteristicofelement43might inwhythescientificcommunitydoubtedthefindingsIdaTacke'sElement43hasaveryfastrateofElement43alwayscontainssmallamountofotherelements.#Element43cannotbecreatedartificially.#Element43'sradioactivitymakesiteasytoisolateandWhatdoestheprofessorbelieveabouttheclaimthatIdaTacke'steammadeaboutelement43?#Scientistsshouldhaveacceptedtheclaimwhenitwasfirstpublished.#Thereisnotenoughevidencetoknowiftheteamactuallydiscoveredelement43.#Theteam'sunusualscientificmethodswereunreliable.#Iftheteam'soresamplehadcontainedelement43,theteamwouldhavebeenabletoisolateaweighableWhatdoestheprofessorimplyaboutthechemistIdaTackewhenhesaysthis?#butshedidn'tknowthatthatwasthedefenseofherowndiscoveryofelement43.#Shedidnotrealizethattheperiodictablepredictedtheradioactivityofelement43.#Shedidnotunderstandwhyherteam'sfindingsweredismissedbythescientificHertheoryabouturaniumwouldha