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StructuralSystemstoresistlateralloadsCommonlyUsedstructuralSystemsWithloadsmeasuredintensofthousandskips,thereislittleroominthedesignofhigh-risebuildingsforexcessivelycomplexthoughts.Indeed,thebetterhigh-risebuildingscarrytheuniversaltraitsofsimplicityofthoughtandclarityofexpression.Itdoesnotfollowthatthereisnoroomforgrandthoughts.Indeed,itiswithsuchgrandthoughtsthatthenewfamilyofhigh-risebuildingshasevolved.Perhapsmoreimportant,thenewconceptsofbutafewyearsagohavebecomecommonplaceintoday’stechnology.Omittingsomeconceptsthatarerelatedstrictlytothematerialsofconstruction,themostcommonlyusedstructuralsystemsusedinhigh-risebuildingscanbecategorizedasfollows:Moment-resistingframes.Bracedframes,includingeccentricallybracedframes.Shearwalls,includingsteelplateshearwalls.Tube-in-tubestructures.Tube-in-tubestructures.Core-interactivestructures.Cellularorbundled-tubesystems.Particularlywiththerecenttrendtowardmorecomplexforms,butinresponsealsototheneedforincreasedstiffnesstoresisttheforcesfromwindandearthquake,mosthigh-risebuildingshavestructuralsystemsbuiltupofcombinationsofframes,bracedbents,shearwalls,andrelatedsystems.Further,forthetallerbuildings,themajoritiesarecomposedofinteractiveelementsinthree-dimensionalarrays.Themethodofcombiningtheseelementsistheveryessenceofthedesignprocessforhigh-risebuildings.Thesecombinationsneedevolveinresponsetoenvironmental,functional,andcostconsiderationssoastoprovideefficientstructuresthatprovokethearchitecturaldevelopmenttonewheights.Thisisnottosaythatimaginativestructuraldesigncancreategreatarchitecture.Tothecontrary,manyexamplesoffinearchitecturehavebeencreatedwithonlymoderatesupportfromthestructuralengineer,whileonlyfinestructure,notgreatarchitecture,canbedevelopedwithoutthegeniusandtheleadershipofatalentedarchitect.Inanyevent,thebestofbothisneededtoformulateatrulyextraordinarydesignofahigh-risebuilding.Whilecomprehensivediscussionsofthesesevensystemsaregenerallyavailableintheliterature,furtherdiscussioniswarrantedhere.Theessenceofthedesignprocessisdistributedthroughoutthediscussion.Moment-ResistingFramesPerhapsthemostcommonlyusedsysteminlow-tomedium-risebuildings,themoment-resistingframe,ischaracterizedbylinearhorizontalandverticalmembersconnectedessentiallyrigidlyattheirjoints.Suchframesareusedasastand-alonesystemorincombinationwithothersystemssoastoprovidetheneededresistancetohorizontalloads.Inthetallerofhigh-risebuildings,thesystemislikelytobefoundinappropriateforastand-alonesystem,thisbecauseofthedifficultyinmobilizingsufficientstiffnessunderlateralforces.AnalysiscanbeaccomplishedbySTRESS,STRUDL,orahostofotherappropriatecomputerprograms;analysisbytheso-calledportalmethodofthecantilevermethodhasnoplaceintoday’stechnology.制Bec两aus尺eo眠ft打he吼int躬rin荐sic色fl幼exi孙bil俯ity糟of呈th访ec扯olu寄mn/音gir抹der忘in很ter勒sec雾tio霜n,厉and竖be年cau倚se均pre眠lim形ina佩ry杂des何ign洪ss乱hou撑ld穿aim痰to败hi热ghl含igh躺tw虫eak挪nes罗ses辩of哀sy胜ste赌ms,那it娃is脊no灭tu易nus煤ual牲to大us尖ec墨ent笋er-如to-悠cen邪ter身di阅men缴sio慰ns隐for虚th也ef播ram轧ei题nt明he楚pre哥lim咏ina燥ry抄ana参lys堤is.堡Of漆co望urs尝e,丰in乔the严la快tte踩rp德has矩es潮of坦des辣ign协,a眉re逃ali封sti挨ca泻ppr汪ais拦al断in-遮joi木nt悟def杆orm根ati兴on某is潜ess皱ent魄ial端.较Bra欧ced低Fr滩ame处s祸The赶br公ace呆df蛇ram怕e,颤int非rin怀sic料all况ys乡tif催fer辜th睁an米the膜mo丢men饱t款–芦res凑ist烛ing亿fr症ame协,f仁ind袍sa宜lso抗gr壮eat便er技app怕lic拨ati樱on奸to好hig狠her侨-ri宗se泊bui筛ldi霜ngs酿.T颠he不sys热tem呀is柏ch唉ara请cte崇riz救ed袖by由lin帝ear邮ho指riz抗ont殖al,沸ve蛋rti汁cal留,a阵nd蹦dia慕gon易al蔬mem部ber测s,焦con汉nec砖ted意si筋mpl朵yo秀rr田igi虎dly善at业th多eir抱jo智int萍s.纤It抬is掠use滚dc遍omm痕onl苦yi虽nc蛾onj陆unc脂tio乓nw争ith忆ot爬her泄sy抵ste皱ms貌for眨ta沫lle溜rb颤uil堤din刷gs仗and交as陡a邻sta沉nd-劝alo毫ne暂sys使tem公in证lo琴w-t条om系edi研um-完ris勉eb岭uil腰din桥gs.鞭Whi里le地the尖us袄eo被fs庄tru疗ctu篮ral篮st旦eel稿in饱br隶ace途df展ram正es馒is炮com扮mon许,c类onc误ret足ef尸ram免es易are激mo涛re刘lik电ely析to碧be枝of数th浑el莲arg化er-乳sca钟le坝var贱iet别y.托Of睛spe领cia萌li铺nte佳res戏ti宁na私rea增so蜜fh显igh撇缝sei器sm荒i蝶cit嚷y证is彩th形eu抵se瓦of融the肯ec组cen奔tri肌cb麦rac纵ed物fra掏me.队Aga楼in,姻an越aly旨sis沸ca栽nb尚eb锻yS倦TRE似SS,参ST绵RUD子L,额or福any晨on留eo燃fa舱se肺rie横so析ft信wo丰–音or单thr笼ee晋dim叶ens象ion率al因an厦aly军sis谨co妈mpu伤ter足pr家ogr途ams醒.A额nd闪aga方in,询ce淋nte度r-t茄o-c赤ent会er瓜dim累ens次ion鞠sa呜re堤use逮dc魄omm该onl可yi迅nt招he韵pre斜lim孝ina编ry逃ana派lys陆is.败Sh慰ear比wa收lls锤The献sh推ear凡wa秘ll应is己yet上an穿oth据er熊ste确pf何orw莲ard咸al串ong吼a黎pro掘gre咬ssi条on框of支eve富r-s奋tif祥fer泪st盲ruc朴tur证al贿sys曲tem愚s.扩The竖sy油ste膏mi每sc底har奉act旬eri愁zed膜by体re纲lat结ive凑ly盏thi塔n,殿gen携era积lly车(b室ut溪not虏岔alw笋ays妥)c及onc烈ret兴e腥el盼eme趣nts财th转at翼pro吊vid芬eb竹oth让st捐ruc袋tur扎al多str竭eng社th栋and秩se继par干ati索on叉bet搭wee除nb刻uil坊din圣gf值unc衰tio生ns.忙In惜hig脏h-r棉ise摧bu嘱ild榨ing拥s,虹she帐ar退wal肤ls财yst谋ems型te拢nd备to我hav甲ea存re税lat惭ive秩ly振hig巾ha尖spe从ct善rat妄io,腰th息at盯is,创th华eir雨he忙igh汤tt和end疼st亦ob资el唉arg挪ec寸omp轧are蚕dt集ot钟hei由rw渠idt店h.贯Lac笔kin票gt唐ens剃ion熄in焦th舌ef费oun列dat垒ion僚sy箩ste秃m,舰any飘st术ruc呈tur亲al双ele厨men黄ti梳sl港imi荒ted应in费it股sa份bil营ity问to朋re讯sis牌to罪ver碑tur执nin极gm桥ome蛇nt员by乓the其wi歇dth显of心th象es姥yst厘em够and狡by谊th省eg填rav扰ity青lo哗ad艇sup暖por发ted拳by功th纺ee罪lem夕ent互.L戴imi浮ted剩to失a域nar框row截ov鞭ert慕urn露ing与,O亦ne涂obv拌iou京su阵se药of哑the损sy那ste询m,乎whi尝ch萌doe瞒sh赔ave筝th俩en雪eed自ed乒wid茅th,六is芝in受th老ee惕xte酷rio欢rw叼all赖so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