2022年辽宁省铁岭市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)

2022年辽宁省铁岭市大学英语6级大学英语六级测试卷(含答案)学校:________班级:________姓名:________考号:________

一、2.ReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)(20题)1.

______isthemaintenanceoftherelativelyconstantinternalenvironmentofthebody.

2.

AlmosthalfoftheNegroslavesdiedduringthevoyagebecauseoftheterribleconditionstheyhadtoendure.

A.YB.NC.NG

3.

Therearetwotypesofheadache:oneis______;theotheristheunfamiliartype.

4.

12yearslater,theauthordecidedtolookatFlightSimulatoragain.

A.YB.NC.NG

5.

AccordingtoThomasSuddendorf,knowingsomeeventshappenedinthepastdoesn't______episodicmemory.

6.

BothMarkandCzerwinskinoticedthatsomecomputerusersreliedon______asreminderstohelpthemcopewithdistractions.

7.

Fromthestudents'pointofview,______isthefirstreasontotaketestsperiodicallyonaccumulatedknowledge.

8.

TheauthorclaimsthattherearemanypeoplewhooftenlaughattheideathatthereareUFOs.

A.YB.NC.NG

9.

Theself-esteemtheoristsarguethat______isanecessarybasisfordevelopinghealthy,realisticself-esteem.

A.theteacher'srightguidance

B.necessaryknowledgeandskills

C.praisefromtheparents

D.thesocialmeasures

10.

Now,thereareabout200,000medicalrepresentativesallovertheworld.

A.YB.NC.NG

11.

Howdoweknowachildisavictimofbully?

12.

Todayleisuremeansthetimeinwhichwehavenothingtodo.

A.YB.NC.NG

13.Whatisveryimportantinthelong-distancetrainingofdogs?

A.Tourgedogsrunfor2000to3000mileseveryday.

B.Totrainthedogsforatleastoneyear.

C.Totrainthedogstopullvehiclesondryland.

D.Togetthedogsaccustomedtorunninglongdistances.

14.

Peoplewhoworknexttoeachotherinthesameofficehavemorebutbetterinterruptionsthanthosewho______.

15.

Inthetraditionalusage,sportsreferto______activities.

16.

MarkTwainactuallymeans______.

17.

Theproblemseitherwiththedispensermechanismorwiththebillscanleadto______.

18.

WhattheGermanMarshallFundfoundlastyearimpliesthat______.

A.mostAmericanstendtofreetrade

B.freetradecouldslowdowneconomicgrowth

C.foreigncompetitioncouldharmdomesticeconomybeyonddoubt

D.mostAmericansdon'twantaneconomicgrowthatthecostofdomesticcompanies

19.PartⅡReadingComprehension(SkimmingandScanning)

Directions:Inthispart,youwillhave15minutestogooverthepassagequicklyandanswerthequestionsonAnswerSheet1.Forquestions1-7,choosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).Forquestions8-10,completethesentenceswiththeinformationgiveninthepassage.

TheTruthaboutLying

RickyGervais'snewfilm,TheInventionofLying,isaboutaworldwherelyingdoesn'texist,whichmeansthateverybodytellsthetruth,andeverybodybelieveseverythingeverybodyelsesays."I'vealwayshatedyou,"amantellsaworkcolleague."Heseemsnice,ifabitfat,"awomansaysaboutherdate.It'salltruth,allthetime,atwhateverthecost.Untiloneday,whenMark,adown-on-his-luckloserplayedbyGervais,discoversathingcalled"lying"andwhatitcangethim.Withindays,Markisrich.famous,andcourtingthegirlofhisdreams.Andbecausenobodyknowswhat"lying"is,hegoeson,happilylivingwhathasbecomeacompleteandutterfarce.

It'smeanttobefunny,butit'salsoamoreseriouscommentaryonusall.AsAmericans,weliketothinkwevaluethetruth.Timeandtimeagain,public-opinionpollsshowthathonestyisamongthetopfivecharacteristicswewantinaleader,friend,orlover;theworldisfullofwoefulstoriesaboutthetragicconsequencesofbetrayal.Atthesametime,deceptionisallaroundus.Weareliedtobygovernmentofficialsandpublicfigurestoadisturbingdegree;manyofoursocialrelationshipsarebasedonlittlewhitelieswetelleachother.Wedeceiveourchildren,onlytobedeceivedbytheminreturn.Andtheaverageperson,sayspsychologistRobertFeldman,theauthorofanewbookonlying,tellsatleastthreeliesinthefirst10minutesofaconversation."There'salwaysbeenalotoflying,"saysFeldman,whosenewbook,TheLiarinYourLife,cameoutthismonth."ButIdothinkwe'reseeingakindofculturalshiftwherewe'relyingmore,it'seasiertolie,andinsomewaysit'salmostmoreacceptable."

AsPaulEkman.oneofFeldman'slongtimelyingcolleaguesandtheinspirationbehindtheFoxTVseries"LieToMe,"definesit,aliarisapersonwho"intendstomislead,""deliberately,"withoutbeingaskedtodosobythetargetofthelie.Whichdoesn'tmeanthatallliesareequallytoxic:somearesimplyhabitual—"Mypleasure!"—whileothersmightbewell-meaningwhilelies.Buteach.Feldmanargues,isharmful,becauseofthestandarditcreates.Andthemorelieswetell,evenifthey'relittlewhitelies,themoredeceptiveweandsocietybecome.

Weareacultureofliars,toputitbluntly,withdeceitsodeeplyingrainedinourmindthatwehardlyevennoticewe'reengaginginit.Spame-mail(垃垃圾邮件),deceptiveadvertising,theeverydaypleasantrieswedon'treallymean—"It'ssogreattomeetyou!""Ilovethatdress"—have.asFeldmanputsit,become"awhilenoisewe'velearnedtoneglect."AndFeldmanalsoarguesthatcheatingismorecommontodaythanever.TheJosephsonInstitute,anonprofitfocusedonyouthethics,concludedina2008surveyofnearly30,000highschoolstudentsthat"cheatinginschoolcontinuestobespreading,andit'sgettingworse."Inthatsurvey,64percentofstudentssaidthey'dcheatedonatestduringthepastyear,upfrom60percentin2006.Anotherrecentsurvey,byJuniorAchievement,revealedthatmorethanathirdofteensbelievelying,cheating,orcopyingcanbenecessary,tosucceed,whileabrand-newstudy,commissionedbythepublishersofFeldman'sbook,showsthat18-to34-year-olds—thoseofusfullyrearedinthislyingculture—deceivemorefrequentlythanthegeneralpopulation.

Teachingustoli

A.amostunluckyloser

B.themosthonestman

C.despisedbyhisdate

D.hatedthosewholied

20.

Thecorrelationbetweenanxietyandgenesisn't100%,andtheheritabilityis______.

二、3.ListeningComprehension(20题)21.听力原文：TheresultsofthemunicipalelectionsinItalyinwhichthegoverningcoalitionlostgroundtopartiesontheleftandrightattractedconsiderableattentionintoday'sBritishnewspapers.It'stheleadstoryfortheFinancialTimes,whichfocusesonthesharpfallsontheMilanstockexchangeandsaysthenervousnessinthefinancialmarketsreflectedtheviewthatfreshgeneralelectionswouldbeheldearlynextyearamidincreasedpoliticaluncertainty.

TheScotsmansaysfileresultsreflectthebewildermentofapeoplewhoarewatchingfileabruptdisintegrationofthecountry'spost-warpoliticalandeconomicfabric.TheYorkshirePostsaystheresultsraisetheperennialquestionofwhetherItalyisgovernable.AndTheIndependentaddsthatthere'slittleprospectofaconvincingnewpartyofthemoderatecentrerightemergingintimefortheelectionstofillthepoliticalvacuumleftbythediscreditedChristiandemocratsandsocialists.

(33)

A.Itwontheelectionseasily.

B.Itlosttheelectionscompletely.

C.Itattractedconsiderableattentioninnewspapers.

D.Itdidn'tcausethefallsonthestockexchange.

22.(35)

A.Toshowhowhisfriendsareinterestedinhisdreams.

B.Toshowsomepeoplearenotdependable.

C.Toshowthewondersandmysteriesofdreams.

D.Toshowtheyarehisbestfriends.

23.(24)

A.ShewenttoSafariPark.

B.ShewenttoOxford.

C.Shewatchedthesunrise.

D.ShewenttoStonehenge.

24.(36)

A.Theypaythesamewage.

B.Theyinvolveworkingoutdoors.

C.Theycanbesubstitutedfurcollegestudents.

D.They'repert-time.

25.听力原文：M:Pardonme,Ineedsomequartersforthatpayphone.Canyoubreakadollarbill?

W:I'mafraidI'mlowonquartersmyself.Icanletyouhaveacoupleplusafifty-centpiece.

Q:Whatdidthewomangivetheman?

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A.Shegavehimhisdollarback.

B.Twoquartersandahalfdollar.

C.Twoquartersandfiftypennies.

D.Threequarters,twodimesandanickel.

26.(31)

A.Selectingtwodancesjustfromwaltz,tango,andpolka.

B.Settingthepatternsoftheselecteddances.

C.Repeatingsomestepsasthepatternsrequire.

D.Interpretingthestepsbylimitedways.

27.(25)

A.Avoidjunkfood.

B.Attendmonthlymeetings.

C.Buycleaningsuppliesattheco-op.

D.Workattheco-opforanhoureveryweek.

28.

【B5】

29.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：TheInternetcomputersystemishelpingmanypeoplestartandoperatebusinesses.ButtousetheInternet,apersonhastolearnhowtouseacomputer.Apersonalsoneedsatelephonelineorsatelliteconnection.However,abouthalftheworld'spopulationhasneverevenmadeatelephonecall.Andmostpoorpeopledonotownacomputer.Forthesepeoplea"digitaldivide"exists.

TwomeetingswereheldintheUnitedStatestodiscusswhatcanbedone.Onewascalledthe"DigitalDividendsConference."ItwasheldinSeattle,Washington.OfficialsfromlargeAmericaninformationtechnologycompaniesattended.Representativesfromnon-governmentalorganizationsalsoattended.

ThesepeopleareworkingtomakeiteasierforpoorpeopletousetheInternet.TheheadofMicrosoft,BillGates,spokeatthemeeting.Mr.GateshasgivenhundredsofmillionsofdollarstohelppeopleindevelopingcountriesfightdiseaseslikemalariaandAIDS.HesaidthatpeoplehavetobehealthybeforetheycanusecomputersandtheInternet.

AnotherconferencewasheldattheWorldBankheadquartersinWashington,D.C.Itwascalled"VoicesofthePoor."ItwassupportedbytheBritishDepartmentforInternationalDevelopment.About100peoplefromdifferentorganizationsattended.TheylearnedthatmanyorganizationsaroundtheworldareusingcomputersandtheInternettohelpreducethedigitaldivide.

(26)

A.Thewideninggapbetweenthehavesandhave-nots,intermsofhightechequipmentandknowledge.

B.Thesharpdistinctionbetweencomputerexpertsandcomputerilliterates.

C.Thegulfbetweentheveryrichandtheverypoor.

D.Thebarrierthatkeepsthepoorpeoplefromlearninghowtouseacomputer.

30.听力原文：M:Howisschoolgoing,Barbara?Areyoutakinganynewclasses?

W:I'mtakinganotherreallyinterestingcoursecalledBusinessandtheWeb.Wearelearningaboute-commerceandhownewtechnologicaldevelopmentswillaffectthewaywebuy,sellandmarketthingsinthefuture.

M:Wow,thatsoundslikesomethingIshouldtake.

W:Ithinkit'soneofthemostusefulcoursesI'vehadsofar.Rightnow,wearestudyingwirelesscommunicationsandhowthat'sgoingtoaffectthedevelopmentoftheinternetandeventuallyonlinebusiness.Wehavehadseverallecturesontheimportanceofcellphonesandseveralnewkindsofportablecomputersandotherelectronicdeviceswhicharebasedonrelatedtechnologies.

M:Whatotherkindsoftopicswillyoubecovering?

W:WearegoingtodiscusshighbandwidthInternetconnections,likecablemodems,whichwillallowustoexchangeinformationmorequickly.Andfromthere,wewillfocusonhowInternet,TV,radioandtelephonetechnologiesareallstartingtocometogether.

M:Iwasjustreadingaboutthatinthenewspaper.Buthowdoesthatrelatetoonlinebusiness?

W:Asthesetechnologiesconvergeinthenearfuture,anewhigh-speednetworkwilldevelopwhichwillbeperfectforthedistributionofproductsandservicesonline.

(20)

A.E-commerce.

B.Wirelesscommunications.

C.Businessandtheweb.

D.Newtechnology.

31.【B2】

32.

【B10】

33.(32)

A.Dr.Jackson's.

B.Theflowershopowner's.

C.Thehospitalpresident's.

D.Jackson'swife's.

34.(34)

A.Wouldyouordernoworlater?

B.Doyouliketohaveyourteanoworlater?

C.Wouldyouliketosettlethebillnoworafteryoufinishyourmeal?

D.Doyouwantcoffeewithyourmealorafterit?

35.【B6】

36.【B3】

37.

【B4】

38.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：Oneimportantthingaboutartmovementsisthattheirpopularitycanbeaffectedbysocialconditions,whicharethemselvesoftenaffectedbyhistoricalevents.Asanexample,lookatwhathappenedintheUnitedStatesearlyinthe20thcentury,aroundthetimeoftheGreatDepression,theartmovementknownastheRegionalismhadbegunintheUnitedStatesevenbeforetheDepressionoccurred.Butitreallyflourishedinthe1930s,duringthedepressionyears.Why?Well,manyartistswhohadbeenlivinginbigcitieswereforcedbytheeconomiccrisistoleavethosebigcitiesandmovebacktotheirsmalltownsinruralAmerica.Someoftheseartistscametotrulyembracethelifeinsmalltownsandtorejectcitylifeinso-called"sophisticatedsociety".Theseartistsorspecificallycertainpaintersreallybuilttheregionalistmovement.Theycreatedthingsineverydaylifeinsmalltownsorfarmingareas.Andtheirstyle.wasnotallneutral,reallybigglorifiedorromanticizedcountrylife,showingitstable,wholesome,andembodyingimportantAmericantraditions.Andthisstyle.becameverypopular,inpartbecauseoftheeconomicconditionsofthetime.Yousee,theDepressionhadcausedmanyAmericanstobegintodoubttheirsociety.ButregionalismartistspaintedscenesthatglorifiedAmericanvalues,scenesthatmanyAmericanscouldeasilyidentifywith.Sothemovementhelpedstrengthenpeople'sfaithintheircountry,faiththathadweakenedastheresultofthedepression.Butinthe1940s,beforeandaftertheSecondWorldWar,Americanculturebegantotakeonamuchmoreinternationalspirit,andRegionalism,withitsfocusonsmalltownlife,well,itlostalotofpopularity,asAmericansocietychangedonceagain.

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A.Howhistoricaleventsaffectedanartmovement.

B.Howartistscaninfluenceeconomicconditions.

C.Whyacertainartmovementfailedtobecomepopular.

D.Howvaluablepaintingswerelostduringwartime.

39.听力原文：M:Hi,Diana.MindifIsitdown?

W:Notatall,Jack.Howhaveyoubeen?

M:Good.ButI'msurprisedtoseeyouonthecitybus.Yourcarintheshop?

W:No.I'vejustbeenthinkingalotabouttheenvironmentlately.SoIdecidedtheairwillbealotcleanerifweallusepublictransportationwhenwecould.

M:I'msureyouareright.Thedieselbusisn'texactlypollutionfree.

W:True.Butthey'llberunningalotcleanersoon.Wewerejusttalkingaboutthatinmyenvironmentalengineeringclass.

M:What'sthecitygonnado?Installpollutionfiltersofsomesortontheirbuses?

W:Theycould,butthosefiltersmaketheenginesworkharderandreallycutdownonfuelefficiency.Insteadtheyfoundawaytomaketheirenginesmoreefficient.

M:How?

W:Well,thereisamaterialcalledconiineoxide.It'sareallygoodinsulator.Andathickcoatofitgetsprayedoncertainpartoftheengine.

M:Aninsulator?

W:Well,yeah.Actually,whatitdoesisreflectbacktheheatofburningfuel.Sothefuelwillburnmuchhotterandburnupmorecompletely.

M:Soalotlessunburnedfuelcomesouttopollutetheair,right?

W:Yeah,andthebuswillneedlessfuel.Sowiththesavingsonfueloilcosts,theysaythiswillallpayforitselfinjustsixmonths.

M:Soundslikepeopleshouldallgooutandgetsomeofthisstufftosprayontheircarengines.

W:Well,it'snotreallythateasy.Yousee,normally,thematerialsarefinepowder.Tomeltitsoyoucansprayacoatofitontheengineparts,youfirsthavetoheatitover10,000degreesandthen,well,yougettheidea.It'snotsomethingyouorIwouldbeabletodoourselves.

(23)

A.Anewfuelforbuses.

B.Thecausesofairpollution.

C.Careersinenvironmentalengineering.

D.Awaytoimprovefuelefficiencyinbuses.

40.SectionB

Directions:Inthissection,youwillhear3shortpassages.Attheendofeachpassage,youwillhearsomequestions.Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce.Afteryouhearaquestion,youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.

听力原文：EmilyDickinsonisoneofthegreatestAmericanpoets.ShewasborninatypicalNewEnglandvillageinMassachusettsonDecember10,1830.Shewasthesecondchildofthefamily,Shediedinthesamehousefifty-sixyearslater.Duringherlifetimesheneverlefthernativeland.Sheleftherhomestateonlyonce.Shelefthervillageveryfewtimes.Andafter1872sherarelyleftherhouseandyard.Inthelastyearsofherlifesheretreatedtoasmallerandsmallercircleoffamilyandfriends.Inthoselateryearsshedressedinwhiteandavoidedstrangers.Thedoctorwhoattendedherillnesswasallowedto"examine"herfromanotherroom,seeingherwalkbyanopeneddoor.Shewasthoughtofasa"strange"figureinherhomevillage.WhenshediedonMay15th,1886,shewasunknowntotherestoftheworld.Onlysevenofherpoemshadappearedinprint.ButtothinkofEmilyDickinsononlyasastrangefigureisaseriousmistake.Shelivedsimplyanddeliberately.Shefacedtheessentialfactsoflife.AccordingtoHenryJames,afamousAmericannovelist,shewasoneofthoseonwhomnothingwaslost.OnlybythuslivingcouldDickinsonmanagebothtofulfillherobligationsasadaughter,asister,andahousekeeperandtowriteontheaverageonepoemaday.Shereadonlyafewbooksbutknewthemdeeply.Herpoemsaresimplebutremarkablyrich.NotuntiltheI950swassherecognizedasoneofthegreatestAmericanpoets.

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A.Almostallherlife.

B.Lessthanhalfherlife.

C.Until1830.

D.Before1872.

三、4.ReadingComprehension(ReadinginDepth)(20题)41.SectionA

Directions:Inthissection,thereisashortpassagewith5questionsorincompletestatements.Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.

Opportunitiesforrewardingworkbecomefewerforbothmenandwomenastheygrowolder.Afterage40,jobhuntingbecomesevenmoredifficult.Manyworkersstayatjobstheyaretoooldforratherthanfacepossiblerejection.Ouryouth-oriented,throw-awaycultureseeslittlevalueinolderpeople.InwriterLilianHellman'swords,theyhave"thewisdomthatcomeswithagethatwecan'tmakeuseof"

Unemploymentandeconomicneedforworkishigheramongolderwomen,especiallyminorities,thanamongyoungerwhitewomen.Anationalcouncilreportsthesefindings:Thoughunemployedlongerwhenseekingwork,olderwomenjob-huntharder,holdajoblongerwithlessabsenteeism(缺勤),perform.aswellorbetter,aremorereliable,andaremorewillingtolearnthanmenoryoungerwomen.Yetmanyolderwomenearnpoorpayandfaceafutureofpovertyintheirretirementyears.When"sexismmeetsageism,povertyisnolongeronthedoorstep—itmovesin",accordingtoTishSommers,directorofaspecialstudyonolderwomenfortheNationalOrganizationforWomen.

Yeta1981reportontheWhiteHouseConferenceonAgingshowsthatasagroup,olderAmericansarethe"wealthiest,bestfed,besthoused,healthiest,mostself-reliantolderpopulationinourhistory".Thisstatementissmallcomforttothoselivingbelowthepovertyline,butitdoesexplodesomeoftheoldtraditionalbeliefsandfears.Opportunitiesformovinginandupinalargecompanymayshrinkbutmanyolderpeoplebeginsuccessfulsmallbusinesses,volunteerinsatisfyingactivities,andstayactiveformanyyears.Theyhavefewrolemodelsbecauseinpreviousgenerationsthelifespanwasmuchshorterandexpectationsoflifewerefewer.Theyareploughingnewground.

Employersarebeginningtorecognizethatthematurepersoncanbringagreatdealofstabilityandresponsibilitytoaposition.Onedoesn'tloseabilityandexperienceontheeveofone's65thor70thbirthdayanymorethanonegrowsupinstantlyatage21.

Aftertheageof40,manyworkerstendto______ratherthanfacepossiblerejection.

42.

Accordingtotheauthor,curiosityisprobablybestwhenitsconnectionwithotherinterestsis______onlybymeansofintelligence.

43.Whatfactormakesinvestorsputoffinvestinginnewplantandequipment?

A.Thesluggisheconomicsituation.

B.Thedirectthreatofinternationalterrorism.

C.Thepossibilityofinternationalterrorism.

D.Investors'shortageofcapital.

44.

WhatisAmerica'sfavouritegame?

A.Baseball.B.Basketball.C.Professionalfootball.D.Soccer.

45.

Whydo"bothexplanations"(Line1,Paragraph3)worryAsianAmericans?

A.TheyareafraidthattheywouldagainbeisolatedfromAmericansocietyingeneral.

B.PeoplewouldthinkthatAsianstudentsrelyontheirparentsforsuccess.

C.AsianAmericanswouldbeathreattootherminorities.

D.AmericanacademicachievementshavetakenontoostronganAsiancharacter.

46.(58)

47.

TheauthorpointsoutthattheGreekswhostudiedconicsections______.

A.inventedmodernmathematicalapplications

B.wereunawareofthevalueoftheirstudies

C.workedwithelectricity

D.wereforcedtoresignthemselvestofailure

48.

Withthebrain-readingtechnology,whatisfearedtohappentoasuspect?

49.【S3】

50.Forwhomdidtherecently-electedCongressmanJaredPolisopposetocreatemorejobs?

51.

Whatdoes"minutes"(Line1,Para5)mean?

A.Oneofthe60partsintowhichanhourisdivided.

B.Averyshortspaceoftime.

C.Assoonas.

D.Awrittenrecord.

52.AccordingtoDr.Chiu,whatmakesitpossibletotrackdownanypaperworkisto______.

A.makealltheimperfectionsofmachinesdeliberate

B.findouttheguiltycreatorofthecounterfeitdocument

C.allowmoreimperfectlydesignedprinterstobesold

D.markalltheprintersinaspecialandsecretway

53.

The"insider"(line1,paragraph5)ismostprobably

A.someonewhobuysbothArielandCinch

B.someonewhoworkswithinProcter&.Gambleorknowsitfairlywell

C.someonewhoonceworkedwithinRakona

D.someonewhoisaloyalcustomerofAriel

54.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thereisaphenomenaillthepresent.Theaveragenumberofauthorsonscientificpapersisskyrocketing.Whatisthemainreasonforit?That'spartlybecauselabsarebigger,problemsaremorecomplicated,andmoredifferentsubspecialtiesareneeded.Butit'salsobecauseUSgovernmentagenciesliketheNationalInstitutesofHealth(NIH)havestartedtopromote"teamscience".Asphysicsdevelopedinthepost-WorldWarⅡera,federalfundsbuiltexpensivenationalfacilities,andtheseservedassurfacesonwhichcollaborationscouldcrystallizenaturally.

Yetmultipleauthorship--howevergooditmaybeinotherwayspresentsforjournalsandfortheinstitutionsinwhichtheseauthorswork.Forthejournals,longlistsofauthorsarehardtodealwithinthemselves.Butthoselonglistsgiverisetomoreseriousquestionswhensomethinggoeswrongwiththepaper.Ifthereisresearchmisconduct,shouldtileliabilitybejointandseveral,accruingtoallauthors?Ifnot,thenhowshoulditbeallocatedamongthem?Ifthereisanhonestmistakeinonepartoftheworkbutnotinothers,howshouldanevaluatoraimhisorherreview?

Variouspracticalorimpracticalsuggestionshaveemergedduringthelong-standingdebateonthisissue.Oneisthateachauthorshouldprovide,andthejournalshouldthenpublish,anaccountofthatauthor'sparticularcontributiontothework.Butadifferentviewoftheproblem,andperhapsofthesolution,comesaswegettouniversitycommitteeonappointmentsandpromotions,whichiswheretheauthorshiprubberreallymeetstheroad.Halfalifetimeofinvolvementwiththisprocesshastaughtmehowmuchauthorshipmatters.Ihavewatchedcommitteesattemptingtodecodesequencesofnames,agonizeoverwhetheramuchcitedpaperwasreallythecandidate'sworkoracoauthor's,andsendbackrecommendationsaskingformorespecificityaboutthedivisionofresponsibility.

Problemsofthiskindchangetheargument,supportingthecaseforaskingauthorstodefinetheirownroles.Afterall,ifqualityjudgmentsaboutindividualsaretobemadeonthebasisoftheirpersonalcontributions,thenthejudgesbetterknowwhattheydid.Butifquestionsariseaboutthevalidityoftheworkasawhole,whetheraschallengestoitsconductorasevaluationsofitsinfluenceinthefield,ateamisateam,andthemembersshouldsharethecreditortheblame.

Thereisatendencythatscientificpapersare______.

A.gettingmorecomplicated

B.dealingwithbiggerproblems

C.moreofaproductofteamwork

D.focusingmoreonnaturalthanonsocialsciences

55.

ThenavigationsystemsincarslikeLexus,BMWandAudiarementionedtoshow______.

A.theimmaturityofthenewtechnology.

B.thesuperiorityoftheglobalpositioningsystem.

C.thecauseofpricefluctuationsincarequipment.

D.thedifferentwaysofprovidingguidancetothedriver.

56.

Whatistheimpactoftouristarrivaldrop-offonAsianairlines?

57.

Thesecondparagraphtalksmostclearlyabout______.

A.thecausesoffatalroadaccidents

B.themechanismoftheawakesystem

C.thewaystoawakethedozingdrivers

D.thescheduleofdevelopingtheawakesystem

58.SectionB

Directions:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Youshoulddecideonthebestchoice.

Thejobofraisingchildrenisatoughone.Childrendon'tcomewithaninstructionmanual.Andeachchildisdifferent.Soparentssometimespulltheirhairoutinfrustration,notknowingwhattodo.Butinraisingchildren—asinalloflife—whatwedoisinfluencedbyourculture.Naturallythen,AmericanparentsteachtheirchildrenbasicAmericanvalues.

ToAmericans,thegoalofparentsistohelpchildrenstandontheirowntwofeet.