直译与意译及其在实践中的应用

山东经济学院学士学位论文PAGEPAGE12山东经济学院学士学位论文IntroductionTranslationvirtuallyisthetransformingofthecontentofthoughtdeliveredinonelanguageintoanotherlanguageinanaccurateandintactway.Itismessages’conversionbetweentwodifferentlanguages.English-ChinesetranslationistoturnthecontentexpressedinEnglishorChineseintotheotherone,andtobuildabridgeofcultureandideologybetweenthetwogroupsoflanguages’users.Duringthisprocess,thetranslatorshavetoknowthetwolanguagesandthecultureofthetwocountrieswell,begoodathandletheinternallogicbetweenthetwolanguages,andsucceedtofindthebestbondingpointoftheirexpressingstylesandgrammarcustoms.TherearegreatdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinese.Andliteraltranslationandliberaltranslationaretwoimportantmethodswecantakewhenweturnonelanguageintotheother.Bothofthesetwowaysoftranslationareindependentwhileaccompanywitheachother.Takingtherightwayoftranslationattheopportunemomentisdifficult,andexpertshavedebatedforalongtimethatwhichwayshouldbetakenintranslationpractice.Insomesituation,thereisnoprobleminhowtotranslate,takethissentenceforexample,“Ilikethismovie.”Itcanbetranslatedinto“我喜欢这个电影.”Itcomesintobeingthesameconsequenceinbothtranslatingways.ButthegreatdifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesegiverisetotwochoiceswhentranslating,andonesentencecanbetranslatedinboththetwoways.Thissituationwouldintroduceaquestion:ifboththetwowaysaresuitable,thenwhichoneshouldbechosen?Weshouldanswerthisquestioninawiderrange.Thereisnovaluablesignificancetotalkaboutliberalorliteraltranslationwithouttheconsiderationofthefactorssuchascontext,register,typeofliterature,thereaders,andsoon.GuZhengkun,aprofessorfromPekingUniversity,hasabrilliantexpositiononliteralandliberaltranslationwhendiscussingaboutliteraturetranslation.Hesaidthatbothwordforwordandfreetranslationhasitsownbeauty,andtranslatorsshouldtranslateliteraturesinthewaywhichismoresuitableaccordingtotheirfunction,estheticsandreadership.Agoodtranslatorshouldbeonewhocankeeptothebeatentrackandrebelagainsttheorthodoxyatthesametime.Scholarsintranslationcircleshaveanendlessdebateonthatofliteraltranslationandliberaltranslation,whichonisbetterinuse.ThedebatehascontinuedforthousandsofyearssincetheEasternHandynasty.Inthisthesis,Itrytotalkaboutthecharacteristicsofliteralandliberaltranslations,andhowtousethemindifferentsituations.ChapterOneTheConceptionofLiberalandLiteralTranslationsLiteraltranslationandliberaltranslationaretwobasictechniquesintranslationpractices,bothofthemareveryimportantinuse.Therearegreatdifferencesintheirconceptions.Ⅰ.TheMeaningofLiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationplaysanimportantroleinEnglish-Chinesetranslationasthemostwidelyusedmethod.Sometimeswecallliteraltranslationas“wordforwordtranslation”,buttheyaredifferent.Literaltranslationmeanstotranslatethetextaccordingtoitstrictlyinordertomakeithappenthatthewordsandsentencesinthetwolanguagescanbecorrespondingonthewhole.Differently,theword-for-wordtranslationisword-based,whichstrivetomakeeverywordoftheversionbeabsolutelyequivalentwiththeoneintheorientaltext.Theword-for-wordtranslationcan’tbeappliedbetweendifferentlanguage-families.AndEnglishandChinesebelongtodifferentlanguage-families(EnglishbelongstoIndo-Europeanfamily,whileChinesebelongstoSino-Tibetanfamily),sowecan’ttranslatestrictlywordforwordinEnglish-Chinesetranslation.Takethesentencebelowforexample:“Manyofhisideasareespeciallyinterestingtomodernyouth.”Ifwetranslateitintheword-for-wordway,itwillbeexpressedas“他的许多思想对当代青年特别有趣”.Itisobviouslywrong,andevencannotbetreatedasatranslationstrictly.Thissentenceshouldbetranslatedas“许多当代青年对他的某些思想特别感兴趣”.Literaltranslationusuallyusedtodosimpleexpressions,anditwillbeveryconvenientinpracticeifwehandlethegrammarofthetwolanguageswellandconveytheideacorrectly.Buttherearealsolimitations.Aversionmadethroughliteraltranslationmaybetediouslongandobscure,orcannotconveytherealmeaningoftheoriginaltextcorrectlysometimes,orevencometotheoppositemeaning.Therewillbeerrorwhenweignorethecircumstanceandthedifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages.Sometimesaversiontranslatedwordforwordisdifficulttounderstand,andthenwecandotheworkbyliberaltranslation.Ⅱ.TheMeaningofLiberalTranslationLiberaltranslationisalsocalledasfreetranslation.Whentranslatinginthisway,wetakethetargetlanguageasourguidance,andexpressthemeaningoftheoriginaltextinthetargetlanguagenormatively.Itvaluesthenaturalandsmoothverymuch,andmaynotretainthestructureandfigureofspeechintheoriginaltext.ZhangPeiji,aChinesescholar,saidthateverynationhasitsownwords,syntacticstructure,andexpressions.Sometimestheideologicalcontentoftheoriginaltextisincontradictionwiththeexpressionofthetranslation,andthentheliberaltranslationwillbebetterthanliteraltranslation.Freetranslationdoesn’tequaltorandomtranslation,itshouldcorrectlyconveythecontents.Freetranslationcanbeusedinthetranslationofproverbsandallusions,wittysayings,andsomespecialexpressions.Forexample,“HemethisWaterloo”shouldbetranslatedas“他吃了大败仗”.ChapterTwoTheCharacteristicsandAdvantagesofLiteralandLiberalTranslationsEitherliteralorliberaltranslationhasitsownbeautyandcharacter.Nidausedsaid“Sourcetextalsodiffersgreatlyintheexcellenceofstyle.Generally,anexcellentstylealsomeansgreaterproblemfortranslationindoingjusticetotheassociativemeanings”.Literaltranslationcankeeptheoriginalstyle,andliberaltranslationcanmakesomephrasesmoreunderstandabletothetargettextreaders.Ⅰ.TheAdvantagesofLiteralTranslationLiteraltranslationhasmanyadvantages.Firstly,literaltranslationisloyaltotheoriginaltextasmuchaspossible,whichcanavoidultravires,andmakethereadersunderstanditbetter.Taketheproverb“astimidasahare”asanexample,mostofthepeopletranslateitas“胆小如鼠”,whichisaderogatoryterminChinese.ButinEnglish,boththewords“timid”and“hare”arenotsoderogatoryas“coward”.Wecantranslateitinto“羞怯如兔”,whichisbetterthan“胆小如兔”,andcangivethereadersmorespacefortheirownimagination.Secondly,literaltranslationmayretaintheculturalcharacteristicsofthesourcelanguage.Forexample,thephrase“一石二鸟”comesfromtheEnglishsaying“tokilltwobirdswithonestone”.AlthoughthisEnglishproverbhasthesamemeaningastheChineseidiom“一箭双雕”,itwaswidelyapprovedbytheChinese.Therearemanymoreotherexampleslikethis,suchas“toshedcrocodiletears”(掉鳄鱼眼泪),“chainreaction”(连锁反应),“dollardiplomacy”(金元外交),andsoon.Thirdly,literaltranslationalsopromotesthecommunicationanddevelopmentbetweenthetwolanguages.Ontheonehand,thismethodoftranslationgivesusthechancetogetintouchwithmuchmorelivelyexpressions,wordsandsentenceslikethephrasementionedabove.Herearetwomoreexamples:ⅰ.topullsb’schestnutoutofthefire(火中取栗)ⅱ.toturnswordsintoploughs(化剑为犁)Thoughthereareready-to-wearphrasesinChinese(“为他人做嫁衣裳”“化干戈为玉帛”),thetranslatorschoiceofliteraltranslationletusknowthattherearesameexpressionsinforeigncountries.Ontheotherhand,italsolettheforeignpeopleknowmoreaboutthewisdominChinese.TheoldChinesesaying“五十步笑百步”hasasimilarexpressioninEnglish:Thepotcallsthekettleblack.Butthetranslatorstranslateditinto“thesoldierswhoretreatedfiftypaceslaughedattheonewhohadfallenahundredpaces”.Thissentencemaybetoolong,butitshowedthespecialwayofexpressioninChinese,andwasacceptedbytheforeigners.Similarly,iftheChinesephrase“天下没有不散的筵席”(Nofeastlastsforever)istranslatedastheEnglishsaying“Allgoodthingsmustend”or“Thebestoffriendsmustpart”,thenforeignerswon’trealizetheuniquewisdomofChinesepeople.Fourthly,sometimesliteraltranslationismorevividandimpressed.Somerhetorictechniquessuchasmetaphor,metonymyandcontrastinsentencescanmakeatextlivelier,andliteraltranslationcanconveytheoriginalcharmperfectlyinsomecases,especiallyinadvertisingtranslation.Fifthly,literaltranslationcanpromotethelanguagediversity,thusavoidingplatitudeandendueversionswithasenseofnovelty.Takethissentenceforexample:Homersometimesnods.Therewillbeanewperspectiveifwetranslateitinto“荷马有时也会打盹”.Thecommontranslation“智者千虑，必有一失”maybemoreclearlyanddefinitely,andcandisplaythesuperiorityofChinese.Butwemaybetiredofthisversionafterweuseditthousandsoftimes.Theformertranslationgivesusaninterestingchoice.Hereisanexamplealike:Abrewer’swifemaydrinkofatun.Thetranslation“酿酒人的妻子不愁酒”ismoreimpressedthanthat“近水楼台先得月”.Ⅱ.TheBeautyofLiberalTranslationLiberaltranslationgivesfullscopetothetranslationofproverbs,idiomsandtheirstories,wittysayingandsomespecialwords.Firstly,thereareagreatnumberofidiomsandtheirstoriesinbothEnglishandChinese,andliberaltranslationofthemcanmakeiteasiertounderstand.Becausetherearemanyculturedifferencesexist,somesayingsmaybedifficulttounderstand,andthat’swhentheliberaltranslationplayitsrole.Forexample:现在合同已经签了，真是木已成舟，生米煮成了熟饭，只好如此了。Translation:Asthecontracthadbeensigned,what’sdoneisdoneandcannotbeundone.Ifwetranslatethesentencewordforword,itwillbedifficulttounderstand.Secondly,therearemanywittysayingsinEnglish,andliteraltranslationcannotexpresstheirmeaningcompletely.Thenliberaltranslationwillbemoresuitable.Lookatthesentencebelow:Whenthegoinggetstough,thetoughgetsgoing.Translateitwordforword,itwillbe“当进行中遇到困难，困难才能通过”.Thisisdifficulttounderstand,whiletheChineseinherentsaying“狭路相逢勇者胜”or“沧海横流方显英雄本色”canbeeasierunderstandtotheChinese.Thirdly,liberaltranslationwillmaketheversionmoresmoothlyandnotcreateambiguitieswhentranslatingsomespecialwords,suchas“Alandofhoneyandmilk”,whichmeans“鱼米之乡”but“有蜂蜜和牛奶的地方”and“Everylifehasitsrosesandthorns”,whichmeans“人生有苦有甜”.Ⅲ.ChoosetheRightWayofTranslationBothliteraltranslationandliberaltranslationareimportant,andthereisanendlessdebateonwhichoneofthetwowaysisbetter.Differenttranslatorshavetheirownunderstandingandexperiences,andtheyneverreachanagreement.Wecansaythatthedebateonliteralandliberaltranslationrunsthoughthehistoryoftranslationinourcountry.Morethan2,000yearsago,earlyintheEasternHanDynasty,themonkstranslatingtheBuddhistscriptureswereneverflexible,andcreatedmanyobscureversions.Afterthis,thereweremanydivergencesofviewsontheBuddhistscriptures’translation.Theargumentwaswhichonewasbetterbetweenliteraltranslationandliberaltranslation.InMingandQingdynasties,thetransitiononBuddhistscriptureshadreduced,andpeopleturnedtothetranslationonthescientificandliteratureworksofwesterncountries.Yanfu,thefamoustranslatoroflateQingdynasty,putforwardhisthreetranslatingprinciples,namely“fidelity”,”expressiveness”and“elegance”,inhistranslationtheoryofnaturalselection.Amongthethreeprinciples,fidelityismostimportant,andthenexpressiveness.Andtheprincipleelegancehadbeenenduednewimplicationafter.ThentheMay4thmovementbroughtamovementtotranslate.Translatorshoveredbetweenfidelityandsmoothness,whichactuallyisthehesitationonliteraltranslationandliberaltranslation.ThisdebateplayedanimportantroleinChinesetranslationhistory,andLuXun’sopinion,betterfidelitythansmoothness,pointedarightwayforthebeginners.Since1949,translationhadgreatdevelopedinourcountry,andtranslatorsputforwardmoreprinciplesontranslation,whicharehigherandmorereasonable.FuLeiattachmoreimportanceontheversions’spiritsthanonforms;QianZhongshuthoughtthathighestheavenoftranslationis“化”;Andthereweresomeotheropinionssuchasmakingtheundertoneoftheoriginaltextclear,andsoon.Maybethesourceofthisdebateliedinthelimitationsofpeople’sunderstandingontheliteralandliberaltranslationintheory,andthedeviationsinpractice.Therearemanytranslatorstranslateword-for-wordinliteraltranslation,andrandominliberaltranslationinhistory.Andthedebatewasmostlybetweenthepeoplewhoadvocatedliteralorliberaltranslationandtheonesinsistedonrandomorword-for-wordtranslation,forwhichthedebatecouldnotbeavoided.Thenwhatshouldwedoinpractice? ChapterThreeTheApplicationofLiteralandLiberalTranslationsⅠ.HowtoUseLiteralTranslationCorrectlyFirstly,ifitispossibletotranslationliterally,translateitwordforword.Theadvantageofliteraltranslationistokeepthelivelinessofthetextwhichhasrhetoricinit.Theliberaltranslationcanonlyconveythemeaningoftheoriginaltextanddepartfromthelifelikenessofit.Soweshoulduseliteraltranslationprimarilyinpractice.Takethetwosentencesbelowforexample:ⅰ.FormyfatherknowandIknowthatifyouonlydigenough,apasturecanbemadefree.Literaltranslation:因为我父亲知道，我也知道，只要挖到一定程度，早晚可以在这里辟出个牧场的。Freetranslation:因为我父亲知道，我也知道，功到自然成。ⅱ.ForKinoandJuana,thiswasthemeaningofmorningoftheirlives,comparableonlytothedaywhenthebabyhadbeenborn.Literaltranslation:在Kino和Juana看来，这是他们一生中最了不起的早晨，只有宝宝出生额那一天，才可以与之媲美。Freetranslation:Kino和Juana认为，这一天非常重要。Thefreetranslationsonlysimplyexpressedthegeneralmeaningoftheoriginalsentenceswithoutthemetaphor.Inthisway,thesentenceslosttheirflashpoints.However,theliteraltranslationsareclosertotheoriginalsentencesandmoreclearlyandlively.Sometimesitisdifficulttoretaintheintrinsicalthoughtsandlanguagestylebecauseoftheculturaldifferencesbetweenthetwolanguages.However,wecandothisthroughliteraltranslation.That’sthereasonwhythetranslatorstendtoliteraltranslation.Secondly,somesentencesaredifficulttotranslateliterallyinsomecircumstances.Everynationhasitsownculture,languageandcustom,anddifferentlanguageshavedifferentwaysofexpression,metaphorsandidioms.TopeopleinEnglishspeakingcountries,somesayingsinChinesearedifficulttounderstand.Andliteraltranslationinthissituationisunacceptabletotheforeigners.Theycan’tgettheexactlymeaningoftheoriginallanguage.Forexample:Oursonmustgotoschool.Hemustbreakoutofthepotthatholdsusin.Literaltranslation:我们的儿子一定得进学校，他一定得打破这个把我们关在里面的罐子。Freetranslation:我们的儿子一定要上学，一定要出人头地。Inthissentence,theliteraltranslationisunreadable.Wecannotuseliteraltranslationifthepresentationoftheversiondoesn’tconformtothatofthesourcelanguage.Wecanfindanidiominthetargetlanguagewhichhasthesamemeaningwiththesayinginthesourcelanguage.Inaword,literaltranslationisthebasictechniqueintranslationpractices.Itcankeeptheoriginalform,includingsentences’structureandthefigureofspeech.Butsometimesitneedssomenecessarychangestomakethewaysofexpressionbeconsistentinthetwolanguages.Ⅱ.HowtoUseLiberalTranslationCorrectlyFirstly,translatethetextsliberallywhenit’sdifficulttotranslatethemliterally.Wehavementionedabovethatwhentherearedifferencesonthewaysofexpressingbetweenthetwolanguages,weshouldusefreetranslation.Furthermore,insomesentences,thoughliteraltranslationcanmakeitunderstandable,itcannotexpresstheprofoundmeaningunderthewords.Underthissituation,freetranslationcanhelpusgetabetterresult.Forexample:Castpearlsbeforeswine.Literaltranslation:把珍珠扔到猪面前Freetranslation:对牛弹琴Secondly,neverappendourownemotiontothetranslation.Asuccessfultranslationmustbetheonewhichcangivesameimpressionstoboththetwolanguages’readers.Freetranslationgivesthetranslatorsmorefreedomtoexertthemselves.Andthetranslatorsshouldgetwellunderstandingofthetextandtranslateitfaithfully.Butiftheyaddtheirownemotionstoit,thetwoversion’sreaderswouldhavedifferentfeelingsononesamework.Thirdly,thetechniqueoffreetranslationneedsthetranslatorspossessesabundantknowledgeonboththetwolanguages.Thetranslatorsshouldlearnthegeneralknowledgeofboththetwocountriesasmuchaspossible.Thiscanmakeiteasierforthetranslatorstounderstandtheoriginalwork.Ⅲ.TaketheProperMethodinDifferentCircumstancesFlexiblyInmyopinion,translationpracticeshouldnotrigidlyadheretoonesingleway,andwecanusedifferentwaysoftranslationinonetext.Noonecanassertcategoricallythatliteraltranslationisbetterthanfreetranslation,andviceversa.Bothofthetwotechniquesarenotworsethaneachother.Intranslationpractice,weshouldchoosethepropertechniqueaccordingtothecontext,theconcretelanguagecircumstanceandculturalbackground,andcombinetheexpressingcustomofboththetwolanguages.Contextplaysanimportantroleintranslation.Wemustunderstandthetextwellbeforetranslatingit,andthecontextcanhelpustodothis.Forexample:MaybeKinohascutoffhisownheadanddestroyedhimself.Inthissentence,wecantranslatethephrase“cutoffhisownhead”literallyinto“割掉自己的脑袋”accordingtotheanalysistothecontext,whichislivelierthantheliberaltranslation“走上绝路”.Theknowledgeoftwocountries’history,geologyandculturalbackgroundisalsoveryimportant.Atranslatorcanfindthebestcorrespondenceofthetwolanguagesonlyifheknowsthetwonations’commonknowledgewell.Andagoodtranslatorshouldbeadaptedtothelanguagecircumstances.Let’takethesentencebelowforexample:Oneboyisaboy,twoboyshalfaboy,threeboysnoboy.Theliteraltranslationis“一个男孩是男孩，两个男孩抵半个，三个男孩什么都不是”.Thisismeaningless,andthereaderswon’tgettothepoint.NowwecanfindanintrinsicproverbinChinesewhichmeansalikewiththissentence,andtranslateitinto“一个和尚挑水吃，两个和尚抬水吃，三个和尚没水吃”.DengXiaoping,oneofthegreatestleadersofChina,oncesaidthat“不管黑猫白猫，捉住耗子就是好猫”,thiscanbetranslatedinto“itwouldbeanemployablecatnomatterwhatcolorisitifitcancatchtherats”literally.HereIquotethissayingjustwanttoshowtherelationshipbetweenliteralandliberaltranslation:notgoodorbad,butsuittothecircumstanceornot.Infact,peoplewhofavorliteraltranslationareactuallynotopposeagainstliberaltranslation.Whattheyopposeisrandomtranslation.Andwhatthepeoplewhobacktoliberaltranslationopposeisword-for-wordtranslation.Theaimofboththetwotechniquesistoconveythecontentsexpressedinthetextfaithfully,andtheyarenotexcludingwitheachother.Agoodtranslatorshouldhavethecompetencytocombinethetwotechniquestogetherintranslationpracticeandcanhandlebothofthesetwomethodsaswell.Takethesentencewe’vementionedinpartoneasanexample:Oursonmustgotoschool.Hemustbreakoutofthepotthatholdsusin.Inthefirsthalfofthesentence,whichisasimpledeclarativesentence,wecantranslateitinto“我们的儿子一定要上学”literally.Whilethesecondhalfappliedrhetoricaldevice,andifwetranslateitliterally,itwillbedifficulttounderstand.Nowwecanfigureitoutwiththephrase“出人头地”inChinese,whichhasthesamemeaningwiththesimileinthesecondhalfofthesentenceabove.ConclusionLiteraltranslationandliberaltranslationaretwobasicmethodsintranslationpractice.Literaltranslationemphasizesboththeformandmeaningofthetext,whileliberaltranslationlaysstressontheconveyingofthespiritofthetext,andneednotkeepitsform.Thoughtheyhavedifferentpointofemphasis,theyareinterdependent,andcan’tbesegmentedwitheachother.Theybothhavetheirownbeauty.Literaltranslationcankeeptheoriginaltexts’expressingstylesandfigureofspeech,andcanachieveformalequivalencebetweenthetwolanguagessoastogivethesentencesasenseofeaseandgrace.Anditcanbemorevividinexpression.Translatorsmustconveythestyle,thefigureofspeechandtherhythminthesourcetextcorrectlywhentranslatinginthisway,especiallyinpoetrytranslation.Thebeautyofliberaltranslationliesinitsinnovationontheform,artisticconceptionandfigureofspeech.Itdoesnotpaysomuchattentionondetailsofthesourcetext,anditdemandsthetranslatorstohandlemorecommonknowledgeonbothtwocountries.Itcanbeusedwhentheliteraltranslationcannotbeunderstood.Translatorsshouldremembernottoenduetheversionwiththeirownemotion.Forthatwillmakethereadersoftheverytextintwolanguageshavedifferentfeelings.Liberaltranslationtargetatthetargetlanguage,andcanmakethereadersmoreeasilytounderstand.Butit’snotequaltorandomtranslation,italsorequirethecorrectness.Inpractice,weshouldnotsticktooneofthesetwotechniques.Wecantranslatethetextsneatly,andtaketherightmethodwhichismoresuitablefortheparticularcircumstance.Eachnationhasitsownhistory,geography,cultureandcustoms,anddifferentpeoplehavedifferentmodeofthinking.That’srequiringourconcreteanalysis.Itisnotsoeasytodothantosay.Agoodtranslatorshouldbetheonewhocanapplythetwotechniquesinaflexibleandcorrectway.Wemustaccumulateknowledgeofdifferentnationsinourdailylife,readmorebookstoestablishthetheoreticalbasis,andpracticeasmuchaspossible.BibliographyBarber,C.PoetryInEnglish[M].TheMacmilanPressLtd,1983.Nida,E,A.Language,CultureandTranslating[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,1997.Venuti,L.TheTranslator’sInvisibility:AHistoryofTranslation[M].Shanghai:ShanghaiForeignLanguageEducationPress,2004.曹婉君,刘浩.试论质译与艺译直译与意译之争所引发的思考[J].东南大学学报,1999.8,(1):119-122.高名凯.语言与思维[M].北京:三联书店,1956.郭建中.文化与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1999.黄雨石.英汉文学翻译探索[M].陕西人民出版社,1988.刘宓庆.文体与翻译[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版社,2007.许渊冲.翻译的艺术[M].北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,1984.叶子南.高级英汉翻译理论与实践[M].北京:清华大学出版社,2008.张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海:上海外语教育出版社,1983.张小红,黄海燕.翻译中的直译与意译[J].科技资讯,2010,(11):226-228.AcknowledgementsFirstandforemost,Iwishtoexpressmyheartfeltgratitudetomysupervisor,LiYan,bothforherenlighteningguidance,warmandconstantencouragementduringtheprocessofwritingthisthesis.Withincrediblepatienceandprudence,shereadthroughdraftsofthisthesisandpointedoutdefectsinmywriting.MycordialandsincerethanksalsogotoalltheteachersofSchoolofForeignLanguages,whoseinterestingandinformativecourseshavebenefitedmealotduringmycollegeyears.Lastbutnottheleast,Iwishtoexpresstremendousthankstomyfellowroommates,whohavegivenmegreathelpinthewritingofthisthesis目录TOC\o"1-3"\h\u第一章、总论 61.1项目名称 61.2可行性研究的依据 61.3可行性研究的范围及主要内容 61.4项目提出的背景及投资的必要性 61.4.1项目提出的背景 61.4.2投资必要性 71.5项目概况 71.5.1项目主要建设内容 71.5.2项目总投资及资金来源 81.5.3效益分析 81.6项目厂址 8第二章产品的市场需求和拟建规模 82.1项目提出背景 82.1.1市场状况分析 82.2真人密室逃脱发展历史 112.2.1真人密室国内发展 112.2.2已进行的调查项目 152.2.3选址初勘和初步测量工作情况 192.3投资的必要性 192.4拟建规模 20HYPE