阅读理解之主旨大意题（教师版）-【高频考点解密】2021年山东新高考英语二轮复习讲义+分层训练

解密16阅读理解之主旨大意题

主旨大意题是高考阅读理解的主要题型之一，旨在考查考生对文章大意或者文章中心思想的把握和归

纳能力。此类题数量较大，在15个题中约占2-3个。

♦主旨大意题的分类

1.从考查对象上划分，主旨大意题可分为两种

①篇章主旨：针对全文的主题进行提问。主题句出现在首段的居多，其次是末段。

②段落主旨：针对某一段或几段的主题提问。主题句可能是段落的首句、末句，也可能需要从上下文中寻

找或总结。

2.考查内容上划分，主旨大意题可分为三种

①主题类（内容），考查文章或段落的主旨大意；

②目的类，考查文章或段落的写作目的；

③标题类，要求考生选出文章的最佳标题。

♦设问特点：

1.考查全文主旨或段落大意。

2.正确选项概况范围大小恰当，主旨判断准确。

3.错误选项的特点常常是太大、太窄或者偏离主题，主观臆断。

4.常以mainidea,bestidea,subject,mainlydiscuss等词提问。

♦常考问题：

1.中心思想类

Themainpoint/ideaofthepassageis...

Thepassageismainlyabout...

Thepassagemainlydiscusses...

Thelastbutoneparagraphischieflyconcernedwith...?

Whichofthefollowingstatementsbestexpressesthemainideaofthepassage?

2.标题类

Whichofthefollowingisthebesttitleofthepassage?

Thebesttitleforthepassagewouldbe...

3.目的类

Theauthor'smainpurposeinwritingthepassageisto...

Thepassageismeantto....

Inwritingthispassage,theauthormainlyintendsto...

【名师指导】

文章主题常常可以通过文章的写作方法来体现，有以下五种情况：

1.中心主题句出现在文首

开门见山，提出主题，随之用细节来解释、支撑或发展主题句所表达的主题思想。这是英语中最常见

的演绎法写作方式，即由一般到特殊，先提出观点，后举例论证，主题句则出现在段首的写作方法。

新闻报道通常就采用这种写法。新闻报道的首句通常称为“新闻导语”，“导语”实际上就是主题句，是对

全文内容的高度概括。大意题、标题一般可在第一句话找到答题依据。

2.主题句出现在文尾

在细节后，归纳要点、印象、结论、建议或结果，以概括主题。这是英语中最常见的归纳法写作方式,

即细节表述的句子在前，概括性的句子居后，主题句则常位于末段。

典例剖析

（2020年全国I卷B）

Theconnectionbetweenpeopleandplantshaslongbeenthesubjectofscientificresearch.Recentstudieshave

foundpositiveeffects.AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample,discoveredthatgreenerareasofthecity

experiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplaceswere

decoratedwithhouseplants.

TheengineersattheMassachusettsInstituteofTechnology(MIT)havetakenitastepfurtherchangingtheactual

compositionofplantsinordertogetthemtoperformdiverse,evenunusualfunctions.Theseincludeplantsthathave

sensorsprintedontotheirleavestoshowwhenthey'reshortofwaterandaplantthatcandetecthannfulchemicalsin

groundwater.'*We'rethinkingabouthowwecanengineerplantstoreplacefunctionsofthethingsthatweuseevery

day,'*explainedMichaelStrano,aprofessorofchemicalengineeringatMIT.

Oneofhislatestprojectshasbeentomakeplantsglow(发光)inexperimentsusingsomecommonvegetables.

Strano'steamfoundthattheycouldcreateafaintlightforthree-and-a-halfhours.Thelight,aboutone-thousandthof

theamountneededtoreadby,isjustastart.Thetechnology,Stranosaid,couldonedaybeusedtolighttheroomsor

eventoturntreesintoself-poweredstreetlamps.

Inthefuture,theteamhopestodevelopaversionofthetechnologythatcanbesprayedontoplantleavesina

one-offtreatmentthatwouldlasttheplant'slifetime.Theengineersarealsotryingtodevelopanonandoff"

switch”wheretheglowwouldfadewhenexposedtodaylight.

Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Sincelightingisoftenfarremoved

fromthepowersource（电源）-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsonaremotehighway-alotof

energyislostduringtransmission（传输）.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandthereforehelpsaveenergy.

32.Whatisthefirstparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Anewstudyofdifferentplants.

B.Abigfallincrimerates.

C.Employeesfromvariousworkplaces.

D.Benefitsfromgreenplants.

35.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitleforthetext?

A.Canwegrowmoreglowingplants?

B.Howdowelivewithglowingplants?

C.Couldglowingplantsreplacelamps?

D.Howareglowingplantsmadepollution-free?

【答案】

32.D

35.C

【解析】

【分析】

这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光

植物。文章介绍了他们发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代

路灯，达到节约能源的作用。

32.

主旨大意题。根据第一段中AstudyconductedinYoungstown,Ohio,forexample.discoveredthatgreenerareasof

thecityexperiencedlesscrime.Inanother,employeeswereshowntobe15%moreproductivewhentheirworkplaces

weredecoratedwithhouseplants.可知例如，在俄亥俄州扬斯敦进行的--项研究发现，城市绿化较好的地区犯

罪率较低。在另一项研究中，当员工的工作场所被室内植物装饰时，他们的工作效率会提高15%,由此可

知，第一段的主旨是关于绿色植物的益处。故选D。

35.

主旨大意题。根据最后一段中Lightingaccountsforabout7%ofthetotalelectricityconsumedintheUS.Since

lightingisoftenfarremovedfromthepowersource-suchasthedistancefromapowerplanttostreetlampsona

remotehighway-alotofenergyislostduringtransmission.Glowingplantscouldreducethisdistanceandtherefore

helpsaveenergy.可知照明约占美国总耗电量的7%。由于照明通常远离电源，例如从发电厂到偏僻公路上路

灯的距离，在传输过程中会损失大量能源。发光的植物可以缩短这段距离，从而帮助节约能源。结合文章

主要说明了绿色植物对人们很有好处，因此麻省理工学院的工程师开发了一种发光植物，文章介绍了他们

发明这种植物的过程，以及这种植物的一些优势，指出在未来发光植物有可能取代路灯，达到节约能源的

作用。由此可知，C选项“发光的植物能取代路灯吗？”最符合文章标题。故选C。

3.首尾呼应的写作方法

为突出主题，作者先提出主题，结尾时再次点出主题，这种首尾呼应的写作方式也较为多见。通常，

前后表述主题的句子不是简单的重复，后面的往往有进一步的引申或发展的意味。

典例剖析

Lacrosse（曲棍球）isapopularsportinCanada.TheIndiansinCanadainventedit.Theyusedittotrainfor

war.TheyinventedthisgamebeforeColumbusarrivedintheNewWorld.

Peopleplaylacrosseoutdoors.Thelacrossefieldissevenmeterslong.Ateachendofthefieldthereisagoal.

Thegoalisanet.Therearetenplayersoneachteam.Eachplayerhasastickcalled“cross^^.Theplayerhitaball

intothenetasmanytimesaspossible.Lacrosseisaveryfastgamebecausetheplayerscancatchandpasstheball

atahighspeedwiththeirsticks.Playersoftengetgreatfunitplayinglacrosse.

TherearemanylacrosseclubsandlacrosseteamsalloverCanada.EverynightCanadianscanwatchthe

lacrossegamesonTVorlistentothelacrossegamesovertheradio.

AtonetimelacrossewasthenationalsummersportinCanada.TodayitisstillpopularwithCanadians.

l.Thepassageismainlyabout.

A.HowtoPlayLacrosse

B.LacrosseinCanada

C.TheHistoryofLacrosse

D.Lacrosse-APopularGameinCanada

【答案】D

【解析】作者先后两次提到“长曲棍球在加拿大很受欢迎”，显然选项D最符合短文的主题。

4.中心主题隐含在全文之中，没有明确的主题句

阅读这样的文章，就要求考生根据文章的细节来分析，概括出段落的主题，从而推导出文章的主旨。

分析的方法是，先弄清该段落主要讲了哪几个方面的内容，这些内容在逻辑上有什么联系，然后加以归纳

形成主题。该类型的试题则迎刃而解。

典例剖析

Handshaking,thoughaEuropeanpracticeisoftenseeninbigcitiesofChina.Nobodyknowsexactlywhenthe

practicestartedinEurope.ItissaidthatlonglongagoinEuropewhenpeoplemet,theyshowedtheirunarmed（无

武器的）handstoeachotherasasignofgoodwill.Astimewentonandtradeincitiesgrewrapidly,peopleincities

begantoclapeachother'shandstomakeadealortoreachanagreement.Thispracticewaslaterchangedinto

shakinghandsamongfriendsonmeetingorleavingeachother."Let'sshake（hands）onit“sometimesmeans

agreementreached.

DotheEuropeansshakehandswherevertheygoandwithwhomevertheymeet?No.SometimestheChinese

abroadreachouttheirhandstoooftentobepolite.Itisreallyveryimpolitetogiveyourhandwhentheotherparty,

especiallywhenitisawoman,showslittleinterestinshakinghandswithyouandwhenthemeetingdoesnotmean

anythingtohimor-her.Evenif,forpoliteness,heholdsouthisunwillinghandinanswertoyouruninvitedhand,

justtouchitslightly.Thereisgenerallyamisunderstanding（误解）amongtheChinesethatwesternersareusually

openandstraightforward,whiletheChineseareratherreserved（保守的）inmanner.Butinfactsomepeoplein

westerncountriesmorereservedthansomeChinesetoday.Soitisagoodideatoshakehandswithawesterneronly

whenheshowsinterestinfurtherrelationswithyou.

65.Thefirstparagraphmainlytellsus.

A.wherehandshakingwasfirstpractised

B.howhandshakingcameabout

C.abouttherelationshipbetweenhandshakingandtrade

D.aboutthepracticeofhandshakingbothinEuropeandinChina

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意题。在文章第一段说明了握手的来历。实际上也就是谈论握手是怎样产生的。

67.Themainpurposeofthetextis.

A.totellussomedifferencesbetweentheEastandtheWest

B.toofferussomeimportantfactsabouthandshaking

C.tointroduceustosomedifferentcustomsintheWest

D.togiveussomeadvicebeforewetravelabroad

【答案】B

【解析】主旨大意题。本文没有明确主题句，中心主题隐含在全文之中。根据全文内容可知，文章主

要介绍了握手的一些具体情况。

4.主题句出现在文章的中间

通常前面只提出问题，文中的主题由随之陈述的细节或合乎逻辑的引申在文中导出，而后又作进一步

的解释、支撑或发展。

典例剖析

TheSaharaFestivalisacelebrationoftheveryrecentpast.Thethree-dayeventisnotfixedtothesamedates

eachyear,butgenerallytakesplaceinNovemberorDecember.Itiswellattendedbytourists,butevenbetter

attendedbylocals.

Duringthnopeningceremonies,aftertheofficialgreetingsfromthegovernmentleaders,peoplewhoattend

thefestivalbegintomarchsmartlybeforetheviewingstands,andwhitecamelstransporttheirridersacrossthe

sands.Horsemenfromdifferentnationsdisplaytheirbeautifulclothesandtheirfinehorsemanship.Onefollowing

another,groupsofmusiciansanddancersfromallovertheSaharataketheirturntoshowofftheirwonderful

traditionalculture.Groupsofmeninblueandyellowplayhornsandbeatdrumsastheydanceindifferentdesigns.

Ontheirkneesinthesand,agroupofwomeninlongdarkdressesdancewiththeirhair:theirlong,dark,shinyhair

isthrownbackandforthinthewindtotherhythmoftheirdance.

67.Thispassagemainlytellsreaders.

A.whathappensontheopeningdayoftheSaharaFestival

B.howpeoplecelebrateduringthethree-daySaharaFestival

C.whattakesplaceattheclosingceremoniesoftheSaharaFestival

D.howanimalsraceonthefirstandthelastdaysoftheSaharaFestival

【答案】A

【解析】从文中第二段第一句话“Duringtheopeningceremonies,”可以看出，本文主要是介绍“撒哈拉节”开幕

式上的活动。答案选A。

怎样给阅读文章整体加注标题

——高度概括法

对文章主旨大意的考察，不仅可以直接以理解段落及文章的主旨大意的形式出现，而且也可以用选择

或拟定文章标题的形式出现。因此，选择文章标题，首先可以按照主旨大意的确定方式，先弄清文章的主

旨大意，再定标题。

标题位于文章之首，用来高度概括文章内容，点明文章主题。它是段落中心思想最精练的表达形式。

标题可帮助读者迅速推测出整篇文章的主要内容，抓住文章的中心，把握作者的观点和意图。那么如何选

择文章的标题呢？

首先，要考虑标题对文章的概括性或覆盖面如何。一般要求能覆盖全文内容，体现文章主旨。要避免

下列三种情况：①概括不够（多表现为部分代整体，从而导致范围太小）；②过度概括（多表现为脱离本文

章内容的发挥）；③以事实、细节替代抽象具体的大意。

其次，要考虑标题的针对性，即标题范围要恰当，针对性强。要在阅读原文的基础上，仔细考虑所选

标题与文章主题是否有密切的关系。既不能太大，也不能太小，太大则中心就不突出，太小也发挥不了应

起的作用；精确度高，不能随意改变语言的表意程度及色彩。它可以是单词、短语，也可以是句子。

再次要注意标题的醒目性，标题的选择要简洁、突出、新颖，标题是文章的点睛之笔，是文章的灵魂

和门面。标题的好坏往往影响了文章的可读性，读者常常从标题上决定文章的阅读取舍。故标题一般比较

醒目，甚至比较离奇，以此来吸引读者对文章的兴趣。

最后要注意，要恰当地选好标题，还需要了解标题的基本拟定方法。一般说来，拟定标题是以话题为

核心，与控制性概念的词按一定的语法浓缩为概括主题句或中心思想的词组。比如某一文章的中心句为：

CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128ChinesefamilynamesonThursdayNov.18th2004in

Beijing.

话题：Stamps

控制性概念：CHINAissuedthefirstsetofstampsdepictingthetop128Chinesefamilynames

标题：Chinaissued1stsetofstampsonfamilynames

典例剖析

August8,wasEarthOvershootDay.Calculatedannuallybytheenvironmentaladvocacy（支持，拥护）group,

GlobalFootprintNetwork（GFN）,itisthedaywhenhumanhasconsumedallthenaturalresources-produce,

meat,fish,water,andwood—thatourplanetcanregenerate（再生）inasingleyear.Thismeansthatfortherestof

2016,wewillbeusingnaturalresourcesthatareimpossibletoreplace.

Forthosethatarealittleconfused,itissimilartospendingyourentireyear'sallowancebyAugustandthen

borrowingmoneyfromfriends,knowingfullywellthatyoucannotrepaytheloan.GFNsaysthatthesamething

happensinthecaseoftheEarth.

ThedateofEarthOvershootDayvarieseachyear.Inanideal,fullysustainableworld,weshouldonlyspend

whatwehave.ThismeansthatEarthOvershootDaywouldfallonDecember31,orperhapsevenspillintothe

followingyear,indicatingthatwearesavingsomeresourcesforarainyday.Thatdidhappenin1961,whenwe

onlyconsumedthree-quartersofwhattheplanetproduced.

Unfortunately,thedayhasbeengoinguprapidlysince2014whenitfellonAugust19.In2015,itwasAugust

13,andthisyear,theearliestsofar—August8!Theonlywaytosustainthisdemandwouldbetohave1.6earths,

whichasweallknow,isnotpossible.

Fortunately,expertssaythatthesituationisnotasgrimasitsounds.Manycountriesarealreadytakingsteps

toreducecarbonemissions,whichaccountsfor60%ofourecologicalfootprint,byswitchingtosolaror

wind-generatedpower.

Individualscanalsohelpbyeatinglessmeat,walking,biking,ortakingpublictransportation,aswellas

adoptingthethreeR's:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycle.Ifweallworktogether,wecanhelppushbackEarth

OvershootDaytoDecember31,orevenbeyond!

27.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

A.AWarning:EarthOvershootDay

B.ACelebration:EarthOvershootDay

C.AReminder:Reduce,Reuse,andRecycle

D.AnAdvertisement:GlobalFootprintNetwork

【文章大意】本文是一篇环保类说明文。文章介绍了EarthOvershootDay。今年在八月八号我们就已经

消耗掠今年全年的可再生资源，接着乂介绍了EarthOvershootDay的计算方法。通过介绍EarthOvershoot

Day,作者呼吁人们减少资源浪费。

【答案】A

【解析】今年的EarthOvershootDay是八月八号，即我们今年在八月八号就已经消耗掉我们今年全年的可

再生资源。本文通过介绍EarthOvershootDay告诉人们要减少资源浪费，所以最佳标题应是A项。

题组一真题在线

Passage1（2020-全国新高考I.B）

JeniferMauerhasneededmorewillpowerthanthetypicalcollegestudenttopursuehergoalofearninga

nursingdegree.ThatwillpowerborefruitwhenJennifergraduatedfromUniversityofWisconsin-EauClaireand

becamethefirstinherlargefamilytoeamabachelor'sdegree.

Mauer,ofEdgar,Wisconsin,grewuponafarminafamilyof10children.Herdadworkedatajobawayfrom

thefarm,andhermotherranthefarmwiththekids.Afterhighschool,Jenniferattendedalocaltechnicalcollege,

workingtopayhertuition（学费），becausetherewasnoextramoneysetasideforacollegeeducation.After

graduation,sheworkedtohelphersistersandbrotherspayfortheirschooling.

Jennifernowismarriedandhasthreechildrenofherown.Shedecidedtogobacktocollegetoadvanceher

careerandtobeabletobettersupportherfamilywhiledoingsomethingsheloves:nursing.ShechosetheUW-Eau

ClaireprogramatMinistrySaintJoseph'sHospitalinMarshfieldbecauseshewasabletopursueherfour-yeardegree

closetohome.Shecoulddrivetoclassandbehomeintheeveningtohelpwithherkids.Jeniferreceivedgreat

supportfromherfamilyassheworkedtoearnherdegree:Herhusbandworkedtwojobstocoverthebills,andher

68-year-oldmotherhelpedtakecareofthechildrenattimes.

Throughitall,sheremainedingoodacademicstandingandgraduatedwithhonors.Jennifersacriliced（牺牲）lo

achievehergoal,givingupmanynightswithherkidsandmissingimportanteventstostudy."Somenightsmyheart

wasbreakingtohavetopickbetweenmykidsandstudyingforexamsorpapers,*'shesays.However,herchildren

havelearnedanimportantlessonwitnessingtheirmotherearnherdegree.Jenniferisafirst-generationgraduateand

aninspirationtoherfamily-andthat*sprettypowerful.

4.WhatdidJenniferdoafterhighschool?

A.Shehelpedherdadwithhiswork.

B.Sheranthefamilyfarmonherown.

C.Shesupportedherselfthroughcollege.

D.Shetaughthersistersandbrothersathome.

5.WhydidJenniferchoosetheprogramatMinistrySaintJoseph'sHospitalinMarshfield?

A.Totakecareofherkidseasily.B.Tolearnfromthebestnurses.

C.Tosavemoneyforherparents.D.Tofindawell-paidjobthere.

6.WhatdidJennifersacrificetoachievehergoal?

A.Herhealth.B.Hertimewithfamily.

C.Herreputation.D.Herchanceofpromotion.

7.WhatcanwelearnfromJenifer'sstory?

A.Timeismoney.B.Lovebreaksdownbarriers.

C.Hardworkpaysoff.D.Educationisthekeytosuccess.

【答案】

4.C

5.A

6.B

7.C

【解析】

【分析】

这是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了Jennifer在家里不能提供大学教育的情况下，通过自己的努力，以及家人

的帮助完成了四年学位。她的努力不仅让自己以优异的成绩毕业，还给家人，尤其是她的三个孩子树立了

榜样，让他们得到了激励。

4.

细节理解题。根据第二段的Afterhighschool,Jenniferattendedalocaltechnicalcollege,workingtopayhertuition,

becausetherewasnoextramoneysetasideforacollegeeducation.（高中毕业后，Jennifer上了——所当地的技术学

院来支付她的学费，因为家里没有额外的钱用来支付大学教育）可知，高中毕业后Jennifer通过自己挣钱来

完成大学教学，因为家里没有额外的钱。C.Shesupportedherselfthroughcollege.（她自食其力读完了大学）符

合以上说法，故选C项。

5.

细节理解题。根据第三段的ShechosetheUW-EauClaireprogramatMisnistrySaintJoseph'sHospitalin

Marshfieldbecauseshewasabletopursueherfour-yeardegreeclosetohome.Shecoulddrivetoclassandbehome

intheeveningtohelpwithherkids.（她选择了位于马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-EauClaire项目，因为她

可以在离家近的地方攻读四年的学位。她可以开车去上课，晚上可以回家照顾孩子）可知，Jennifer选择位于

马什菲尔德的圣约瑟夫医院的UW-EauClaire项目是因为离家近，这样便于照顾她的三个孩子。A.Totakecare

ofherkidseasily.（为了方便照顾她的孩子）符合以上说法，故选A项。

6.

细节理解题。根据最后一段的Jennifersacrificedtoachievehergoal,givingupmanynightswithherkidsand

missingimportanteventstostudy.（Jennifer为了实现自己的目标牺牲了很多，她放弃了很多个和孩子待在一起

的晚上，错过了很多重要的活动）可知，为了实现自己的目标Jennifer放弃了和家人待在一起的时光。B.Her

timewithfamily.（她与家人的时光）符合以上说法，故选B项。

7.

推理判断题。根据最后一段的Throughitall,sheremindingoodacademicstandingandgraduatedwithhonors.（虽

然经历了这些，但她一直保持着良好的学术地位，并以优异的成绩毕业）和However,herchildrenhavelearned

animportantlessonwitnessingtheirmotherearnherdegree.Jenniferisafirst-generationgraduateandaninspiration

toherfamily-andthafstheprettypowerful.（然而，她的孩子们在见证母亲获得学位的过程中得到了重要的一

课。Jennifer是第一代毕业生，这对她的家庭来说是一种激励-这是非常强大的。）可知，Jennifer在艰苦的环

境中通过自己的努力不仅以优异的成绩毕业，还给孩子树立了榜样，同时也让家人得到了激励。由此推测，

我们可以从Jennifer的故事中学到:努力总会有回报。C.Hardworkpaysoff.（努力会得到回报）符合以上说法，

故选C项。

Passage2（（2020-全国新高考1.C）

AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeandconsumptionhabitsofour

eatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintake.Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideating

withheavierpeoplewhoorderlargeportions（份工it'sthebeanpoleswithbigappetitesyoureallyneedtoavoid.

Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwoexperiments.Inthefirst,95

undergraduatewomenwereindividuallyinvitedintoalabtoostensibly（表面上）participateinastudyaboutmovie

viewership.Beforethefilmbegan,eachwomanwasaskedtohelpherselftoasnack.Anactorhiredbythe

researchersgrabbedherfoodfirst.Inhernaturalstate,theactorweighed105pounds.Butinhalfthecasessheworea

speciallydesignedfatsuitwhichincreasedherweightto180pounds.

Boththefatandthinversionsoftheactortookalargeamountoffood.Theparticipantsfollowedsuit,taking

morefoodthantheynormallywouldhave.However,theytooksignificantlymorewhentheactorwasthin.

Forthesecondtest,inonecasethethinactortooktwopiecesofcandyfromthesnackbowls.Intheothercase,

shetook30pieces.Theresultsweresimilartothefirsttest:theparticipantsfollowedsuitbuttooksignificantlymore

candywhenthethinactortook30pieces.

Thetestsshowthatthesocialenvironmentisextremelyinfluentialwhenwe'remakingdecisions.Ifthisfellow

participantisgoingtoeatmore,sowillI.Callitthe“I'llhavewhatshe*shaving“effect.However,we'lladjustthe

influence.Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,FilholdbackabitbecauseIseetheresultsofhiseating

habits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,Filfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,whycan'tI?

12.Whatistherecentstudymainlyabout?

A.Foodsafety.B.Movieviewership.

C.Consumerdemand.D.Eatingbehavior.

13.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“beanpoles”inparagraph1referto?

A.Bigeaters.B.Overweightpersons.

C.Pickyeaters.D.Tallthinpersons.

14.Whydidtheresearchershiretheactor?

A.lbseehowshewouldaffecttheparticipants.

B.Totestiftheparticipantscouldrecognizeher.

C.Tofindoutwhatshewoulddointhetwotests.

D.Tostudywhyshecouldkeepherweightdown.

15.Onwhatbasisdowe“adjusttheinfluence^^accordingtothelastparagraph?

A.Howhungryweare.B.Howslimwewanttobe.

C.Howweperceiveothers.D.Howwefeelaboutthefood.

【答案】

12.D

13.D

14.A

15.C

【解析】

【分析】

本文是说明文。最近的研究表明：我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。文章详

述了这个实验的过程。

12.

细节理解题。根据第一段中的“AccordingtoarecentstudyintheJournalofConsumerResearch,boththesizeand

consumptionhabitsofoureatingcompanionscaninfluenceourfoodintakew可知,根据消费者研究杂志最近的

一项研究，我们的饮食伙伴的大小和消费习惯都会影响我们的食物摄入量。因此这项研究是关于饮食行为

的。故选D。

13.

词义猜测题。根据前半句"Andcontrarytoexistingresearchthatsaysyoushouldavoideatingwithheavierpeople

whoorderlargeportions（份）”可知，现有的研究认为：你应该避免和体重较重、点大份饭菜的人一起吃饭。

后半句认为，你真正应该避免的是thebeanpoleswithbigappetites。由contraryto可推断出，画线词和heavier

people（超重的人）相反，结合选项，D选项（瘦瘦高高的人）正好和heavierpeople正好相反。故选D。

14.

推理判断题。根据第二段的“Totesttheeffectofsocialinfluenceoneatinghabits,theresearchersconductedtwo

experiments"可知，为了测试社会影响对饮食习惯的影响，研究人员进行了两个实验。根据倒数第三段的

内容可知，在两个实验中，胖的和瘦的演员都吃了大量的食物。参与者也照做，吃的食物比平常多。然而,

当演员是瘦的时候，参与者们服用的食物更多。由此推断，研究人员雇用演员是为了看看她如何影响参与

者。故选A。

15.

推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“Ifanoverweightpersonishavingalargeportion,FilholdbackabitbecauseIsee

theresultsofhiseatinghabits.Butifathinpersoneatsalot,I'llfollowsuit.Ifhecaneatmuchandkeepslim,why

caiftl?”可知，如果一个超重的人吃很大一份，我会忍住一点，因为我看到了他饮食习惯的结果。但如果

一个瘦的人吃很多，我会跟着做。如果他吃得多保持苗条，为什么我不能呢？因此推断我们是根据我们对

他人的看法（即：如何看待他人）来调整影响的。故选C。

Passage3（2020-新课标II卷，B）

Someparentswillbuyanyhigh-techtoyiftheythinkitwillhelptheirchild,butresearcherssaidpuzzles

helpchildrenwithmath-relatedskills.

PsychologistSusanLevine,anexpertonmathematicsdevelopmentinyoungchildrentheUniversityofChicago,

foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4laterdevelopbetterspatialskills.Puzzleplaywasfound

tobeasignificantpredictorofcognition（认知）aftercontrollingfordifferencesinparents9income,educationandthe

amountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.

Theresearchersanalyzedvideorecordingsof53child-parentpairsduringeverydayactivitiesathomeandfound

childrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetween26and46monthsofagehavebetterspatialskillswhenassessedat54

monthsofage.

“Thechildrenwhoplayedwithpuzzlesperformedbetterthanthosewhodidnot,ontasksthatassessedtheir

abilitytorotate（旋转）andtranslateshapes,"Levinesaidinastatement.

Theparentswereaskedtointeractwiththeirchildrenastheynormallywould,andabouthalfofchildreninthe

studyplayedwithpuzzlesatonetime.Higher-incomeparentstendedtohavechildrenplaywithpuzzlesmore

frequently,andbothboysandgirlswhoplayedwithpuzzleshadbetterspatialskills.However,boystendedtoplay

withmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,andtheparentsofboysprovidedmorespatiallanguageandweremoreactive

duringpuzzleplaythanparentsofgirls.

ThefindingswerepublishedinthejournalDevelopmentalScience.

24.Inwhichaspectdochildrenbenefitfrompuzzleplay?

A.Buildingconfidence.B.Developingspatialskills.

C.Learningself-control.D.Gaininghigh-techknowledge.

25.WhatdidLevinetakeintoconsiderationwhendesigningherexperiment?

A.Parents5age.B.Children'simagination.

C.Parents,education.D.Child-parentrelationship.

26.Howdoboydifferfromgirlsinpuzzleplay?

A.Theyplaywithpuzzlesmoreoften.

B.Theytendtotalklessduringthegame.

C.Theyprefertousemorespatiallanguage.

D.Theyarelikelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.

27.Whatisthetextmainlyabout?

A.Amathematicalmethod.B.Ascientificstudy.

C.AwomanpsychologistD.Ateachingprogram.

【答案】

24.B

25.C

26.D

27.B

【解析】

【分析】

本文是说明文。是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。

24.

细节理解题。根据第二段中…foundchildrenwhoplaywithpuzzlesbetweenages2and4developbetterspatial

skill（在2岁到4岁之间玩智力游戏的儿童在空间能力方面更好）可知，孩子们可以从智力游戏中发展更好的

空间技能cB.Developingspatialskills（发展空间能力）符合以上说法，故选B项。

25.

细节理解题。根据第二段中Puzzleplaywasfoundtobeasignificantpredictorofcognitionaftercontrollingfor

differenceinparents*income,educationandtheamountofparenttalk,Levinesaid.（Levine说，在父母的收入、教

育和父母谈话次数方面控制差异性之后，拼图游戏被发现是一个重要的认知预测）可知Levine在设计这个试

验时考虑了父母的收入、教育程度和父母谈话的次数。C.Paren®educalion.（父母的教育）符合以上说法，故

选C项。

26.

细节理解题。根据倒数第二段中However,boystendedtoplaywithmorecomplexpuzzlesthangirls,可知男孩比

女孩更喜欢玩复杂的谜题，即他们可能会玩难度更大的谜题。D.TheyareHkelytoplaywithtougherpuzzles.（他

们有可能玩更复杂的谜题）符合以上说法，故选D项。

27.

主旨大意题。本文是关于孩子们玩智力游戏的研究，介绍了研究考虑的因素，研究过程和结果。所以是关

于科学研究的。B.Ascientificstudy（一项科学研究）符合以上说法，故选B项。

Passage4（2020・天津卷.B）

“Theytellmethatyou'dliketomakeastatue（塑像）ofme-isthatcorrect,MissVinnieReam?^^

Thedeep,gentlevoicehelpedcalmthenervousgirl.AskingafavorofthePresidentoftheUnitedStateswasno

casualmatter,especiallyforaseventeen-year-oldgirl.

“Yes,sir,"shereplied,herdarkeyesmeetinghis."Iwouldn'thaveduoaskyou,butmyteacher,Mr.Mills,says

Iamready.Iplantomakeitinanadmirablemanner.u

PresidentLincolnsmiled."Painters,sculptors-they\ealltriedtomakethebestofthisordinaryface,butI'm

afraidthere'snotmuchhope.Whatdidyouhaveinmind,MissReam?Abust（半身像）?”

BeforeVinniecouldsayyes,thePresidenthurriedon,ashadeofapologyinhisvoice.

“Ofcourse-Ishouldn'thaveasked.Afull-lengthposewouldbemuchtoobigaprojectforayoungwomanyour

size."

Vinnie'sfaceturnedred.Sherealizedshelookedlikeachild,withhertinyfigure."Smalldoesnotmeanwe