2022年四级考试阅读讲义(五十四)

2022四级考试阅读讲义(五十四)(35minutes)

Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.考试大

Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:

Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror“provider”andpurchaseror“consumer”inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,however,doesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.

Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday,”whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.

Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor”sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderwhenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer.”Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe“powercenter”inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.

Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants—thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostsofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital;andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective.

21.Theauthor”sprimarypurposeisto.

A)criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients

B)analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealth-care

C)urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority

D)informpotentialpatientsoftheirhealth-carerights

22.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause.

A)itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital

B)mostofapatient”sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance

C)adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient”shealth

D)somepatientsmightrefusetoaccepttheirphysician”sadvice

23.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto“returnnextWednesday”,thedoctorisineffect.

A)instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices

B)warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessary

C)advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion

D)admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective

24.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto.

A)aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts

B)adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment

C)ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStates

D)astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice

25.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree?

A)Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.考试大

B)Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescr