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2022四级考试阅读讲义(五十四)(35minutes)
Directions:Thereare4readingpassagesinthispart.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletterontheAnswerSheetwithasinglelinethroughthecentre.考试大
Questions21to25arebasedonthefollowingpassage:
Thehealth-careeconomyisfilledwithunusualandevenuniqueeconomicrelationships.Oneoftheleastunderstoodinvolvesthepeculiarrolesofproduceror“provider”andpurchaseror“consumer”inthetypicaldoctor-patientrelationship.Inmostsectorsoftheeconomy,itisthesellerwhoattemptstoattractapotentialbuyerwithvariousinducementsofprice,quality,andutility,anditisthebuyerwhomakesthedecision.Suchcondition,however,doesnotprevailinmostofthehealth-careindustry.
Inthehealth-careindustry,thedoctor-patientrelationshipisthemirrorimageoftheordinaryrelationshipbetweenproducerandconsumer.Onceanindividualhaschoice—itisthephysicianwhousuallymakesallsignificantpurchasingdecisions:whetherthepatientshouldreturn“nextWednesday,”whetherX-raysareneeded,whetherdrugsshouldbeprescribed,etc.Itisarareandsophisticatedpatientwhowillchallengesuchprofessionaldecisionsorraiseinadvancequestionsaboutprice,especiallywhenthediseaseisregardedasserious.
Thisisparticularlysignificantinrelationtohospitalcare.Thephysicianmustcertifytheneedforhospitalization,determinewhatprocedureswillbeperformed,andannouncewhenthepatientmaybedischarged.Thepatientmaybeconsultedaboutsomeofthesedecisions,butinthemainitisthedoctor”sjudgmentsthatarefinal.Littlewonderwhenthatintheeyeofthehospitalitisthephysicianwhoisthereal“consumer.”Asaconsequence,themedicalstaffrepresentsthe“powercenter”inhospitalpolicyanddecision-making,nottheadministration.
Althoughusuallythereareinthissituationfouridentifiableparticipants—thephysician,thehospital,thepatient,andthepayer(generallyaninsurancecarrierorgovernment)—thephysicianmakestheessentialforallofthem.Thehospitalbecomesanextensionofthephysician;thepayergenerallymeetsmostsofthebillsgeneratedbythephysician/hospital;andforthemostpartthepatientplaysapassiverole.Weestimatethatabout75-80percentofhealth-careexpendituresaredeterminedbyphysicians,notpatients.Forthisreason,economydirectedatpatientsorthegeneralarerelativelyineffective.
21.Theauthor”sprimarypurposeisto.
A)criticizedoctorsforexercisingtoomuchcontroloverpatients
B)analyzesomeimportanteconomicfactorsinhealth-care
C)urgehospitalstoreclaimtheirdecision-makingauthority
D)informpotentialpatientsoftheirhealth-carerights
22.Itcanbeinferredthatdoctorsareabletodeterminehospitalpoliciesbecause.
A)itisdoctorswhogenerateincomeforthehospital
B)mostofapatient”sbillsarepaidbyhishealthinsurance
C)adoctorisultimatelyresponsibleforapatient”shealth
D)somepatientsmightrefusetoaccepttheirphysician”sadvice
23.Accordingtotheauthor,whenadoctortellsapatientto“returnnextWednesday”,thedoctorisineffect.
A)instructingthepatienttobuymoremedicalservices
B)warningthepatientthatahospitalstaymightbenecessary
C)advisingthepatienttoseekasecondopinion
D)admittingthattheinitialvisitwasineffective
24.Theauthorismostprobablyleadingupto.
A)aproposaltocontrolmedicalcosts
B)adiscussionofanewmedicaltreatment
C)ananalysisofthecauseofinflationintheUnitedStates
D)astudyoflawsuitsagainstdoctorsformalpractice
25.Withwhichofthefollowingstatementswouldtheauthorbelikelytoagree?
A)Fewpatientsarereluctanttoobjecttothecourseofthetreatmentprescribedbyadoctorortoquestionthecostoftheservices.考试大
B)Themoreserioustheillnessofapatient,thelesslikelyitisthatthepatientwillobjecttothecourseoftreatmentprescr
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