考研英语真题

考研英语真题完整版

SectionIUseofEnglish

Directions:

Readthefollowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankandmark[A],[B],[C]or[D]onANSWERSHEET1(10points)

Thehumannoseisanunderratedtool.Humansareoftenthoughttobeinsensitivesmellerscomparedwithanimals,__1__thisislargelybecause,__2__animals,westandupright.Thismeansthatournosesare__3__toperceivingthosesmellswhichfloatthroughtheair,__4__themajorityofsmellswhichsticktosurfaces.Infact,__5__,weareextremelysensitivetosmells,__6__wedonotgenerallyrealizeit.Ournosesarecapableof__7__humansmellsevenwhentheseare__8__tofarbelowonepartinonemillion.

Strangely,somepeoplefindthattheycansmellonetypeofflowerbutnotanother,__9__othersaresensitivetothesmellsofbothflowers.Thismaybebecausesomepeopledonothavethegenesnecessarytogenerate__10__smellreceptorsinthenose.Thesereceptorsarethecellswhichsensesmellsandsend__11__tothebrain.However,ithasbeenfoundthatevenpeopleinsensitivetoacertainsmell__12__cansuddenlybecomesensitivetoitwhen__13__toitoftenenough.

Theexplanationforinsensitivitytosmellseemstobethatbrainfindsit__14__tokeepallsmellreceptorsworkingallthetimebutcan__15__newreceptorsifnecessary.Thismay__16__explainwhywearenotusuallysensitivetoourownsmellswesimplydonotneedtobe.Wearenot__17__oftheusualsmellofourownhousebutwe__18__newsmellswhenwevisitsomeoneelse’s.Thebrainfindsitbesttokeepsmellreceptors__19__forunfamiliarandemergencysignals__20__thesmellofsmoke,whichmightindicatethedangeroffire.

1.[A]although[B]as[C]but[D]while

2.[A]above[B]unlike[C]excluding[D]besides

3.[A]limited[B]committed[C]dedicated[D]confined

4.[A]catching[B]ignoring[C]missing[D]tracking

5.[A]anyway[B]though[C]instead[D]therefore

6.[A]evenif[B]ifonly[C]onlyif[D]asif

7.[A]distinguishing[B]discovering[C]determining[D]detecting

8.[A]diluted[B]dissolved[C]determining[D]diffused

9.[A]when[B]since[C]for[D]whereas

10.[A]unusual[B]particular[C]unique[D]typical

11.[A]signs[B]stimuli[C]messages[D]impulses

12.[A]atfirst[B]atall[C]atlarge[D]attimes

13.[A]subjected[B]left[C]drawn[D]exposed

14.[A]ineffective[B]incompetent[C]inefficient[D]insufficient

15.[A]introduce[B]summon[C]trigger[D]create

16.[A]still[B]also[C]otherwise[D]nevertheless

17.[A]sure[B]sick[C]aware[D]tired

18.[A]tolerate[B]repel[C]neglect[D]notice

19.[A]available[B]reliable[C]identifiable[D]suitable

20.[A]similarto[B]suchas[C]alongwith[D]asidefrom

SectionIIReadingComprehension

PartA

Directions:

Readthefollowingfourtexts.Answerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosing[A],[B],[C]orD.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1(40points)

Text1

Everybodylovesafatpayrise.Yetpleasureatyourowncanvanishifyoulearnthatacolleaguehasbeengivenabiggerone.Indeed,ifhehasareputationforslacking,youmightevenbeoutraged.Suchbehaviourisregardedas“alltoohuman,”withtheunderlyingassumptionthatotheranimalswouldnotbecapableofthisfinelydevelopedsenseofgrievance.ButastudybySarahBrosnanandFransdeWaalofEmoryUniversityinAtlanta,Georgia,whichhasjustbeenpublishedinNature,suggeststhatitisalltoomonkey,aswell.

Theresearchersstudiedthebehaviouroffemalebrowncapuchinmonkeys.Theylookcute.Theyaregood-natured,co-operativecreatures,andtheysharetheirfoodreadily.Aboveall,liketheirfemalehumancounterparts,theytendtopaymuchcloserattentiontothevalueof“goodsandservices”thanmales.

SuchcharacteristicsmakethemperfectcandidatesforDr.Brosnan’sandDr.deWaal’sstudy.Theresearchersspenttwoyearsteachingtheirmonkeystoexchangetokensforfood.Normally,themonkeyswerehappyenoughtoexchangepiecesofrockforslicesofcucumber.However,whentwomonkeyswereplacedinseparatebutadjoiningchambers,sothateachcouldobservewhattheotherwasgettinginreturnforitsrock,theirbehaviourbecamemarkedlydifferent.

Intheworldofcapuchins,grapesareluxurygoods(andmuchpreferabletocucumbers).Sowhenonemonkeywashandedagrapeinexchangeforhertoken,thesecondwasreluctanttohandhersoverforamerepieceofcucumber.Andifonereceivedagrapewithouthavingtoprovidehertokeninexchangeatall,theothereithertossedherowntokenattheresearcheroroutofthechamber,orrefusedtoacceptthesliceofcucumber.Indeed,themerepresenceofagrapeintheotherchamber(withoutanactualmonkeytoeatit)wasenoughtoinduceresentmentinafemalecapuchin.

Theresearcherssuggestthatcapuchinmonkeys,likehumans,areguidedbysocialemotions.Inthewild,theyareaco-operative,group-livingspecies.Suchco-operationislikelytobestableonlywheneachanimalfeelsitisnotbeingcheated.Feelingsofrighteousindignation,itseems,arenotthepreserveofpeoplealone.Refusingalesserrewardcompletelymakesthesefeelingsabundantlycleartoothermembersofthegroup.However,whethersuchasenseoffairnessevolvedindependentlyincapuchinsandhumans,orwhetheritstemsfromthecommonancestorthatthespecieshad35millionyearsago,is,asyet,anunansweredquestion.

21.Intheopeningparagraph,theauthorintroduceshistopicby________.

[A]posingacontrast

[B]justifyinganassumption

[C]makingacomparison

[D]explainingaphenomenon

22.Thestatement“itisalltoomonkey”(Lastline,Paragraphl)impliesthat________.

[A]monkeysarealsooutragedbyslackrivals

[B]resentingunfairnessisalsomonkeys’nature

[C]monkeys,likehumans,tendtobejealousofeachother

[D]noanimalsotherthanmonkeyscandevelopsuchemotions

23.Femalecapuchinmonkeyswerechosenfortheresearchmostprobablybecausetheyare________.

[A]moreinclinedtoweighwhattheyget

[B]attentivetoresearchers’instructions

[C]niceinbothappearanceandtemperament

[D]moregenerousthantheirmalecompanions

24.Dr.BrosnanandDr.deWaalhaveeventuallyfoundintheirstudythatthemonkeys________.

[A]prefergrapestocucumbers

[B]canbetaughttoexchangethings

[C]willnotbeco-operativeiffeelingcheated

[D]areunhappywhenseparatedfromothers

25.Whatcanweinferfromthelastparagraph?

[A]Monkeyscanbetrainedtodevelopsocialemotions.

[B]Humanindignationevolvedfromanuncertainsource.

[C]Animalsusuallyshowtheirfeelingsopenlyashumansdo.

[D]Cooperationamongmonkeysremainsstableonlyinthewild.

Text2

Doyourememberallthoseyearswhenscientistsarguedthatsmokingwouldkillusbutthedoubtersinsistedthatwedidn’tknowforsure?Thattheevidencewasinconclusive,thescienceuncertain?Thattheantismokinglobbywasouttodestroyourwayoflifeandthegovernmentshouldstayoutoftheway?LotsofAmericansboughtthatnonsense,andoverthreedecades,some10millionsmokerswenttoearlygraves.

Thereareupsettingparallelstoday,asscientistsinonewaveafteranothertrytoawakenustothegrowingthreatofglobalwarming.ThelatestwasapanelfromtheNationalAcademyofSciences,enlistedbytheWhiteHouse,totellusthattheEarth’satmosphereisdefinitelywarmingandthattheproblemislargelyman-made.Theclearmessageisthatweshouldgetmovingtoprotectourselves.ThepresidentoftheNationalAcademy,BruceAlberts,addedthiskeypointintheprefacetothepanel’sreport:“Scienceneverhasalltheanswers.Butsciencedoesprovideuswiththebestavailableguidetothefuture,anditiscriticalthatournationandtheworldbaseimportantpoliciesonthebestjudgmentsthatsciencecanprovideconcerningthefutureconsequencesofpresentactions.”

Justasonsmoking,voicesnowcomefrommanyquartersinsistingthatthescienceaboutglobalwarmingisincomplete,thatit’sOKtokeeppouringfumesintotheairuntilweknowforsure.Thisisadangerousgame:bythetime100percentoftheevidenceisin,itmaybetoolate.Withtherisksobviousandgrowing,aprudentpeoplewouldtakeoutaninsurancepolicynow.

Fortunately,theWhiteHouseisstartingtopayattention.Butit’sobviousthatamajorityofthepresident’sadvisersstilldon’ttakeglobalwarmingseriously.Insteadofaplanofaction,theycontinuetopressformoreresearch--aclassiccaseof“paralysisbyanalysis.”

Toserveasresponsiblestewardsoftheplanet,wemustpressforwardondeeperatmosphericandoceanicresearch.Butresearchaloneisinadequate.IftheAdministrationwon’ttakethelegislativeinitiative,Congressshouldhelptobeginfashioningconservationmeasures.AbillbyDemocraticSenatorRobertByrdofWestVirginia,whichwouldofferfinancialincentivesforprivateindustry,isapromisingstart.Manyseethatthecountryisgettingreadytobuildlotsofnewpowerplantstomeetourenergyneeds.Ifweareevergoingtoprotecttheatmosphere,itiscrucialthatthosenewplantsbeenvironmentallysound.

26.Anargumentmadebysupportersofsmokingwasthat________.

[A]therewasnoscientificevidenceofthecorrelationbetweensmokinganddeath

[B]thenumberofearlydeathsofsmokersinthepastdecadeswasinsignificant

[C]peoplehadthefreedomtochoosetheirownwayoflife

[D]antismokingpeoplewereusuallytalkingnonsense

27.AccordingtoBruceAlberts,sciencecanserveas________.

[A]aprotector

[B]ajudge

[C]acritic

[D]aguide

28.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“paralysisbyanalysis”(Lastline,Paragraph4)?

[A]Endlessstudieskillaction.

[B]Carefulinvestigationrevealstruth.

[C]Prudentplanninghindersprogress.

[D]Extensiveresearchhelpsdecision-making.

29.Accordingtotheauthor,whatshouldtheAdministrationdoaboutglobalwarming?

[A]Offeraidtobuildcleanerpowerplants.

[B]Raisepublicawarenessofconservation.

[C]Pressforfurtherscientificresearch.

[D]Takesomelegislativemeasures.

30.Theauthorassociatestheissueofglobalwarmingwiththatofsmokingbecause________.

[A]theybothsufferedfromthegovernment’snegligence

[B]alessonfromthelatterisapplicabletotheformer

[C]theoutcomeofthelatteraggravatestheformer

[D]bothofthemhaveturnedfrombadtoworse

Text3

Ofallthecomponentsofagoodnight’ssleep,dreamsseemtobeleastwithinourcontrol.Indreams,awindowopensintoaworldwherelogicissuspendedanddeadpeoplespeak.Acenturyago,Freudformulatedhisrevolutionarytheorythatdreamswerethedisguisedshadowsofourunconsciousdesiresandfears;bythelate1970s,neurologistshadswitchedtothinkingofthemasjust“mentalnoise”--therandombyproductsoftheneural-repairworkthatgoesonduringsleep.Nowresearcherssuspectthatdreamsarepartofthemind’semotionalthermostat,regulatingmoodswhilethebrainis“off-line.”Andoneleadingauthoritysaysthattheseintenselypowerfulmentaleventscanbenotonlyharnessedbutactuallybroughtunderconsciouscontrol,tohelpussleepandfeelbetter,“It’syourdream,”saysRosalindCartwright,chairofpsychologyatChicago’sMedicalCenter.“Ifyoudon’tlikeit,changeit.”

Evidencefrombrainimagingsupportsthisview.ThebrainisasactiveduringREM(rapideyemovement)sleep--whenmostvividdreamsoccur--asitiswhenfullyawake,saysDr,EricNofzingerattheUniversityofPittsburgh.Butnotallpartsofthebrainareequallyinvolved;thelimbicsystem(the“emotionalbrain”)isespeciallyactive,whiletheprefrontalcortex(thecenterofintellectandreasoning)isrelativelyquiet.“Wewakeupfromdreamshappyordepressed,andthosefeelingscanstaywithusallday.”saysStanfordsleepresearcherDr.WilliamDement.

ThelinkbetweendreamsandemotionsshowsupamongthepatientsinCartwright’sclinic.Mostpeopleseemtohavemorebaddreamsearlyinthenight,progressingtowardhappieronesbeforeawakening,suggestingthattheyareworkingthroughnegativefeelingsgeneratedduringtheday.Becauseourconsciousmindisoccupiedwithdailylifewedon’talwaysthinkabouttheemotionalsignificanceoftheday’sevents--until,itappears,webegintodream.

Andthisprocessneednotbelefttotheunconscious.Cartwrightbelievesonecanexerciseconsciouscontroloverrecurringbaddreams.Assoonasyouawaken,identifywhatisupsettingaboutthedream.Visualizehowyouwouldlikeittoendinstead;thenexttimeitoccurs,trytowakeupjustenoughtocontrolitscourse.Withmuchpracticepeoplecanlearnto,literally,doitintheirsleep.

Attheendoftheday,there’sprobablylittlereasontopayattentiontoourdreamsatallunlesstheykeepusfromsleepingor“wewakeupinapanic,”Cartwrightsays.Terrorism,economicuncertaintiesandgeneralfeelingsofinsecurityhaveincreasedpeople’sanxiety.Thosesufferingfrompersistentnightmaresshouldseekhelpfromatherapist.Fortherestofus,thebrainhasitswaysofworkingthroughbadfeelings.Sleep--orratherdream--onitandyou’llfeelbetterinthemorning.

31.Researchershavecometobelievethatdreams________.

[A]canbemodifiedintheircourses

[B]aresusceptibletoemotionalchanges

[C]reflectourinnermostdesiresandfears

[D]arearandomoutcomeofneuralrepairs

32.Byreferringtothelimbicsystem,theauthorintendstoshow________.

[A]itsfunctioninourdreams

[B]themechanismofREMsleep

[C]therelationofdreamstoemotions

[D]itsdifferencefromtheprefrontalcortex

33.Thenegativefeelingsgeneratedduringthedaytendto________.

[A]aggravateinourunconsciousmind

[B]developintohappydreams

[C]persisttillthetimewefallasleep

[D]showupindreamsearlyatnight

34.Cartwrightseemstosuggestthat________.

[A]wakingupintimeisessentialtotheriddingofbaddreams

[B]visualizingbaddreamshelpsbringthemundercontrol

[C]dreamsshouldbelefttotheirnaturalprogression

[D]dreamingmaynotentirelybelongtotheunconscious

35.WhatadvicemightCartwrightgivetothosewhosometimeshavebaddreams?

[A]Leadyourlifeasusual.

[B]Seekprofessionalhelp.

[C]Exerciseconsciouscontrol.

[D]Avoidanxietyinthedaytime.

Text4

Americansnolongerexpectpublicfigures,whetherinspeechorinwriting,tocommandtheEnglishlanguagewithskillandgift.Nordotheyaspiretosuchcommandthemselves.Inhislatestbook,DoingOurOwnThing:TheDegradationofLanguageandMusicandWhyWeShould,Like,Care,JohnMcWhorter,alinguistandcontroversialistofmixedliberalandconservativeviews,seesthetriumphof1960scounter-cultureasresponsibleforthedeclineofformalEnglish.

Blamingthepermissive1960sisnothingnew,butthisisnotyetanothercriticismagainstthedeclineineducation.Mr.McWhorter’sacademicspecialityislanguagehistoryandchange,andheseesthegradualdisappearanceof“whom,”forexample,tobenaturalandnomoreregrettablethanthelossofthecase-endingsofOldEnglish.

Butthecultoftheauthenticandthepersonal,“doingourownthing,”hasspeltthedeathofformalspeech,writing,poetryandmusic.Whileeventhemodestlyeducatedsoughtanelevatedtonewhentheyputpentopaperbeforethe1960s,eventhemostwellregardedwritingsincethenhassoughttocapturespokenEnglishonthepage.Equally,inpoetry,thehighlypersonal,performativegenreistheonlyformthatcouldclaimrealliveliness.InbothoralandwrittenEnglish,talkingistriumphingoverspeaking,spontaneityovercraft.

Illustratedwithanentertainingarrayofexamplesfrombothhighandlowculture,thetrendthatMr.McWhorterdocumentsisunmistakable.Butitislessclear,totakethequestionofhissubtitle,whyweshould,like,care.Asalinguist,heacknowledgesthatallvarietiesofhumanlanguage,includingnon-standardoneslikeBlackEnglish,canbepowerfullyexpressive--thereexistsnolanguageordialectintheworldthatcannotconveycomplexideas.Heisnotarguing,asmanydo,thatwecannolongerthinkstraightbecausewedonottalkproper.

Russianshaveadeeplovefortheirownlanguageandcarrylargechunksofmemorizedpoetryintheirheads,whileItalianpoliticianstendtoelaboratespeechthatwouldseemold-fashionedtomostEnglish-speakers.Mr.McWhorteracknowledgesthatformallanguageisnotstrictlynecessary,andproposesnoradicaleducationreforms--heisreallygrievingoverthelossofsomethingbeautifulmorethanuseful.WenowtakeourEnglish“onpaperplatesinsteadofchina.”Ashame,perhaps,butprobablyaninevitableone.

36.AccordingtoMcWhorter,thedeclineofformalEnglish________.

[A]isinevitableinradicaleducationreforms

[B]isbutalltoonaturalinlanguagedevelopment

[C]hascausedthecontroversyoverthecounter-culture

[D]broughtaboutchangesinpublicattitudesinthe1960s

37.Theword“talking”(Line6,Paragraph3)denotes________.

[A]modesty

[B]personality

[C]liveliness

[D]informality

38.TowhichofthefollowingstatementswouldMcWhortermostlikelyagree?

[A]Logicalthinkingisnotnecessarilyrelatedtothewaywetalk.

[B]BlackEnglishcanbemoreexpressivethanstandardEnglish.

[C]Non-standardvarietiesofhumanlanguagearejustasentertaining.

[D]Ofallthevarieties,standardEnglishcanbestconveycomplexideas.

39.ThedescriptionofRussians’loveofmemorizingpoetryshowstheauthor’s________.

[A]interestintheirlanguage

[B]appreciationoftheirefforts

[C]admirationfortheirmemory

[D]contemptfortheirold-fashionedness

40.Accordingtothelastparagraph,“paperplates”isto“china”as________.

[A]“temporary”isto“permanent”

[B]“radical”isto“conservative”

[C]“functional”isto“artistic”

[D]“humble”isto“noble”

PartB

Directions:

Inthefollowingtext,somesentenceshavebeenremoved.ForQuestions41-45,choosethemostsuitableonefromthelistA-Gtofitintoeachofthenumberedblanks.Therearetwoextrachoices,whichdonotfitinanyofthegaps.MarkyouranswersonANSWERSHEET1.(10points)

Canada’spremiers(theleadersofprovincialgovernments),iftheyhaveanybreathleftaftercomplainingaboutOttawaattheirlateJulyannualmeeting,mightspareamomenttodosomething,together,toreducehealth-carecosts.

They’reallgroaningaboutsoaringhealthbudgets,thefastest-growingcomponentofwhicharepharmaceuticalcosts.

41.____

Whattodo?BoththeRomanowcommissionandtheKirbycommitteeonhealthcare--tosaynothingofreportsfromotherexperts--recommendedthecreationofanationaldrugagency.Insteadofeachprovincehavingitsownlistofapproveddrugs,bureaucracy,proceduresandlimitedbargainingpower,allwouldpoolresources,workwithOttawa,andcreateanationalinstitution.

42.____

But“national”doesn’thavetomeanthat.“National”couldmeaninterprovincial--provincescombiningeffortstocreateonebody.

Eitherway,onebenefitofa“national”organizationwouldbetonegotiatebetterprices,ifpossible,withdrugmanufacturers.Insteadofhavingoneprovince--oraseriesofhospitalswithinaprovince--negotiateapriceforagivendrugontheprovinciallist,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfofallprovinces.

Ratherthan,say,Quebec,negotiatingonbehalfofsevenmillionpeople,thenationalagencywouldnegotiateonbehalfof31millionpeople.Basiceconomicssuggeststhegreaterthepotentialconsumers,thehigherthelikelihoodofabetterprice.

43.____

AsmallstephasbeentakeninthedirectionofanationalagencywiththecreationoftheCanadianCo-ordinatingOfficeforHealthTechnologyAssessment,fundedbyOttawaandtheprovinces.Underit,aCommonDrugReviewrecommendstoprovinciallistswhichnewdrugsshouldbeincluded.Predictably,andregrettably,Quebecrefusedtojoin.

Afewpremiersaresuspiciousofanyfederal-provincialdeal-making.They(particularlyQuebecandAlberta)justwantOttawatoforkoveradditionalbillionswithfew,ifany,stringsattached.That’sonereasonwhytheideaofanationallisthasn’tgoneanywhere,whiledrugcostskeeprisingfast.

44.____

PremierslovetoquoteMr.Romanow’sreportselectively,especiallythepartsaboutmorefederalmoney.Perhapstheyshouldreadwhathehadtosayaboutdrugs:“Anationaldrugagencywouldprovidegovernmentsmoreinfluenceonpharmaceuticalcompaniesinordertoconstraintheever-increasingcostofdrugs.”

45.____

SowhenthepremiersgatherinNiagaraFallstoassembletheirusualcomplaintlist,theyshouldalsogetcrackingaboutsomethingintheirjurisdictionthatwouldhelptheirbudgetsandpatients.

[A]Quebec’sresistancetoanationalagencyisprovincialistideology.OneofthefirstadvocatesforanationallistwasaresearcheratLavalUniversity.Quebec’sDrugInsuranceFundhasseenitscostsskyrocketwithannualincreasesfrom14.3percentto26.8percent!

[B]OrtheycouldreadMr.Kirby’sreport:“thesubstantialbuyingpowerofsuchanagencywouldstrengthenthepublicprescription-druginsuranceplanstonegotiatethelowestpossiblepurchasepricesfromdrugcompanies.”

[C]Whatdoes“national”mean?RoyRomanowandSenatorMichaelKirbyrecommendedafederal-provincialbodymuchliketherecentlycreatedNationalHealthCouncil.

[D]Theproblemissimpleandstark:health-carecostshavebeen,are,andwillcontinuetoincreasefasterthangovernmentrevenues.

[E]AccordingtotheCanadianInstituteforHealthInformation,prescriptiondrugcostshaverisensince1997attwicetherateofoverallhealth-carespending.Partoftheincreasecomesfromdrugsbeingusedtoreplaceotherkindsoftreatments.Partofitarisesfromnewdrugscostingmorethanolderkinds.Partofitishigherprices.

[F]So,iftheprovinceswanttorunthehealth-careshow,theyshouldprovetheycanrunit,startingwithaninterprovincialhealthlistthatwouldendduplication,saveadministrativecosts,preventoneprovincefrombeingplayedoffagainstanother,andbargainforbetterdrugprices.

[G]Ofcourse,thepharmaceuticalcompanieswillscream.Theylikedividedbuyers;theycanlobbybetterthatway.Theycanusethethreatofremovingjobsfromoneprovincetoanother.Theycanhopethat,ifoneprovinceincludesadrugonitslist,thepressurewillcauseotherstoincludeitontheirs.Theywouldn’tlikeanationalagency,butself-interestwouldleadthemtodealwithit.

PartC

Directions:

ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenclearlyonANSWERSHEET2.(10points)

ItisnoteasytotalkabouttheroleofthemassmediainthisoverwhelminglysignificantphaseinEuropeanhistory.Historyandnewsbecomeconfused,andone’simpressionstendtobeamixtureofskepticismandoptimism.46)Televisionisoneofthemeansbywhichthesefeelingsarecreatedandconveyed--andperhapsneverbeforehasitservedsomuchtoconnectdifferentpeoplesandnationsasintherecenteventsinEurope.TheEuropethatisnowformingcannotbeanythingotherthanitspeoples,theirculturesandnationalidentities.WiththisinmindwecanbegintoanalyzetheEuropeantelevisionscene.47)InEurop