概述和微生物的分类课件

BoCHEN,SchoolofLifeScienceandEngineering,SWUSTMicrobiology微生物学微生物学1+微生物学2（生物工程专业）Microbiology微生物学微生物学A（生物技术专业）BoCHEN,SchoolofLifeScienceandEngineering,SWUSTMicrobesaroundusHaveyouseenanymicrobe?Wherearemicrobes?Domicrobesdousanygood?Domicrobesdousanyharm?MicrobesaroundusMicrobesaroundusYoghurtBeerMicrobesaroundusMicrobesaroundusRedwineAgaricusbisporus(双孢蘑菇),themostcommoncommercialmushroomoftheWesternworld.MicrobesaroundusShiitake(Lentinusedulus香菇),themostcommoncommercialmushroomoftheFarEast.MicrobesaroundusMicrobesaroundusgenecloning限制性内切酶质粒载体宿主PCR(polymerasechainreaction)MicrobesaroundusTaqDNApolymerase

PfuDNApolymerase1347年，欧洲爆发瘟疫-鼠疫，鼠疫杆菌，1/3欧洲人口（约2500万）死亡，此后80年，共导致75%欧洲人口死亡2003年，全球爆发非典型性肺炎SARS，引发恐慌。据报道英国最近出现新型SARS病毒病例？艾滋病：AIDS，现在全球蔓延乙肝：中国人1/10带毒（表抗阳性）？严重疾病Microbesaroundus已被“消灭”的传染病卷土重来：肺结核（WHO：已成人类头号杀手，全球近1/3人口已感染结核杆菌），霍乱（一种烈性肠道传染病，属甲类传染病，由霍乱弧菌污染水和食物引起传播，临床上以起病急骤、剧烈泻吐、排泄大量米泔水样肠内容物、脱水、少尿和无尿为特征，严重者可因休克、尿毒症或酸中毒而死亡，在医疗水平低下和治疗措施不力的情况下，病死率很高）Microbesaroundus严重疾病出现以前从未有过的新疾病：疯牛病，大肠杆菌0157（肠出血），霍乱0139新菌型，埃博拉病毒（Ebolavirus）病（一种急性出血性传染病，通过血液和排泄物传播，临床表现急性起病发热，肌痛出血皮疹和肝肾功能损害），军团病（嗜肺军团杆菌，急性呼吸道传染病，1976年美国费城召开退伍军人大会时暴发流行而得名）等Microbesaroundus严重疾病Microbesaroundus微生物双刃剑巨大好处巨大害处利用控制学习掌握《微生物学》课程介绍教学安排教材与参考资料考试微生物学实验Lectures(64hours,微生物学132学时+微生物学232学时)Laboratoryexercises(32hours,微生物学116学时+微生物学216学时)⑴教学安排(生物工程专业)章节内容学时1Introductiontomicrobiologyandtaxonomyofmicroorganisms82Themethodsforstudyingmicrobiology23Prokaryotes:bacteriaandarchaea84Eukaryotes:yeastsandmoulds65Non-cellularmicroorganisms:viruses86Microbialnutrition,ecologyandgrowth67Microbialcontrol68Microbialmetabolism89Microbialgenetics610Microorganismsandgeneticengineering6课时安排(生物64学时)Lectures(48hours)Laboratoryexercises(24hours)⑴教学安排(生物技术专业)章节内容学时1Introductiontomicrobiologyandtaxonomyofmicroorganisms82Methodsforstudyingmicroorganisms13Prokaryotes:bacteriaandarchaea94Eukaryotes:yeastsandmoulds65Non-cellularmicroorganisms:viruses46Microbialnutrition,ecologyandgrowth47Microbialcontrol48Microbialmetabolism49Microbialgenetics410Microorganismsandgeneticengineering4课时安排(生技48学时)⑵教材与参考资料教材实验教材参考书⑵教材与参考资料Otherreferences(不作要求)现代微生物学.刘志恒.科学出版社.2002Brock’sBiologyofMicroorganisms.8thed.MichaelT.Madigan,JohnM.MartinkoandJackParker.PrenticeHall.1997MedicalMicrobiology.22nded.Geo.F.Brooks,JanetS.Butel,StephenA.Morse.McGraw-Hill,人民卫生出版社.2001网站丁香园论坛

():中国生物医学网站中国生物技术信息网()NCBI():NationalCenterforBiotechnologyInformation,USA.GenBank⑶考试(生物工程)微生物学1总评成绩＝平时成绩30﹪＋期末考试70﹪平时成绩：随堂测验（或课外作业）1-4次，选1-4次计分作平时成绩期末考试：闭卷考试，中文试卷，中文答题考试范围：以多媒体讲课范围为准⑶考试(生物技术)微生物学A总评成绩＝平时成绩30﹪＋期末考试70﹪平时成绩：随堂测验（或课外作业）1-6次，选1-6次计分作平时成绩期末考试：闭卷考试，英文试卷，中文答题考试范围：以多媒体讲课范围为准微生物学实验独立设课微生物学实验A（生物技术专业）微生物学实验1+微生物学实验2（生物工程专业）微生物学实验A实验1

培养基的制备与灭菌实验2

微生物的分离实验3

微生物主要类群的形态观察与显微镜的使用实验4

细菌的染色与油镜的使用实验5

酵母菌的血球计数板计数实验6

微生物的应用（红葡萄酒的制作或酸奶的制作）微生物学实验1实验1培养基的制备与灭菌实验2

微生物的分离实验3

微生物主要类群的形态观察与显微镜的使用实验4

细菌的染色与油镜的使用微生物学实验2实验5酵母菌的血球计数板计数实验6酵母菌的大小测定实验7水中细菌总数的测定实验8微生物的应用（红葡萄酒的制作或酸奶的制作）实验成绩构成微生物学实验A、微生物学实验1总评成绩＝实验过程评分40﹪＋实验报告评分60﹪实验过程评分：包括考勤、随堂测验等实验报告评分：其中包括对实验操作、实验步骤、实验现象和实验结果等具体实验内容的考查实验时间安排（生物技术专业）微生物学实验A24学时，6次（实验1～实验6），45人，分2批，23人/批第1批：7-12周周三下午4-5讲第2批：7-12周周四下午4-5讲实验时间安排（生物工程专业）微生物学实验116学时，4次（实验1～实验4），77人，分3批，26人/批第1批：13-16周周二下午4-5讲第2批：13-16周周三下午4-5讲第3批：13-16周四下午4-5讲第1章绪论与微生物的分类

Introduction

toMicrobiologyandTaxonomyofMicroorganismsAMicrobiologyCoursebyBoCHEN(e-mail:qqchen36@163.com)Chapter1IntroductiontoMicrobiologyandTaxonomyofMicroorganisms

（第1章绪论与微生物的分类）CONTENTS5sections:TheScopeofMicrobiologyTheImpactofMicroorganismsTheGeneralCharacteristicsofMicroorganismsTheHistoryofMicrobiologyTaxonomyofMicroorganisms1TheScopeofMicrobiologyMicroorganisms

arelivingthingsthataretoosmalltobeseenwithoutmagnification(withnakedeye),

including:bacteria,archaea,fungi,viruses,protozoa,andalgae.sometimescalledmicrobes,germs…Microorganismsaremicroscopiclivingthings,whileplantsandanimals

are

macroscopiclivingthings.1.1DefinitionsofMicroorganismandMicrobiologyMicrobiologyisthestudyofmicroorganisms—livingthingsthataretoosmalltobeseenwithoutmagnification,involvingstudyinnumerousareas,

including

theirstructure,function,nutrition,growth,ecology,taxonomy,metabolism,genetics,immunology,etc.1.2MajorGroupsofMicroorganisms微生物不是分类学分类级别上的术语，而是一群微小生物的俗称、总称、笼统的集合名词。微生物分类术语×俗称总称集合名词√1.2MajorGroupsofMicroorganisms6Subgroups类群(亚群)：Bacteria(bacterium细菌)Archaea(archaeon古生菌)Fungi(fungus真菌)Viruses(virus病毒)Algae(alga藻类,microscopicalgae微藻)Protozoa(protozoan原生动物)(sometimesincludinghelminths寄生虫)学科:BasicmicrobiologyAppliedmicrobiology1.3MajorBranchesofMicrobiologyBasicmicrobiologyBycategoryByfunctionByrelationwithdiseaseBacteriologyMicrobialphysiologyImmunologyMycologyMicrobialgeneticsVirologyMicrobialecologyMedicalmicrobiologyEdiblefungiCellularmicrobiologyProtozoologyMolecularmicrobiologyEpidemiology(Publichealthmicrobiology)AlgaeMicrobialgenomics(MicrobialTaxonomy)AppliedmicrobiologyByecologicalenvironmentBytechniqueByrangeofapplicationSoilmicrobiologyFermentationFoodmicrobiologyEnvironmentalmicrobiologyBiotechnologyIndustrialmicrobiologyMarinemicrobiologyGeneengineeringAgriculturalmicrobiologyAquaticmicrobiologyAnalyticalmicrobiologyMedicalmicrobiologyCosmicmicrobiologyTechnicalmicrobiologyPharmaceuticalmicrobiologyTwooutstandingfeaturesofstudyofmicrobiologyEasy:rapidreproduction,whichmakesthemveryeasytostudyDifficult:invisible,whichmakesthemverydifficulttostudy2TheImpactofMicroorganisms2.1Impactonhumanaffairs2.2Impactontheearth2.1ImpactonhumanaffairsBeneficial

—HumanuseofmicroorganismsHarmful —InfectiousdiseasesandhumanhealthLiquorBeerWineYellowwine(ricewine)YoghurtBreadVinegarSauceTradition:BeneficialFermentation(microbialengineering)GeneengineeringTransgenicanimalsandplantsGeneticallymodifiedorganismsGenetherapyBioremediationBiominingModern:BeneficialMicrobesatworkBeneficialWinemakingWinemakingWinemakingCheers-forwinethatisonly10daysold.Worldwideinfectiousdiseasestatistics△

InfectiousdiseasesaremainlycausedbybacteriaandvirusesHarmful乙肝麻疹疟疾肺结核腹泻(霍乱、痢疾、伤寒)呼吸道感染(肺炎、流感)破伤风杂病寄生虫疾病EnergyflowNutrientflow2.2ImpactontheearthEvolutionarytimeline.Thefirstbacteriaappearedapproximately3.5billionyearsago.Theyweretheonlyformoflifeforhalfoftheearth’shistory.爬行动物蟑螂whiteantsEnergyFlow1)Photosynthesis:

MicrobesweresynthesizinglongbeforethefirstplantsappearedToday:

photosyntheticmicrobes(includingalgae)accountformorethan50%oftheearth’sphotosynthesisEnergyFlow2)Oxygenchanging:

Theywereresponsibleforchangingtheatmospher