非谓语动词讲解(超全超实用)

第4页共19页非谓语动词讲解非谓语动词:a.动词不定式b.v-ingc.过去分词概述：1.谓语动词：在句子中担任谓语的动词2.非谓语动词：是动词的特殊形式,在句中可以作除谓语外的所有成分非谓语动词使用条件一个句子当中，已经存在一个主句（谓语动词）,又没有连词的情况下,还有别的动词出现时。Shegotoffthebus,leavingherhandbagonherseat.Shegotoffthebus,butleftherhandbagonherseat.动词不定式一．动词不定式的时态和被动形式动词不定式是非谓语动词的一种，由不定式符号(to)加动词原形构成。不定式的形式有五种：1.一般式todoIliketoreadEnglish.2.进行式tobedoingHeseemedtobereadingsomethingatthattime.3.完成式tohavedoneHeseemedtohavecleanedtheroom.4.被动式tobedoneTheworkistobedonesoon.5.完成被动式tohavebeendoneTheboyissaidtohavebeensenttohospitalyesterday.疑问词+动词不定式What,who,which,where,when,how,why等疑问词构成不定式短语，这种短语在句子中可作主语、宾语和表语等成分。二.动词不定式的用法I.作主语(1)不定式做主语时，可以直接放在谓语动词之前。Toseeistobelieve．Nottogetthereintimeisyourfault.(2)注：常用it做形式主语，将todo位于之后，使句子保持平衡。句型1：It+谓语+(+sb.)+时间/金钱+todoIttakesusanhour_to__gettherebybus.Itcostsyouonly$100amonthtocookathome.Itseemedimpossibletosavemoney.句型2：It’s+n.(+forsb)+todoIt’sourduty_to_helpthepoor.Itisagreatenjoyment_to_spendourholidayinthecountryside..Itisagreathonorforustobepresentatyourbirthdayparty.句型3：Itis+adj（+forsb）todosth（是形容事物的性质的）Itis+adj（+ofsb）todosth（是形容人的品质的）Itiseasyformetofinishthisworkbeforeten.Itisverykindofyoutogivemesomehelp.It'simpoliteofyoutospeaktotheteacherlikethat.疑问词+不定式作主语Whentostartremainsundecided.1.Itiseasytogettherebybusortaxi.2.Ittakesabout3hourstoseeallthebirds.3.Itisalsoimpolitetospeakwithyourmouthfullwhenyouareeating.4.It’sourdutytotakegoodcareoftheold.5.Howlongdidittakeyoutofinishthework?6.Itisstupidofyoutowritedowneverythingtheteachersays.7.Whentostarthasnotbeendecided.8.Itseemedselfishofhimnottogivethemanything.9.It’snecessaryforyoutolockthecarwhenyoudonotuseit.10.Itisusefulforourhealthtodomorningexercises.II.作宾语接不定式做宾语Iwanttoknowthismatter.Idon’texpecttomeetyouhere(1)常见动词有：like,demand,expect,promise,begin,determine,refuse,fail,manage,learn,seem,forget,want,prepare,pretend,plan,wish等Theywanttoget_(get)onthebus,didn’tthey?Hesaidhewished__tobe(be)aprofessor.(2)it作形式宾语Ifind/feeltoworkwithhiminteresting．Ifind/feelitinterestingtoworkwithhim．Thereisnoneedtobuildadamonthesmallriver.3.不定式与它所修饰的词有动宾关系Doyouhaveanythingtowashtoday?OneofthemostinterestingplacestovisitinSingaporeisBird不定式为不及物动词且和所修饰的名词是动宾关系时，须加介词Heboughtacuptodrinkwaterwith.Ihavenothingtocomplainabout.Heislookingforaroomtolivein.Practice:1.Eachmembercanchooseafilmfortheeveningtowatchtogether.2.Hesatdownatatableandwaitedforsomeonetotakehisorder.3.Isthisthebestwaytohelphim?4.Pleasegivemesomethingtodrink.5.Shehasachildtotakecareof.6.Heisnotthekindofmantodosuchthings.7.Itisalreadytimetobeginourclass.8.Thankyouforgivingmethechancetomakethespeech.9.Sheboughtabookshelftoputherbookson.10.Youaretheonlypersontobelate.V.作状语不定式作状语可以表示目的、原因、结果。Icameheretoseeyou．(目的)Wewereveryexcitedtohearthenews．（原因）Hehurriedtotheschooltofindnobodythere.（结果）(1)作目的状语表示谓语动作的目的，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。强调动词不定式所表示的目的时，动词不定式可用inorderto+V.(原形)soasto+V.(原形)但soasto不用于句首。Thestudentsavedmuchmoneytobuyanewmobilephone.Hegotupearlyinorderto/soastocatchthefirstbus.=Inordertocatchthefirstbus,hegotupearly.Peoplehavelearnttheimportanceofkeepingabalanceddiettosatisfy(satisfy)theirnutritionalneeds.(2)作结果状语不定式作结果状语时，多表示出乎意料的结果，其逻辑主语通常是句子的主语。作结果状语的不定式通常用一般式，为了表示强调可在不定式前加上only.Irushedtothestation,onlytofindthetrainhadalreadygone.Wecamehometofindourgardenneatandtidy.不定式作结果状语时，常用于so…asto…,such…asto…,enoughto…,too…to…,onlyto…等结构中。如：Shewassolatetomisshalfofthelecture.Sheissuchagoodteacherastoberepectedbyallherstudents.Thehouseislargeenoughtoholdtwohundredpeople.Thehatistoolargetowear.Hewalkstooslowlytogetthereontime.(3)作原因状语。不定式与情感类形容词连用时，大多表示原因，用来作原因状语。这类形容词主要有:happy,kind,surprised,frightened,shocked,glad,delighted,dissapointed等。Theyweresurprisedtobeinformedofthenews.Shewasveryhappytohearthathersonhadbeenpromoted.Practice:1.I’mgladtoshowyouaroundthezooonsuchabeautifulday.2.Whenpeoplearetootiredtocookafterwork,theyoftengeta“takeaway”.3.Tartapplesareusedtomakeapplesauce.4.Onedayhewenttoacafeteriatohavelunch.5.Iamtootiredtothinkofanythingnow.6.Iworkhardtopasstheexam.7.Youcouldn’tdothattosaveyourlife.8.Theteaistoohottodrink.9.Englishistoodifficultformetolearn.10.Thisquestionistoohardformetoanswer.Ⅵ.作表语动词不定式往往放在连系动词be的后面作表语。Mywishistobecomeateacher.Yourjobtodayistocleantheplayground.Tobekindtotheenemyistobecrueltoyourself.Mysuggestionistoputoffthemeeting.（2）动词不定式作表语，表示将来Theyaretomarrynextweek.Youaretodelivertheseflowersbefore10疑问词+不定式作表语Thequestioniswheretogetthemedicine.Thedifficultyishowtodothemostofworkwiththeleastofmoney.Practice1.Hisdreamistobeadoctor.2.ThenextstepistoturnontheTV.3.Thepurposeofeducationistodevelopafinepersonalityinchildren.4.Nowmytaskistofinishthecomposition.5.Thequestionwashowtodothejobwell.不定式的主动形式表示被动意义Ihavesomethingimportanttodo.Intheaccident,thedriverwastoblame.Thisquestionisdifficulttoanswer.Theboxisnoteasytocarry.动词不定式综合练习1.IwanttogiveupthisjobbutIhavetosupportmyfamily.2.ItwillbedifficulttolivelikethisaftertheytakebackthehousenextJuly.3.Ittookme3daystolearntheEnglishsong.4.Thepassagetellsyouwhattodointhefirstfewminutes.5.Everyoneshouldknowhowtocallforhelpintheirarea.6.Theteachersalsohelpthemtodothesethings.7.Tobeawinner,youneedtogiveallyouhaveandtryyourbest.8.Whichofthemwouldyoumostliketovisit?9.Ifeelitmydutytohelpothers.10.Theearthisbetterplacetoliveon,butscientistsaretryingtomakethebestuseofthemoon.11.Thebirthdaychildwearsnewclothestomarkthespecialtime.12.Aflagisflownoutsideawindowtoshowthatsomeonewholivesinthathouseishavingabirthday.13.ThebestwaytoimproveyourEnglishistojoinanEnglishclub.14.Somethingisstilltofindout.16.Howtomakerequestspolitelyisimportant.17.Youmustbepatientandpersistentifyouaretosucceed.18.Itwasnecessaryforhertotalkwithhismother.19.Asyoungadults,itisourdutytotryourbesttodealwitheachchallenge.20.I'dinvitehertohavedinneratmyhouse.21.Hewasfoundtostealintheshop.22.ShewasthefirstwomantowinthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames23.Themandownstairsfounditdifficulttofallasleep.24.DoyouhavetheabilitytoreadandwriteEnglish?25.TheBrownshaveacomfortablehousetolivein.26.Thereisnothingtoworryabout.27.Iallowedthechildrentoplayinmyroomforanotherfiveminutes.28.Thedoctoradvisedmenottogotobedtoolate.29.WewanttoseeLiuYuachievehisdreams.30.Didyoufindithardtosolvetheproblem?动词的ing形式（v-ing/doing）一.动词的ing的基本构成

主动语态被动语态一般式doingbeingdone完成式havingdonehavingbeendoneNoonelikesbeinglaughedat.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetodoit.二.v-ing的功用v-ing相当于adj.adv.n.的功能，所以，在句中可以作：主语，宾语，定语，状语，表语，宾语补足语1.作主语Smokingdoesgreatharmtopeople’shealth.Helpingherismyduty.Collectingstampsisagoodhobby.与动词不定式作主语的区别。(1)V-ing形式作主语，表示一般性、经常性的动作。表示一次性的动作多用不定时。Walking/Towalkisagoodformofexerciseforbothyoungandold.Towalkthere/Walkingthereisimpossible.(2)不定式作主语常用it作形式主语，v-ing作主语常位于句首。只有某些习惯用语如nouse,nogood作表语用时，才用it作其他形式主语。Itisnogood/usedoingsth.Itisawasteoftime/moneydoingsth.Itisgreatfundoingsth.ItisnousewatchingtoomuchTV.Itisnogoodtalkingtohim,becauseheneverlistens.(3)句子主语若是不定式，主语也用不定式；句子表语若是v-ing，主语也用v-ing。Toseeistobelieve./Seeingisbelieving.Talkingtohimistalkingtoawall.2.作表语,表抽象的，一般的行为，表主语的特征、性质和内容。Itsoundsinteresting.Thebookseemsboring.Myjobislookingafterchildren.3.作宾语,既可以作动词的宾语，也可以作介词的宾语。Shesattherewithoutspeaking.以下动词或短语只v-ing形式作宾语：①admit(承认),avoid（避免，躲避）,appreciate(感激),consider（考虑）,enjoy（享受，喜欢）,escape（逃脱）,finish（完成）,keepdoing（一直做）,mind（介意）,suggest（建议）,delay（耽误）,deny（否认）,excuse（原谅）,practice（练习）,resist（抗拒）等动词。Ihavefinishedreadingthenovel.DoyoumindbuyingadictionaryformeontheInternet?Thelittleboyadmittedtakingawaythemoneyinthedrawer.Shekeptwavingtoherhusbanduntilhewasoutofsight.②can’thelp（禁不住）,giveup（放弃）,feellike（想要）,keepon（继续）,thinkof（考虑）,setabout（着手，开始做）,dreamof（梦见，梦想），havedifficulty/trouble(in)（做…有困难）,bebusy(in)(忙于),putoff（推迟）等短语。Whenmyfatherheardthenews,hecouldn'thelplaughing.Idon’tfeellikegoingtoseethefilm.Hewasbusy(in)preparinghislessons.Hekeptonworkinguntilmidnightthoughhewastied.③在下列短语中，to是介词，后面应用v-ing作宾语。be/getusedto,lookforwardto,devoteto,payattentionto,objectto,getdownto等。Ilookforwardtoseeinghimagain.Areyouusedtolivingtherealone?④下列动词或短语，既可以跟v-ing作宾语，也可以跟不定式作宾语，但意义上有区别。表示经常性的行为后接v-ing；love,like,prefer,hate表示具体的行为常用动词不定式。Ilikeswimming,butIdon’tliketoswimthisafternoon.但要注意，如果like,love,prefer前有would，后面择接动词不定式。Wouldyouliketogoshoppingwithme?Whatwouldyouprefertoeattonight?⑤下面几组词接v-ing作宾语和动词不定式作宾语含义不同。doingsth.忘记已做过某事。forgettodosth.忘记要做某事doingsth.记得做过某事remembertodosth.记得要做某事doingsth.后悔做过某事regrettodosth.遗憾要做某事doingsth.意味着meantodosth.打算做某事doingsth禁不住做某事can’thelp(to)dosth.不能帮忙做某事todosth.努力做某事trydoingsth试着做某事todosth.停下来去做某事stopdoingsth停下正在做的事情todosth.继续做原来的事情goondoingsth.继续做正在做的事⑥动词need,require,want作“需要”讲时，以及beworth其后用v-ing的主动形式表示被动意义。Yourcoatwantswashing.=Yourcoatwantstobewashed.Themethodneedsimproving.Thispairofshoesrequiresmending.Thequestioniswellworthdiscussing4．作宾语补足语，补充说明主语的性质或状态。常跟动词的-ing作补语的动词有：①表示感觉和心理状态的动词。常见的有see，watch，hear，feel，smell，find，notice，observe，catch等等。Icouldfeelmyheartbeatingfast.②使役动词。常见的有have，set，keep，get,leave等。Theyhadthelightburningallnight.5.作定语。Wehavegotaswimmingpoolinourschool.Doyouknowtheboystandingatthegate?6.作状语,它作状语时，通常都表示主语正在进行的另一动作，用来对谓语动词表示的动作加以修饰或作为陪衬。它可以表示时间、结果、条件、让步、方式或伴随动作，相当于相应的状语从句。①表示时间。Hearingthenews,theyalljumpedwithjoy.Seeingitsmother,thebabysmiled.当强调与谓语动词同时发生时，在v-ing前可以用连词when或while.Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.②表示原因。Beingill,hewenthome.③表示条件。Workinghard,youwillsucceed.④表示结果。Thesnowlastedaweek,leadingtoaserioustrafficjaminthewholearea.⑤表示伴随，v-ing形式表示的动作和谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。它没有相应的状语从句代替。Shesatatthedeskreadinganewspaper.Theywalkedonthewayhome,singingandlaughing.三．v-ing的复合结构v-ing前可以加一个物主代词或名词所有格来表示这个v-ing的逻辑上的主语，构成v-ing的复合结构或v-ing短语。1.v-ing复合结构作主语时一般用名词所有格或形容词性的物主代词。Nixon’svisitingChinamarkedanewyearbetweenU.S.andChinadiplomaticrelations.Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.2.在口语和非正式语体中，只要不是作主语，v-ing复合结构中的逻辑主语常采用名词通格或人称代词宾格。Thedoctordoesnotmindme/myeatingalittlemeatoccasionally.DoyoumindJack’s/Jackleavingnow?I’mafraidofthetentfallingdown.Practice1.Playingbasketballisveryinteresting..2.Helikesplayingbasketball.3.Thegirlsinourclassaren’tinterestedinplayingfootball.4.Myhobbyisplayingbasketball.5.Theboyplayingbasketballontheplaygroundisourmonitor.6.IsawhimplayingbasketballwhenIpassedtheplayground.7.Afterhavingplayedbasketball,hefelttired.8.Hisparentsdied,leavinghimalotofmoney.9.Manypeoplecometotheparks,lookingforrelaxationsandentertainment.10.Headmittedhavingdonewrong.11.Theroomwantscleaning.12.Hisnotgettingtothestationontimemadeallofusworried.13.Theproblemneedsworkingout.14.Thestudents’knowingEnglishwellwillhelpthemtolearnFrench.15.DoyourememberJohnandhisfathercomingtoseeuslastChristmas?16.Besides,smokingdoesharmtobrainsanditcaninfluencestudies.17.Wedon’tneedtogofartofindaninterestingsite.18.Insteadoftravelingtofamoussitesontheothersideofthecountry,wecanfindoutmoreaboutourownlocalhistoricalflavor.19.Irememberedsettingupatentandsleepingoutsidewithmyfamilies.20.Learningaboutcomputerscanbelikelearninghowtorideabikeordriveacar.21.Toraisewagemeansincreasingpurchasingpower.22.Heforgotbuyingthebookseveraldaysago.Asaresult,heboughtanotheroneyesterday.23.YoucantrywritingsomecompositionsinEnglish.24.Theteacheraskedthestudentsintheclasstostoptalking.25.Thelittleboycouldn’thelpcryingafterhistoyshadbeentakenaway.26.Thescientistbeganhiscareerin1975byworkingonariceresearchprojectinhishomecountry.27.Themoviewasdefinitelyworthseeing.28.Themechanicwentoncheckingthemachineinthefactoryaftertheleader’scoming.29.Mr.Hucameintheclassroom,carryingahandbaginhisrighthand.30.Themanagerfoundtheclerkplayingcomputergamesatwork.过去分词过去分词相当于adj.和adv.的功能，所以，它可以作定语，状语，宾语补足语和表语。过去分词的用法，一是表完成，二是表被动。规则动词的过去分词以-ed结尾构成，不规则动词的过去分词变化见不规则动词表。1．作定语：过去分词作定语，如果是单个的词，常置于其所修饰的名词之前。如果是过去分词短语作定语时，一般置于其所修饰的名词之后。abrokencup一只打破的杯子(被动)spokenEnglish口语（被动）aretiredworker退休的工人(完成)badly-builthouse修得很差的房子（完成）newly-arrivedvisitors新来的参观者(完成)well-behavedchildren表现好的孩子（完成）注意：过去分词作定语与v-ing形式，动词不定式作定语的区别。therisensun已升起的太阳（完成）therisingsun正在上升的太阳（进行）thefallenleaves落在地上的叶子（完成）thefallingleaves正在飘落的叶子（进行）HaveyoureadthebookwrittenbyLuXun？Haveyouseenthepersonwritingthebook?Ihaveanimportantlettertowrite.Thebridge,builtin1950,brokedownyesterday.Theworkershavingbuiltthebridgehavelefthere.Theworkerstobuildthebridgearefrommountainousareas.2．作表语Thecupisbroken.(表被动，完成)Heisretired.(完成)注意过去分词作表语与被动语态的区别。Thecupwasbrokenbymylittlesisteryesterday.(被动语态，表示动作)Thelibraryisnowclosed.(过去分词作表语)注意过去分词作表语与v-ing形式作表语的区别。interest,bore,worry,surprise,frighten等通常用其过去分词来修饰人，用v-ing形式来修饰物。ThebookisinterestingandI’minterestedinit.Weareexcitedatthenews.Thenewshetoldusisexciting.3．作宾语补足语:过去分词作宾补，和宾语有逻辑上的动宾关系，要注意与动词不定式、v-ing形式作宾补的区别。能够接过去分词作宾语补足语的动词:(1)表示感觉或心理状态的动词，如：see,watch,observe,lookat,hear,listento,feel,notice,think等。IheardthesongsunginEnglish。Iheardhersingingthesongintheclassroom.Iheardhersingthesongyesterday.Wefoundthegroundcoveredwithsnow.Wefoundhimlyingontheground.(2)表示“使，致使”意义的词。如:have,make,get,keep,leave等。I’llhavemyhaircuttomorrow.Hegothistoothpulledoutyesterday.Don’tleavethosethingsundone.4．作状语,表被动，完成的动作，和句子主语之间有逻辑上的动宾关系。Seenfromthehill,thevillagelooksmovebeautiful.Givenanotherhour,Icanalsoworkoutthisproblem.注意：与动词不定式、v-ing形式作状语的区别。Seenfromthetopofthetower,thefactorylooksbeautiful.Seeingfromthetopofthetower,wecanseeabeautifulfactory.(Hearing/heard)thebadnews,theycouldn’thelpcrying.(Whentheyheardthebadnews)(Giving/Given)moretime,wecoulddoitbetter.(Iftheyhadbeengivenmoreattention)Istoodbythedoor,notdaringtosayaword.

Beingsoangry,hecouldn’tgotosleep.(Becausehewassoangry)Theycameintotheclassroom,singingandlaughing.(andtheyweresinginglaughing)Toservethepeoplewell,Istudyhard.(Inordertoservethepeoplewell)with+复合宾语结构（1）with+名词/代词+形容词Don’tspeakwithyourmouthfull.（2）with+名词/代词+副词Thesquarelooksmorebeautifulthaneverwiththelightson.（3）with+名词/代词+介词短语Hewasasleepwithhisheadonhisarms.（4）with+名词/代词+v-ingShefeltverynervouswithsomanypeoplelookingather.Withtheoldmanleading,thetwostartedtowardthemountains.（5）with+名词/代词+不定式Withfiveminutestogobeforethelasttrainleft,wearrivedhere.（6）with+名词/代词+-en分词Withhismattersettled,welefttheroom.Practice1.Thissupermarketisnowclosed.2.Theletterpostedtodaywillreachhimtomorrow.3.Themachineproducedlastyearareveryexpensive.4.HelookedinterestedintheideaIputforward.5.Themanlovedbyallthestudentsisourheadmaster.6.Deeplymovedbyhiswords,Ipromisedtohelphim.7.Theoldprofessorsatthere,surroundedbymanystudents.8.Consideredasabuildingmaterial,woodisnotverystrong.9.Shefollowedtheguidewithherheaddown.10.Ihadthewindowsrepaired.11.Hesleptwithhismouthclosed.12.Hesattherewithhiseyeslookingforward.13.Hespokesoloudlyastomakehimselfheard.14.Withwintercoming,it’stimetobuywarmclothes.15.Afterinvitedtohisbirthdayparty,sheboughtawatchforhimasagift.Exercisesofnon-finiteverbs1.InsomepartsofLondon,missingabusmeans______foranotherhour.AwaitingBtowaitingCwaitDtobewaiting2.Boys,don'tforget____thewindowsbeforeyouleavetheclassroom.A.closingB.closedC.toclosingD.toclose3.Shereachedthetopofthehillandstopped_____onabigrock.A.tohaverestedB.restingC.torestD.rest4.Remember______thelightswhenyouleavetheoffice.A.toturnoffB.turningoffC.turnoffD.toturningoff5.Tonylentmethemoney,___thatI’ddoasmuchforhim.A.hoping B.tohope C.hoped D.havinghoped6.IrememberedthedoorbeforeIlefttheoffice,butforgottoturnoffthelights.A.lockingB.tolockC.havinglockedD.tohavelocked7.Whenforhisviewsabouthisteachingjob,Philipsaidhefounditveryinterestingandrewarding.A.askingB.askedC.havingaskedD.tobeasked8.______toworkovertimethatevening,Imissedawonderfulfilm.A.HavingbeenaskedB.ToaskC.HavingaskedD.Tobeasked9.We’rehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecision______atthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.A.tobemadeB.beingmadeC.madeD.havingbeenmade10.Thepartywillbeheldinthegarden,weather.A.permittingB.topermitC.permittedD.permit11.Filmhasamuchshorterhistory,especiallywhen_suchartformsasmusicandpainting.A.havingcomparedtoB.comparingtoC.comparetoD.comparedto12.Onelearnsalanguagebymakingmistakesand______them.A.correctsB.correctC.tocorrectD.correcting13._______withcare,onetin(罐)willlastforsixweeks.A.Use B.Using C.Used D.Touse14.______atthedoorbeforeyouentermyroom,please.A.Knock B.Knocking C.Knocked D.Toknock15.Chinarecentlytighteneditswaters（海域，近海）controlsneartheHuangyanIslandtopreventChinesefishingboatsfrom________intheSouthChinaSea.A.attackingB.havingattackingC.beingattackedD.havingbeenattacked16.Pressedfromhisparents,and____thathehaswastedtoomuchtime,theboyisdeterminedtostopplayingvideogames.A.realizingB.realizedC.torealizeD.beingrealized17._______inalongqueue,wewaitedforthestoretoopentobuyaNewiPad.A.StandingB.TostandC.StoodD.Stand18.Ifhetakesonthiswork,hewillhavenochoicebut_____anevengreaterchallenge.A.meetsB.meetingC.meetD.tomeet【解析】动词不定式常作连词but,except,besides的宾语。如果这些介词前有do的任何形式，后面就省掉to.常用的结构有：can’tchoosebutdocan’thelpbutdo不得不,只得havenochoicebutdododonothingbutdoSeeingtheroomcrowded,Ihadnochoicebuttostandinthedark.Seeingtheroomcrowded,Icoulddonothingbutstandinthedark.Whatdoyoulike