柴油发电机柴油发动机转速控制系统原理和维修

Dieselenginedieselgeneratorspeedcontroller柴油机的调速Dieselenginespeed一、柴油机调速One,thedieselenginespeedcontrol柴油机的不同转速是通过转变循环供油量来实现的。Dieselenginespeedbychangingdifferentfuelcycletoachieve.转变柴油机的油量调整机构，使其转速调整到规定的转速范围内就称柴油机调速。Changeengineoilamountregulatingmechanism,thespeedregulationtothespecifiedspeedrangeiscalledthegovernorfordieselengine.其规定的转速范围。这种装置称调速器。Inordertorealizedieselenginespeed,wemustsetupaspecialspeedregulatingdevice,accordingtothedieselengineloadchangesautomaticallyregulatestheoilsupplyquantity,maintainitsspecifiedspeedrange.Suchadevicecalledthegovernor.二、调速器的类型Intwo,governortypen按调速范围分类AccordingtotheclassificationofNspeedrangen按执行机构分类Nactuatoraccordingtoclassification1、按调速范围分类In1,accordingtothespeedrangeclassification①极限调速器〔限速器〕——只用于限制柴油机的最高转速不超过某规定值，在转速低于此规定值时不起调整作用。此种调速器仅用于船舶主机，目前已很少单独使用。①limitgovernor(governor)--onlytolimitthemaximumspeedofdieselenginedoesnotexceedaspecifiedvalue,therotationalspeedislowerthantheprescribedvaluedoesnotplayaregulatingrole.Thegovernorisusedonlyformarineengine,nowrarelyusedalone.②单制式调速器〔定速调速器〕——在负荷变化时，能使柴油机转速保持在规定范围内。此种调速器应用于发电柴油机。Thesinglesystemgovernor(constantspeedgovernor)--changesintheload,canmakethedieselenginespeedismaintainedwithinapredeterminedrange.Thegovernorusedindieselengine.③双制式调速器——能维持柴油机的最低运转转速，并可限制其最高转速。中间转速由人工手动调整。此种调速器用于对低速性能要求较高或带有离合器的中小型船用主机。Thedualsystemofdieselenginegovernor--canmaintainaminimumspeed,andcanlimitthemaximumspeed.Intermediatespeedbymanualadjustment.Thegovernorisusedforlowspeedhighperformancerequirementsorwithaclutchofsmalldieselengine.④全制式调速器——在从最低稳定转速到最高转速的全部运转范围内，均能自动调整喷油量以保持任一设定转速。此调速器广泛应用于船舶主机和柴油发电机组。Thestandardall-speedgovernor--fromtheminimumstablespeedtoamaximumspeedoftheentireoperatingrange,canautomaticallyregulatetheamountoffuelinjectiontomaintaineitheraspeedsetting.Thegovernoriswidelyusedinshipengineanddieselgeneratingset.2、按执行机构分类In2,accordingtotheexecutionmechanismclassification①机械式调速器——直接利用飞重产生的离心力去移动油量调整机构，以调整柴油机的转速。Mechanicalgovernor--directlyusingtheflyweightsgeneratedbycentrifugalforcetomovetheoilamountregulatingmechanism,toregulatethespeedofdieselengine.②液压调速器——通过液压伺服器将飞重产生的离心力加以放大，使用放大后的动力去移动油量调整机构。Thehydraulicgovernorhydraulicserverwillflyweight--bythecentrifugalforcegeneratedbytheamplified,usingtheamplifiedpowertomovetheoilamountregulatingmechanism.③电子调速器——转速信号监测或执行机构承受电气方式的调速器。Theelectronicgovernor--speedsignalmonitoringorimplementingagenciesfortheuseofelectricalgovernor.三、调速器的性能指标Inthree,governorperformanceindex验，以分析调速器的工作性能。Governorperformancedirectlyinfluencesthestabilityandreliabilityoftheoperationofdieselengines.Thegovernorismountedmachine,dealwiththedieselenginethemutationloadtest,inordertoanalyzethegovernorworkingperformance.评定调速器性能有两种工作指标Evaluationofspeedgovernorperformancehastwoworkindex动态指标Thedynamicindex静态指标Thestaticindex1、动态指标1,thedynamicindex用来评价调速系统过渡过程的性能指标。Usedtoevaluatethespeedsystemtransitionprocessperformanceindex.δ1①theinstantaneoustimingrateδ1突加全负荷瞬时调速率Suddenloadtransientspeedregulation突减全负荷瞬时调速率Anticlimaxfullloadtransientspeedregulation我国有关标准要求发电柴油机的突加全负荷调速率和突减全负荷调速率不得大于10%。Ourcountryrelatedstandarddieselengineinfullloadspeedrateandanticlimaxfullloadspeedratioshallnotbegreaterthan10%.②稳定时间ts——指从突加〔或突减〕全负荷后，转速刚偏离最高空转转速〔或全负荷稳定转速〕的波动范围到转速恢复到全负荷稳定转速〔或最高空载转速〕的波动范围为止所需时间。ThestabilizationtimeofTS--fromasudden(orsudden)fullload,speedjustdeviatesfromthemaximumspeed(orfullloadstablespeedrangespeed)toreturntofullloadspeedstability(ormaximumno-loadspeed)rangeuntilthetimerequired.5s。China”srelevantregulations,ACgeneratorstabilitytimeshallbenotmorethan5S.2、静态指标In2,thestaticindexδ2——n0maxnb之差同标定nb比值的百分数。①stablespeedrateδ2--whenthehandleinthecalibrationofthefeedposition,thehighestspeedofn0maxandNbdifferencewithratedspeedratedspeedratioofNbpercentage.稳定调速率用来衡量调速器的准确性，其值愈小，表示调速器的准确性愈好。Steadyspeedregulationusedtomeasuretheaccuracyofthegovernor,thesmallerthevalueofthegovernor,saidtheaccuracyisbetter.回转力矩不均匀而引起的。但两者的定义不同：ThespeedfluctuationrateΦorrateofchangeofφ--usedtocharacterizetheperformanceofdieselenginespeed,theextentofthechanges,mainlybythedieselenginerotarytorquenonuniformitycausedby.Butthetwodifferentdefinitions:转速波动率Φ=SpeedfluctuationrateΦ=转速变化率φ=Rateofchangeofφ=一般，在标定工况时，Φ≤(0.25~0.5)%φ≤(0.5~1)%。Ingeneral,thecalibrationcondition,φ≤(0.25~0.5)%;φ≤(0.5~1).εThesensitivityisnot调速器的不灵敏性。Whenthedieselengineisunderacertainloadunderstableoperation,becausetheregulatingmechanismofgap,frictionandresistance,ifthespeedischangedslightly,thegovernordoesnotimmediatelychangethefuelsupplyquantity.Untilthespeedvariationislargeenough,thegovernorcanbegintoadjustsupplyfunction.Thisphenomenonisknownasthegovernor”sinsensitivity.ε表示不灵敏区域的大小。Ourcountrydoesnotusesensitivityεsaidinsensitiveareasize.ε≤(1.5~2)%；而在最低稳定转速时，ε≤(10~13)%Nosensitivityistoolarge,willcausetheenginespeedisnotstable,willleadtoseriouslossofeffectofspeedgovernor.Thegeneralprovisionsintheratedspeed,ε=(1.5~2)%;andattheminimumstablespeed,ε=(10~13).9-2机械式调速器mechanicalgovernor一、机械式调速器的组成One,mechanicalgovernor.二、调速原理Two,controlprinciple机械式调速器的飞重和调速弹簧组成转速感应元件，按力平衡系统工作。Mechanicalgovernorflyingweightandspeedregulatingspringspeedsensingelement,accordingtotheforcebalancesystem.n当柴油机发出的功率与外界的负荷刚好平衡时Nwhenthedieselengineisapowerandexternalloadisbalancedn假设外界负荷突然减小，柴油机发出的功率大于外界负荷时Niftheexternalloadsuddenlydecreases,dieselgeneratedpowerisgreaterthantheoutsideloadn假设外界负荷突然增大，柴油机发出的功率小于外界负荷时Niftheoutsideloadsuddenlyincreases,dieselpowergeneratedissmallerthantheoutsideload调速器的动作与外界负荷削减时相反，飞重离心力和弹簧的作用力在彼此都减小的状况下到达平衡状态Governor”sactionandtheexternalloadisreducedwhenaflyweightcontrast,centrifugalforceandspringforceinbothlowertheequilibriumstate三、机械式调速器的特点和适用范围Three,mechanicalgovernorcharacteristicsandscopeofapplicationn机械式调速器不能保持柴油机调速前后的转速不变，即外负荷转变后，不能使柴油机恢复到原来的转速。Nmechanicalgovernorcannotkeepthedieselenginespeedregulationandconstantenginespeedandloadchange,namely,cannotmakethedieselenginetorestoretheoriginalspeed.外负荷削减时，调速后的转速比原来的转速稍高；Externalloadisreducedwhen,afterthespeedspeedspeedslightlyhigherthantheoriginal;外负荷增加时，调速后的转速比原来的转速稍低。Externalloadincreased,afterthespeedspeedspeedslightlylowerthantheoriginal.产生这种转速差的根本缘由是转速感应元件与油量调整机构之间是刚性连接。Therotationalspeeddifferenceisthefundamentalreasonforspeedsensingelementandanoilquantityregulatingmechanismisconnectedbetweentherigid.n机械式调速器只能用于中小功率的柴油机。其灵敏度和精度都比较差。Nmechanicalgovernorcanonlybeusedformediumandsmallpowerdieselengine.Itssensitivityandprecisionarequitepoor.n构造简洁Nsimplestructuren修理便利Nrepairconvenience9-3液压调速器hydraulicgovernor式调速器。Hydraulicgovernorflyweightcentrifugalforcegenerateddoesnotdirectlytomobiledieseloilamountregulatingmechanism.Therefore,thegovernorcalledtheindirectactinggovernor.定性，改善其动态特性，还具有反响机构，起补偿作用。Hydraulicspeedgovernorhasacontrolslidevalveandpistoncomprisinghydraulicamplificationmechanism,inaddition,inordertoincreasethehydraulicgovernorstabilityoftheprocess,improvethedynamiccharacteristics,butalsohasafeedbackmechanism,compensationaction.但其构造简单，对治理要求高。Hydraulicspeedgovernorhaswidespeedregulationrange,precisionandhighsensitivity,goodstability,widelyusedinshipislargeandmedium-sizeddieselengine.Butitscomplexstructure,highrequirementsonmanagement.一、液压调速器的工作原理One,theworkingprincipleofhydraulicspeedgovernor1、无反响液压调速器1,nofeedbackhydraulicgovernorn工作原理Theworkingprincipleofnn无反响液压调速器存在问题Nwithoutfeedbackhydraulicproblems过程不稳定，无法满足使用要求。所以，这种无反响装置的液压调速器在实际中无法使用。Thespeedcontrolsystemofinertia,thespoolvalveandpistonmovementalwayslagsbehindtheenginespeedchanges.Whenreducedfuelsupply,canaccordingtotheloadreductionleveladjustmoderately,andmaketheoiltoreducetheamountofovershoot,dieselspeeddownexcessive;similarly,whentheengineloadincreases,supplyquantityincreasestooexcessiveacceleration,dieselengine.Soconstantlyrepeateddescendingvelocity,accelerationoftheprocessofdieselenginespeedregulation,largefluctuations,adjustingprocessisnotstable,cannotmeettheuserequirements.So,thiskindoffeedbackdeviceforhydraulicspeedgovernorinpracticecannotbeused.2、刚性反响液压调速器2,rigidfeedbackhydraulicgovernorn工作原理Theworkingprincipleofnn刚性反响液压调速器存在问题Nrigidfeedbackhydraulicproblems调整过程终了时，滑阀回到了原来位置，把掌握油孔关闭，切断通往伺服油缸的油路。这时动力活塞停顿运动，喷油泵调整杆随之移动到一个的平衡位置，柴油机在相应的负荷下工作。既A点位置随负荷而变，与滑阀相连接的B点在任何稳定工况下均应处于原来位置，与负荷无关。由于反响是通过刚性CA0。Attheendofregulationprocess,slidevalvereturnedtoitsoriginalposition,thecontrolofoilholeclosed,cuttingofftheservocylinderoil.Whenthepowerpistonstopmotion,fuelinjectionpumpadjustingrodtomovetoanewpositionofequilibrium,dieselengineinthecorrespondingnewworkingunderload.Both