新版职称英语卫生类新增文章

第二部分阅读判断第九篇 WhatIsaDream?Forcenturies,peoplehavewonderedaboutthestrangethingsthattheydreamabout.Somepsychologistssaythatthisnighttimeactivityofthemindhasnospecialmeaning.Others，however，thinkthatdreamsareanimportantpartofourlives.Infact,manyexpertsbelievethatdreamscantellusaboutaperson’smindandemotions.Beforemoderntimes,manypeoplethoughtthatdreamscontainedmessagesfromGod.Itwasonlyinthetwentiethcenturythatpeoplestartedtostudydreamsinascientificway.TheAustrianpsychologist,SigmundFreud1，wasprobablythefirstpersontostudydreamsscientifically.Inhisfamousbook,TheinterpretationofDreams(1900),Freudwrotethatdreamsareanexpressionofaperson’swishes.Hebelievedthatdreamsallowpeopletoexpressthefeelings,thoughts,andfearsthattheyareafraidtoexpressinreallife.TheSwisspsychiatristCarlJung2wasonceastudentofFreud’s.Jung，however，hadadifferentideaaboutdreams.Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.Forexample,peoplewhodreamaboutfallingmaylearnthattheyhavetoohighanopinionofthemselves.Ontheotherhand,peoplewhodreamaboutbeingheroesmaylearnthattheythinktoolittleofthemselves.Modern-daypsychologistscontinuetodeveloptheoriesaboutdreams.Forexample,psychologistWilliamDomhofffromtheUniversityofCalifornia,SantaCruz，believesthatdreamsaretightlylinkedtoaperson’sdailylife,thoughts,andbehavior.Acriminal,forexample,mightdreamaboutcrime.Domhoffbelievesthatthereisaconnectionbetweendreamsandage.Hisresearchshowsthatchildrendonotdreamasmuchasadults.AccordingtoDomhoff,dreamingisamentalskillthatneedstimetodevelop.Hehasalsofoundalinkbetweendreamsandgender.Hisstudiesshowthatthedreamsofmenandwomenaredifferent.Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.3Domhofffoundthisgenderdifferenceinthedreamsofpeoplefrom11culturesaroundtheworld,includingbothmodernandtraditionalones.Candreamshelpusunderstandourselves?Psychologistscontinuetotrytoanswerthisquestionindifferentways.However,onethingtheyagreeonthis:Ifyoudreamthatsomethingterribleisgoingtooccur,youshouldn’tpanic.Thedreammayhavemeaning,butitdoesnotmeanthatsometerribleeventwillactuallytakeplace.It’simportanttorememberthattheworldofdreamsisnottherealworld.词汇：psychologist/saɪˈkɔlədʒɪst/n．心理学家psychiatrist/sai'kaiətrɪst/n．精神病学家(医生)Austrian/ˈɔstrɪən/adj．奥地利gender/ˈdʒendə/n．性别注释：1．SigmundFreud西格蒙德•弗洛伊德（1856—1939)，犹太人，奥地利精神病医生及精神分析学家。精神分析学派创始人。他认为被压抑欲望绝大部分是属于性，性扰乱是精神病根本原因。著有《性学三论》《梦释义》《图腾与禁忌》《日常生活心理病理学》《精神分析引论》《精神分析引论新编》等。2．CarlJung：卡尔•荣格，瑞士著名精神分析教授，分析心理学创始人。3．Forexample,thepeopleinmen’sdreamsareoftenothermen,andthedreamsofteninvolvefighting.Thisisnottrueofwomen’sdreams.比如，男人做梦会梦到男人，而且常与打斗关于；女人做梦与男人则不一样。练习：1．Noteveryoneagreesthatdreamsaremeaningful.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned2．AccordingtoFreud,peopledreamaboutthingsthattheycannottalkabout.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned3．Jungbelievedthatdreamsdidnothelponetounderstandoneself.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned4．Inthepast,peoplebelievedthatdreamsinvolvedemotions.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned5．AccordingtoDomhoff,babiesdonothavethesameabilitytodreamasadultsdo.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned6．Menandwomendreamaboutdifferentthings.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned7．Scientistsagreethatdreamspredictthefuture.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned答案与题解1．A这句话恰好表示了本文第一段意思。即有些心理学家认为，人脑睡眠中活动没有尤其意义；而有些人则认为，梦能够揭示人思维和情感。2．A第三段最终一句讲是弗洛伊德认为梦反应了人们在现实情况下害怕表示情感、想法或恐惧。此句与本叙述一致。3．B第四段第二句和第三句：Jungbelievedthatthepurposeofadreamwastocommunicateamessagetothedreamer.（荣格认为梦用途是向做梦者传递一个信息）Hethoughtpeoplecouldlearnmoreaboutthemselvesbythinkingabouttheirdreams.（他认为人们经过思索所做梦能够愈加好地了解自己）。他给出了两个例子来说明他论点。4．C文中没有提及。5．A依据第六段，Domhoff研究得出：婴儿不像成人做那么多梦，做梦是一个需要时间提升技能。这就说明了婴儿不具备成人做梦能力。6．A本文第七段讲述了做梦与性别关系。第二句更指出男人和女人做梦是不一样。7．B最终一段倒数第二句讲是：梦可能会有意义，但并不表示一些恐怖事情就一定会发生。因而不能预测未来。第十三篇 StageFright1Falldownasyoucomeonstage.That’sanoddtrick.Notrecommended.ButitsavedthepianistVladimirFeltsmanwhenhewasateenagerbackinMoscow.TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic,2Mr.Feltsmansaid,“Allmyfrightwasgone.Ialreadyfell.Whatelsecouldhappen?”Today,musicschoolsareaddressingtheproblemofanxietyinclassesthatdealwithperformancetechniquesandcareerpreparation.Thereareavarietyofstrategiesthatmusicianscanlearntofightstagefrightanditssymptoms:icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind.3Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout,4tomentaldiscipline,suchasvisualizingaperformanceandtakingstepstorelax.Don’tdenythatyou’rejittery，theyurge;someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.Andplayinpublicoften,simplyfortheexperience.PsychotherapistDianeNicholssuggestssomestrategiesforthemomentsbeforeperformance,“Taketwodeepabdominalbreaths,openupyourshoulders,thensmile,’’shesays.“Andnotoneofthese‘pleasedon’tkillme’smiles.Thenchoosethreefriendlyfacesintheaudience,peopleyouwouldcommunicatewithandmakemusicto,andmakeeyecontactwiththem.”Shedoesn’twantperformerstothinkoftheaudienceasajudge.Extremedemandsbymentorsorparentsareoftenattherootofstagefright，saysDorothyDelay,awell-knownviolinteacher.Shetellsotherteacherstodemandonlywhattheirstudentsareabletoachieve.WhenLynnHarrellwas20，hebecametheprincipalcellistoftheCleverlandOrchestra,andhesufferedextremestagefright.“ThereweretimeswhenIgotsonervousIwassuretheaudiencecouldseemychestrespondingtothethrobbing.Itwasjusttotalpanic.IcametoapointwhereIthought,‘IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”5Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible，andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.6Itisnotonlyyoungartistswhosuffer,ofcourse.ThelegendarypianistVladimirHorowitz’snerveswerefamous.ThegreattenorFrancoCorelliisanotherexample.“Theyhadtopushhimonstage,”SopranoRenataScottorecalled.Actually，successcanmakethingsworse.“Inthebeginningofyourcareer,whenyou’rescaredtodeath,nobodyknowswhoyouare,andtheydon’thaveanyexpectations,”SopranoJuneAndersonsaid.“There’slesstolose.Lateron,whenyou’reknown,peoplearecomingtoseeyou,andtheyhavecertainexpectations.Youhavealottolose.”Andersonadded，“IneverstopbeingnervousuntilI’vesungmylastnote.”词汇：veteran/ˈvetərən/adj．经验丰富jittery/ˈdʒɪtəri/adj．担心不安mentor/ˈmenˌtɔ:/n．指导者soprano/səˈprprɑ:nəʊ/n．女高音；女高音歌手cellist/ˈtʃelɪst/n．大提琴演奏家abdominal/æbˈdɔmənəl/adj．腹部fallible/ˈfæləbəl/adj．易犯错误tenor/'tenə/n．男高音注释：1．StageFright：舞台恐惧2．TheveterancellistMstislavRostropovichtrippedhimpurposelytocurehimofpre-performancepanic…资深大提琴家MstislavRostropovich有意把VladimirFeltsman绊倒，因而治愈了他上台前恐惧症。curesomebodyofsomething(illness,problem)：医治好病（处理问题）3．…itssymptoms：icyfingers,shakylimbs,racingheart,blankmind：舞台恐惧症状有手冰凉、身体颤动、心跳加紧和大脑一片空白。4．Teachersandpsychologistsofferwide-rangingadvice,frombasicslikelearningpiecesinsideout：老师和心理学家提出了方方面面提议，一些基础知识，比如将演奏曲目烂熟于心……insideout：ingreatdetail详细地，从里到外地5．IcametoapointwhereIthought，“IfIhavetogothroughthistoplaymusic,IthinkI’mgoingtolookforanotherjob.”我曾经一度认为，假如搞音乐就必须经过克服舞台恐惧这一关话，这项工作不能做。6．Recovery,hesaid,involveddevelopinghumility-recognizingthatwhateverhistalent,hewasfallible,andthatanimperfectconcertwasnotadisaster.不舞台恐惧意味着提升谦卑感，即认识到不论你多有才，你也会犯错，一个有瑕疵音乐会也绝对不是世界末日。练习：1．FallingdownonstagewasnotagoodwayforVladimirFeltsmantodealwithhisstagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned2．Therearemanysignsofstagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned3．Teachersandpsychologistscannothelppeoplewithextreme-stagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned4．Toperformwellonstage,youneedtohavesomefeelingsofexcitement.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned5．Ifyouhavestagefright,it'shelpfultohavefriendlyaudience.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned6．Oftenpeoplehavestagefrightbecauseparentsorteachersexpecttoomuchofthem.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned7．Famousmusiciansneversufferfromstagefright.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned答案与题解：1．B本文第一段讲是钢琴家VladimirFeltsman被MstislavRostropovich绊倒后，他舞台恐惧被治愈了故事。2．A第二段最终一句点出舞台恐惧很多症状为手冰凉、身体颤动、心跳加紧和大脑一片空白。3．B本文第三、四、五、六段都在讲老师和心理学家为舞台恐惧者提供全方位提议。4．A依据第三段倒数第二句：someexcitementisnatural,evennecessaryfordynamicplaying.(演出中激情是自然甚至是必要）5．C第四段提到克服舞台恐惧方法之一是：在观众中选择三位友好面孔，与他们用眼光交流。所以克服舞台恐惧要靠自己而不是指望全部观众都友好。6．A第五段讲了舞台恐惧根源在于指导者或父母对演出者要求太高。extremedemands就是expecttoomuchofthem意思。7．B第七段讲是：不只年轻艺术家有舞台恐惧症，钢琴家VladimirHorowitz和男高音FrancoCorelli亦不能幸免。Never一词不恰当。第十四篇 AzeriHillsHoldSecretofLongLifeYoucanseeforkilometersfromthemountainswhereAllahverdiIbadovherdshissmallflockofsheepamidaseaofyellow,red,andpurplewildflowers.TheviewfromAmburdereinsouthernAzerbaijantowardtheIranianborderisspectacular,butMr.Ibadovbarelygivesitasecondglance.Whyshouldhe?He’sbeencomingherenearlyeverydayfor100years.Accordingtohiscarefullypreservedpassport,Mr.Ibadov,whosebirthwasnotregistereduntilhewasatoddler,isatleast105yearsold.Hiswife,whodiedtwoyearsago,wasevenolder.Theyareamongthedozensofpeopleinthisbeautiful,isolatedregionwholiveextraordinarilylonglives.Mr.Ibadov’seldestsonhasjustturned70.Helostcountlongagoofhowmanygrandchildrenhehas.1“I’manoldmannowIlookafterthesheep,andIpreparethewoodforwinter.Istillhavesomethingtodo.“Alifetimeoftoil,itseems,takesveryfewpeopletoanearlygraveinthisregion.ScientistsadmitthereappearstobesomethingintheAzerimountainsthatgiveslocalpeoplealonger,healthierlifethanmost.MiriIsmailov’sfamilyinthetinyvillageofTatoniareconvincedthattheyknowwhatitis.Mr.Ismailovis110,hisgreat-great-grandsonisfour.Theyshareoneproudboast:Neitherhasbeentoadoctor.“Therearehundredsofherbsonthemountain,andweusethemallinourcookingandformedicines”;explainedMr.Ismailov’sdaughter,Elmira.“Weknowexactlywhattheycando.Weareourowndoctors.，’Thereisoneherbforhighbloodpressure，anotherforkidneystones，andathirdforahackingcough.Theyarecarefullycollectedfromtheslopessurroundingthevillage.ExpertsfromtheAzerbaijanAcademyofSciencebelievetheherbsmaybepartoftheanswer.Theyhavebeenstudyinglongevityinthisregionforyears.ItbeganasararejointSoviet-Americanprojectinthe1980s，butthesestudiesarenotbeingfundedanymore.Azeriscientistshaveisolatedatypeofsaffronuniquetothesouthernmountainsasonethingthatseemstoincreaselongevity.Anotherplant,madeintoapaste,dramaticallyincreasestheamountofmilkthatanimalsareabletoproduce.“Nowwehavetoexaminetheseplantsclinicallytofindoutwhichsubstanceshavethiseffect,”saidChingizGassimov,ascientistattheacademy.ThetheorythatlocalpeoplehavealsodevelopedageneticpredispositiontolonglifehasbeenstrengthenedbythestudyofagroupofRussianemigreswhoseancestorswereexiledtotheCaucasus200yearsago.2TheRussians’lifespanismuchshorterthanthatoftheindigenousmountainfolk—thoughitisappreciablylongerthanthatoftheirancestorsleftbehindintheRussianheartland.“Overthedecades，Ibelievelocalconditionshavebeguntohaveapositiveeffectonthenewarrivals”,ProfessorGassimovsaid.“It’sbeenslowlytransferreddownthegenerations.”ButMr.Ismailov,grippinghisstoutwoodencane,hasbeenaroundfortoolongtogetoverexcited.“There’snosecret,”heshruggeddismissively.“IlookafterthecattleandIeatwell.Lifegoeson.”词汇：herd/hə:d/vt．放牧boast/bəust/vt．以有……而自豪longevity/lɔnˈdʒeviti/n．长寿Caucasus/丨ˈkɔ:kəsəs/n．高加索Dismissively/dis'misivli/adv．轻蔑地spectacular/spekˈtækjulə/adj．壮观hackingcough干咳saffron/ˈsæfrən/n．藏红花indigenous/ɪnˈdɪdʒənəs/adj．本土注释：1．Helostcountlongagoofhowmanygrandchildrenhehas.他很久以前就数不清他有多少个孙辈孩子。lostcount：弄不清楚，数不清2．ThetheorythatlocalpeoplehavealsodevelopedageneticpredispositiontolonglifehasbeenstrengthenedbythestudyofagroupofRussianemigreswhoseancestorswereexiledtotheCaucasus200yearsago.当地人已经具备长寿遗传素质，一组关于俄罗斯移民研究证实了这一理论。他们祖先在两百年前被流放到高加索地域。geneticpredisposition：遗传素质练习：1．AmburdereisacityinSouthernAzerbaijan.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned2．AllahverdiIbadovdoesnotknowexactlyhowoldheis.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned3．Mr.Ibadovcan’tdoanykindofworkanymore.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned4．MiriIsmailov hasneverbeentoadoctorbuthisgreat-great-grandsonhas.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned5．Peopleinthis regionenjoyaeasyandrichlife.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned6．ElmiraIsmailovisadoctorwhousesherbsasmedicines.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned7．Scientiststhinkpeople’sgenesmightaffecthowlongtheylive.ARight BWrong CNotmentioned答案与题解：1．A从第一段第二句前半句TheviewfromAmburdereinsouthernAzerbaijantowardtheIranianborderisspectacular中AmburdereinsouthernAzerbaijan能够看出，Amburdere在Azerbaijan南部。2．A经过第三段第一句中Mr.Ibadov,whosebirthwasnotregistereduntilhewasatoddler以及atleast105yearsold能够断定，连他自己也不知道他确实切年纪。3．B从第四段Mr.Ibadov自己叙述：“I’manoldmannowIlookafterthesheep,andIpreparethewoodforwinter.Istillhavesomethingtodo.”能够看出，Ibadov依旧在劳作。4．B第六段讲是MiriIsmailov一家人都住在一个小山村里，他110岁，他玄孙4岁，他们有同一个引认为豪事：都没有看过医生。本句说Ismailov没有看过医生，而他玄孙看过医生。5．C句意思是：这个地域人们生活无忧无虑且富足。本文即使提到这个地域人们身体健康且长寿，但没有提及他们生活情况。6．B第六段和第七段即使讲我们是我们自己医生，这是一个比喻，意思是我们不用医生，我们吃东西（山上植物）具备保健作用。所以Elmira职业不是医生。7．A本句意思是：科学家们认为，基因可能影响人们寿命。第九段第一句所表示意思与本句相符：当地人具备了长寿遗传素质（geneticpredisposition)，他们具备长寿基因。第五部分补全短文第四篇 TheBilingualBrainWhenKarlKimimmigratedtotheUnitedStatesfromKorea’sateenager,hehadahardtimelearningEnglish.Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.1Asagraduatestudent,KimworkedinthelabofJoyHirsch,aneuroscientistinNewYork.____1____Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.TheresearchersusedaninstrumentcalledanMRI2(magneticresonanceimaging)scannertostudythebrainsoftwogroupsofbilingualpeople.____2____.Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho，likeKim，learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.PeoplefrombothgroupswereplacedinsidetheMRIscanner.ThisallowedKimandHirschtoseewhichpartsofthebrainweregettingmorebloodandweremoreactive.Theyaskedpeoplefrombothgroupstothinkaboutwhattheyhaddonethedaybefore,firstinonelanguageandthentheother.Theycouldn’tspeakoutloudbecauseanymovementwoulddisruptthescanning.KimandHirschlookedspecificallyattwolanguagecentersinthebrain-Broca'sarea3,whichisbelievedtocontrolspeechproduction,andWernicke’sarea3,whichisthoughttoprocessmeaning.KimandHirschfoundthatbothgroupsofpeopleusedthesamepartofWernicke'sareanomatterwhatlanguagetheywerespeaking.____3____PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguageaschildrenusedthesameregioninBroca’sareaforboththeirfirstandsecondlanguages.PeoplewholearnedasecondlanguagelaterinlifeusedadifferentpartofBroca’sareafortheirsecondlanguage.____4____Hirschbelievesthatwhenlanguageisfirstbeingprogrammedinyoungchildren,theirbrainsmaymixthesoundsandstructuresofalllanguagesinthesamearea.Oncethatprogrammingiscomplete,theprocessingofanewlanguagemustbetakenoverbyadifferentpartofthebrain.Asecondpossibilityissimplythatwemayacquirelanguagesdifferentlyaschildrenthanwedoasadults.Hirschthinksthatmothersteachababytospeakbyusingdifferentmethodsinvolvingtouch,sound,andsight.____5____词汇：immigrate/ˈɪmɪˌgreɪt/vt．使移居入境scanner/ˈskænə/n．扫描仪bilingual/baɪˈlɪŋgw(ə)l/adj．具备双语能力neuroscientist/'njʊərəʊ'saɪəntɪst/n.神经系统科学家unique/ju:ˈni:k/adj.独特disrupt/disˈrʌpt/使中止注释：1．Nowhespeaksitfluently,andhehadauniqueopportunitytoseehowourbrainsadapttoasecondlanguage.现在他说一口流利英语，而且有一独特机会来审阅我们大脑是怎样适应第二语言。adaptto：适应2．MRI(magneticresonanceimaging)：磁共振成像3．Bmca’sarea：布洛卡区，也译为布罗卡区是大脑一区，它主管语言讯息处理、话语产生。与Wernicke’sarea共同形成语言系统。布若卡区与韦尼克区通常位于脑部优势半脑(通常位于左侧），这是因为大多数人(97%)是右利缘故。1861年法国神经学家兼外科医生保罗。布罗卡（PaulBroca，1824—1880)对一些失语症患者进行研究及治疗时发觉此一区域，位于大脑皮层额下回后部44、45区，故以其发觉者名字命名为布罗卡区。练习：AButtheiruseofBroca’sareawasdifferent.BOnegroupconsistedofthosewhohadlearnedasecondlanguageaschildren.CHowdoesHirschexplainthisdifference?DWeusespecialpartsofthebrainforlanguagelearning.EAndthatisverydifferentfromlearningalanguageinahighschoolorcollegeclass.FTheirworkledtoanimportantdiscovery.答案与题解：1．F依照本空后一句：Theyfoundevidencethatchildrenandadultsdon’tusethesamepartsofthebrainwhentheylearnasecondlanguage.其中theyfoundevidence与discovery相呼应。2．B依据本空后一句Theotherconsistedofpeoplewho,likeKim,learnedtheirsecondlanguagelaterinlife.one...theother是一固定搭配，用来比较同类事物。3．A整段讲是Kim他们对大脑两个语言中心分析，得出两组被试都用Wernicke’sarea中同一地带，紧接着该谈被试们使用Broca’sarea情况。4．C本段开头谈到孩子学习第一和第二语言都用Broca’sarea相同地带；而成人学习第二语言时使用Broca’sarea不一样地带。后面都是Hirsch对这一现象解释；Hebelieves…依照上下文C是恰当。5．E该句是全文结束语。本段前两句都讲成年人与小孩习得语言不一样，Hirsch认为，母亲教小孩说话用不一样于成人方法，比如用触摸、声音和情景。Different是一关键词，所以，我们在中学和大学课堂学语言方法和母亲教孩子方法是不一样。第十篇 HowDeafnessMakesItEasiertoHearMostpeoplethinkofBeethoven’shearinglossasanobstacletocomposingmusic.However,heproducedhismostpowerfulworksinthelastdecadeofhislifewhenhewascompletelydeaf.Thisisoneofthemostgloriouscasesofthetriumphofwilloveradversity1,buthisbiographer,MaynardSolomon,takesadifferentview.____1____.InhisdeafworldBeethovencouldexperiment,freefromthesoundsoftheoutsideworld,freetocreatenewformsandharmonies.Hearinglossdoesnotseemtoaffectthemusicalabilityofmusicianswhobecomedeaf.Theycontinueto“hear”musicwithasmuch,orgreater,accuracythaniftheywereactuallyhearingitbeingplayed.____2____.Hedescribedafascinatingphenomenonthathappenedwithinthreemonths:“myformermusicalexperiencesbegantoplaybacktome.Icouldn’tdifferentiatebetweenwhatIheardandrealhearing.2Aftermanyyears,itisstillrewardingtolistentotheseplaybacks,to‘hear’musicwhichisnewtomeandtofindmanyquietaccompanimentsforallofmymoods.”Howisitthattheworldwesee，touch，hear，andsmellisboth“outthere”andatthesametimewithinus?Thereisnobetterexampleofthisconnectionbetweenexternalstimulusandinternalperceptionthanthecochlearimplant3.____3____.However,itmightbepossibletousethebrain’sremarkablepowertomakesenseoftheelectricalsignalstheimplantproduces.WhenMichaelEdgarfirst“switchedon”hiscochlearimplant,thesoundsheheardwerenotatallclear.Gradually,withmuchhardwork,hebegantoidentifyeverydaysounds.Forexample,“Theinsistentringingofthetelephonebecameclearalmostatonce.”Theprimarypurposeoftheimplantistoallowcommunicationwithothers.WhenpeoplespoketoEagar,heheardtheirvoices“comingthroughlikealong-distancetelephonecallonapoorconnection.”Butwhenitcametohisbelovedmusic,theimplantwasofnohelp.4____4____.Hesaid,“IplaythepianoasIusedtoandhearitinmyheadatthesametime.Themovementofmyfingersandthefeelofthekeysgiveadded‘clarity’tohearinginmyhead.Cochlearimplantsallowthedeaftohearagaininawaythatisnotperfect，butwhichcanchangetheirlives.____5____.EventhemostamazingcochlearimplantswouldhavebeenuselesstoBeethovenashecomposedhisNinthSymphonyattheendofhislife.词汇：obstacle/ˈɔbstək(ə)l/n．障碍biographer/baiˈɔɡrəfə/n．传记作者insistent/ɪnˈsɪst(ə)nt/adj．连续adversity/ædˈvə:sɪtɪ/n．逆境；不幸fascinate/ˈfæsɪneɪt/vt.使着迷，使神魂颠倒accompaniment/əˈkʌmp(ə)nim(ə)nt/n.伴奏注释：1．thetriumphofwilloveradversity：thesuccessfulovercomingofdifficultythroughdetermination用意志力成功战胜不幸2．Icouldn’tdifferentiatebetweenwhatIheardandrealhearing.我不能分辨我听到和真实声音有什么不一样。3．cochlearimplant：adevice,surgicallyplacedintheear,thatchangessoundsintoelectricsignals人工耳蜗；耳蜗植入4．Butwhenitcametohisbelovedmusic,theimplantwasofnohelp.不过，假如碰到钟爱音乐，人工耳蜗没有任何帮助。（我不用人工耳蜗就能听出来）5．Themovementofmyfingersandthefeelofthekeysgiveadded“clarity”tohearinginmyhead.因为我手指在钢琴上飞动，我能感觉到琴键，因而使我听到东西在脑海里愈加清楚。练习：ANoman-madedevicecouldreplacetheabilitytohear.BWhenhewantedtoappreciatemusic,Eagarplayedthepiano.CStill,asMichaelEagardiscovered,whenitcomestomusicalharmonies,hearingisirrelevant.DMichaelEagar,whodiedin,becamedeafattheageof21.EBeethovenproducedhismostwonderfulworksafterhebecamedeaf.FSolomonarguesthatBeethoven’sdeafness“heightened”hisachievementasacomposer.答案与题解：1．F本段开头讲：贝多芬例子是一个意志力战胜耳聋极好例子。不过，他传记作家MaynardSolomon却持不一样意见。贝多芬耳聋不是一个灾难；相反，对他成为作曲家起到了促进作用。后一句解释了耳聋怎样使贝多芬愈加好地创作。2．D该句是本段开头，依照后一句：他描述了在三个月之内发生奇妙现象：我先前音乐经历开始在我脑海里回放。再有后一句whatIheardandrealhearing能够判定D是恰当。3．A依据前一句：只有些人工耳蜗才能使外部刺激和内心感知联络起来（耳聋人经过人工耳蜗听到外部声音）。人工耳蜗就是一个man-madedevice，后一句也是在讲人工耳蜗功效。所以A是正确。4．B依据后一句playthepiano呼应Whenhewantedtoappreciatemusic,Eagarplayedthepiano，能够断定答案为B。5．C前一句讲人工耳蜗作用：它能使耳聋人听到声音，尽管不完美，但改变了他们生活；Still表示转折，该句承上启下，即使人工耳蜗能帮助耳聋人，但谈到音乐韵律时，听力是不相关（听力不起作用）。所以后一句讲贝多芬在他生命最终时刻创作第九交响乐时，不论多么完美人工耳蜗对他来说都没有用。第十四篇 AMemoryDrug?IT’SDIFFICULTTOIMAGINEMANYTHINGSthatpeoplewouldwelcomemorethanamemory-enhancingdrug.____1____Furthermore,suchadrugcouldhelppeoplerememberpastexperiencesmoreclearlyandhelpusacquirenewinformationmoreeasilyforschoolandatwork.Asscientistslearnmoreaboutmemory,weareclosinginonthistantalizinggoal.1SomeofthemostexcitingevidencecomesfromresearchthathasbuiltonearlierfindingslinkingLTP2andmemorytoidentifyagenethatimprovesmemoryinmice.____2____MicebredtohaveextracopiesofthisgeneshowedmoreactivityintheirNMDAreceptors，moreLTP，andimprovedperformanceonseveraldifferentmemorytasks—learningaspatiallayout3,recognizingfamiliarobjects，andrecallingafear-inducingshock.Ifthesebasicinsightsaboutgenes,LTP,andthesynapticbasisofmemorycanbetranslatedtopeople—andthatremainstobeseen—theycouldpavethewayformemory-enhancingtreatments.____3____Asexcitingasthismaysound,italsoraisestroublingissues.Considerthepotentialeducationalimplicationsofmemory-enhancingdrugs.Ifmemoryenhancerswereavailable,childrenwhousedthemmightbeabletoacquireandretainextraordinaryamountsofinformation,allowingthemtoprogressfarmorerapidlyinschoolthantheycouldotherwise.Howwellcouldthebrainhandlesuchanonslaughtofinformation?Whathappenstochildrenwhodon’thaveaccesstothelatestmemoryenhancers?Aretheyleftbehindinschool—andasaresulthandicappedlaterinlife?____4____Imaginethatyouareapplyingforajobthatrequiresagoodmemory，suchasamanageratatechnologycompanyorasalespositionthatrequiresrememberingcustomers’namesaswellastheattributesofdifferentproductsandservices.Wouldyoutakeamemory-enhancingdrugtoincreaseyourchancesoflandingtheposition?Wouldpeoplewhofeltuncomfortabletakingsuchadrugfindthemselvescutoutoflucrativecareeropportunities?Memorydrugsmightalsohelptakethestingoutofdisturbingmemoriesthatwewishwecouldforgetbutcan’t.4ThehitmovieEt