改变人类的发明英文版

Here4isthefactor,sothatfoeeachpoundofincreasedfixedweight,theatqManeweightincrease*byfourpoundsloflythesame(kstance.Also,notethatthe(tefxxninatorcouldapproachzeroiftheproblemistoodifficult.Thisisanessentialissueforaermpaccsystems.Weightcontrolanditsaccurateestimationindesignarcveryimportant.

Oneofthegreatestinventionsthatchangedourlives Airplane

Forthousandsofyears,ourancestorshaddreamedtoflylikebirds.Finallyoneday,thedreamcametrue.Nowadays,wecanflyfasterthanbirds,wecanflyfurtherthanbirds,andwecanflyhigherthanbirds.Nomatterhowfarthedestinationwas,nomatteritwasabusinesstriportraveling,wewenttherebyairplanes.Airplaneshavechangedourlives.Itdeliveredconveniencetous.Well,hereweare.

Earlyhistory

Cayley'sfirstinnovationwastostudythebasicscienceofliftbyadoptingthewhirlingarmtestrigforuseinaircraftresearchandusingsimpleaerodynamicmodelsonthearm,ratherthanattemptingtoflyamodelofacompletedesign.In1799hesetdowntheconceptofthemodernairplaneasafixed-wingflyingmachinewithseparatesystemsforlift,propulsion,andcontrol.In1804Cayleyconstructedamodelgliderwhichwasthefirstmodernheavier-than-airflyingmachine,havingthelayoutofaconventionalmodernaircraftwithaninclinedwingtowardsthefrontandadjustabletailatthebackwithbothtailplaneandfin.Amovableweightallowedadjustmentofthemodel'scenterofgravity.In1848hehadprogressedfarenoughtoconstructagliderintheformofatriplanelargeandsafeenoughtocarryachild.Alocalboywaschosenbuthisnameisnotknown.Hewentontopublishin1852thedesignforafull-sizemannedglideror"governableparachute"tobelaunchedfromaballoonandthentoconstructaversioncapableoflaunchingfromthetopofahill,whichcarriedthefirstadultaviatoracrossBromptonDalein1853.Attheageofsteam,Henson's1842designforanaerialsteamcarriagebrokenewgrounddrawingdirectlyfromCayley'swork.Althoughonlyadesign,itwasthefirstinhistoryforapropeller-drivenfixed-wingaircraft.

TheWrightBrothers

Usingamethodologicalapproachandconcentratingonthecontrolabilityoftheaircraft,thebrothersbuiltandtestedaseriesofkiteandgliderdesignsfrom1900to1902

beforeattemptingtobuildapowereddesign.Theglidersworked,butnotaswellastheWrightshadexpectedbasedontheexperimentsandwritingsoftheir19th-centurypredecessors.Theirfirstglider,launchedin1900,hadonlyabouthalftheliftthey

anticipated.Theirsecondglider,builtthefollowing

year,performedevenmorepoorly.Asaresult,theWrightscorrectedearliermistakesincalculationsregardingdragandlift.Theirtestingandcalculatingproducedathirdgliderwithahigheraspectratioandtruethree-axiscontrol.Theyflewitsuccessfullyhundredsoftimesin1902,anditperformedfarbetterthanthepreviousmodels.Byusingarigoroussystemofexperimentation,involvingwind-tunneltestingofairfoilsandflighttestingoffull-sizeprototypes,theWrightsnotonly

builtaworkingaircraft,theWrightFlyer,butalso

helpedadvancethescienceofaeronauticalengineering.AccordingtotheSmithsonianInstitutionandFederationAeronautiqueInternationale(FAI),theWrightsmadethefirstsustained,controlled,poweredheavier-than-airmannedflightatKillDevilHills,NorthCarolina,fourmiles(8km)southofKittyHawk,NorthCarolinaonDecember17,1903.ThefirstflightbyOrvilleWright,of120feet(37m)in12seconds,wasrecordedinafamousphotograph.Inthefourthflightofthesameday,WilburWrightflew852feet(260m)in59seconds.Theflightswerewitnessedbythreecoastallifesavingcrewmen,alocalbusinessman,andaboyfromthevillage,makingthesethefirstpublicflightsandthefirstwell-documentedones.TheWrightscontinuedflyingatHuffmanPrairienearDayton,Ohioin1904-05.InMay1904theyintroducedtheFlyerII,aheavierandimprovedversionoftheoriginalFlyer.OnJune23,1905theyfirstflewathirdmachine,theFlyerIII.Afteraseverecrashon14July1905,theyrebuilttheFlyerIIIandmadeimportantdesignchanges.Theyalmostdoubledthesizeoftheelevatorandrudderandmovedthemabouttwicethedistancefromthewings.Theyaddedtwofixedverticalvanes(called"blinkers")betweentheelevators,andgavethewingsaveryslightdihedral.Theydisconnectedtherudderfromthewing-warpingcontrol,andasinallfutureaircraft,placeditonaseparatecontrolhandle.Whenflightsresumedtheresultswereimmediate.TheseriouspitchinstabilitythathamperedFlyersIandIIwassignificantlyreduced,sorepeatedminorcrasheswereeliminated.FlightswiththeredesignedFlyerIIIstartedlastingover10minutes,then20,then30.FlyerIIIbecamethefirstpracticalaircraft(thoughwithoutwheelsandneedinga

launchingdevice),flyingconsistentlyunderfullcontrolandbringingitspilotbacktothestartingpointsafelyandlandingwithoutdamage.On5October1905,Wilburflew24miles(39km)in39minutes23seconds."AccordingtotheApril1907issueoftheScientificAmericanmagazine,theWrightbrothersseemedtohavethemostadvancedknowledgeofheavier-than-airnavigationatthetime.However,thesamemagazineissuealsoclaimedthatnopublicflighthadbeenmadeintheUnitedStatesbeforeitsApril1907issue.Hence,theydevisedtheScientificAmericanAeronauticTrophyinordertoencouragethedevelopmentofaheavier-than-airflyingmachine.

Inconclusion,withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,modernairplaneswillbeFaster,Higher,andsaferinthefuture.Thankyou!

ABriefAirplaneHistory(TimeLine)

1901 Firstsuccessfulflyingmodelpropelledbyaninternalcombustionengine

SamuelPierpontLangleybuildsagasoline-poweredversionofhistandem-winged"Aerodromes."thefirstsuccessfulflyingmodeltobepropelledbyaninternalcombustionengine.Asearlyas1896helaunchessteam-propelledmodelswithwingspansofupto15feetonflightsofmorethanhalfamile.

1903

Firstsustainedflightwithapowered,controlledairplane

WilburandOrvilleWrightofDayton,Ohio,completethefirstfoursustainedflightswithapowered,controlledairplaneatKillDevilHills,4milessouthofKittyHawk,NorthCarolina.Ontheirbestflightoftheday,Wilburcovers852feetoverthegroundin59seconds.In1905theyintroducetheFlyer,theworld'sfirstairplane.

1904

Conceptofafixed"boundarylayer"describedinpaperbyLudwigPrandtl

GermanprofessorLudwigPrandtlpresentsoneofthemostimportantpapersinthehistoryofaerodynamics,aneightdocumentdescribingtheconceptofafixed"boundarylayer,"themolecularlayerofaironthesurfaceofanaircraftwing.Overthenext20yearsPrandtlandhisgraduatestudentspioneertheoreticalaerodynamics.

ctica

1910 Firsttakeofffromaship

EugeneElypilotsaCurtissbiplaneonthefirstflighttotakeofffromaship.InNovemberhedepartsfromthedeckofacruiseranchoredinHamptonRoads,Virginia,andlandsonshore.InJanuary1911hetakesofffromshoreandlandsonashipanchoredoffthecoastofCalifornia.Hooksattachedtotheplane'slandinggear,aprimitiveversionofthesystemofarrestinggearandsafetybarriersusedonmodernaircraftcarriers.

1914

Automaticgyrostabilizerleadstofirstautomaticpilot

LawrenceSperrydemonstratesanautomaticgyrostabilizeratLakeKeuka,Hammondsport,NewYork.Agyroscopelinkedtosensorskeepsthecraftlevelandtravelinginastraightlinewithoutaidfromthehumanpilot.TwoyearslaterSperryandhisinventorfather,Elmer,addasteeringgyroscopetothestabilizergyroanddemonstratethefirst"automaticpilot."

1914-1918

Dramaticimprovementsinstructuresandcontrolandpropulsionsystems

DuringWorldWarI,therequirementsofhigherspeed,higheraltitude,andgreatermaneuverabilitydrivedramaticimprovementsinaerodynamics,structures,andcontrolandpropulsionsystemdesign.

1915

NationalAdvisoryCommitteeforAeronautics

CongresscharterstheNationalAdvisoryCommitteeforAeronautics,afederalagencytospearheadadvancedaeronauticalresearchintheUnitedStates.

1917

TheJunkersJ4,anall-metalairplane,introduced

HugoJunkers,aGermanprofessorofmechanicsintroducestheJunkersJ4,anall-metalairplanebuiltlargelyofarelativelylightweightaluminumalloycalledduralumin.

1918

Airmailserviceinaugurated

TheU.S.PostalServiceinauguratesairmailservicefromPoloGroundsinWashington,D.C.,onMay15.Twoyearslater,onFebruary22,1920,thefirsttranscontinentalairmailservicearrivesinNewYorkfromSanFranciscoin33hoursand20minutes,nearly3daysfasterthanmaildeliverybytrain.

1919

U.S.NavyaviatorsmakethefirstairplanecrossingoftheNorthAtlantic

U.S.NavyaviatorsinCurtissNC-4flyingboats,ledLt.Cdr.AlbertC.Read,makethefirstairplanecrossingoftheNorthAtlantic,flyingfromNewfoundlandtoLondonwithstopsintheAzoresandLisbon.AfewmonthslaterBritishCapt.JohnAlcockandLt.AlbertBrownmakethefirstnonstoptransatlanticflight,fromNewfoundlandtoIreland.

1919

PassengerserviceacrosstheEnglishChannelintroduced

BritainandFranceintroducepassengerserviceacrosstheEnglishChannel,flyinginitiallybetweenLondonandParis.1919thefirstnonstoptransatlanticflight,fromNewfoundlandtoIreland.

1925-1926

Introductionoflightweight,air-cooledradialengines

Theintroductionofanewgenerationoflightweight,air-cooledradialenginesrevolutionizesaeronautics,makingbigger,fasterplanespossible.

1927

FirstnonstopsoloflightacrosstheAtlantic

OnMay21,CharlesLindberghcompletesthefirstnonstopsoloflightacrosstheAtlantic,traveling3,600milesfromNewYorktoParisinaRyanmonoplanenamedtheSpiritofSt.LoO_sJune29,AlbertHegenbergerandLesterMaitlandcompletethefirstflightfromOakland,California,toHonolulu,Hawaii.At2,400milesitisthelongestopen-seaflighttodate.

1928

Firstelectromechanicalflightsimulator

EdwinA.LinkintroducestheLinkTrainer,thefirstelectromechanicalflightsimulator.Mountedonabasethatallowsthecockpittopitch,roll,andyaw,theseground-basedpilottrainershaveclosedhoodsthatforceapilottorelyoninstruments.TheflightsimulatorisusedforvirtuallyallU.S.pilottrainingduringWWII.

1933

Douglasintroducesthe12-passengertwinengineDC-1

InthatsummerDouglasintroducesthe12-passengertwin-engineDC-1,designedbyaeronauticalengineerArthurRaymondforacontractwithTWA.Akeyrequirementisthattheplanecantakeoff,fullyloaded,ifoneenginegoesout.InSeptembertheDC-1joinstheTWAfleet,followed2yearslaterbytheDC-3,thefirstpassengerairlinercapableofmakingaprofitforitsoperatorwithoutapostalsubsidy.TheDC-3'srangeofnearly1,500milesismorethandoublethatoftheBoeing247.AstheC-47itbecomestheworkhorseofWWII.

1933

Firstmoderncommercialairliner

InFebruary,Boeingintroducesthe247,atwin-engine10-passengermonoplanethatisthefirstmoderncommercialairliner.Withvariable-pitchpropellers,ithasaneconomicalcruisingspeedandexcellenttakeoff.Retractablelandinggearreducesdragduringflight.

1935

Firstpracticalradar

BritishscientistSirRobertWatson-Wattpatentsthefirstpracticalradar(forradiodetectionandranging)systemformeteorologicalapplications.DuringWorldWarIIradarissuccessfullyusedinGreatBritaintodetectincomingaircraftandprovideinformationtointerceptbombers.

1935

Firsttranspacificmailservice

PanAmericaninauguratesthefirsttranspacificmailservice,betweenSanFranciscoandManila,onNovember22,andthefirsttranspacificpassengerserviceinOctoberthefollowingyear.Fouryearslater,in1939,PanAmandBritain'sImperialAirwaysbeginscheduledtransatlanticpassengerservice.

1937

Jetenginesdesigned

JetenginesdesignedindependentlybyBritain'sFrankWhittleandGermany'sHansvonOhainmaketheirfirsttestruns.(Sevenyearsearlier,Whittle,ayoungRoyalAirForceofficer,filedapatentforagasturbineenginetopoweranaircraft,buttheRoyalAirMinistrywasnotinterestedindevelopingtheideaatthetime.Meanwhile,GermandoctoralstudentVonOhainwasdevelopinghisowndesign.)Twoyearslater,onAugust27,thefirstjetaircraft,theHeinkelHE178,takesoff,poweredbyvonOhain'sHES-3engine.

1939

Firstpracticalsinglerotorhelicopters

RussianemigreIgorSikorskydevelopstheVS-300helicopterfortheU.S.Army,oneofthefirstpracticalsinglerotorhelicopters.

1939-1945

WorldWarIIspursinnovation

Aworldwaragainspursinnovation.TheBritishdevelopairplane-detectingradarjustintimefortheBattleofBritain.AtthesametimetheGermansdevelopradiowavenavigationtechniques.Thebothsidesdevelopairborneradar,usefulforattackingaircraftatnight.Germanengineersproducethefirstpracticaljetfighter,thetwin-engineME262,whichfliesat540milesperhour,andtheBoeingCompanymodifiesitsB-17intothehigh-altitudeFlyingFortress.Lateritmakesthe141-foot-wingspanlong-rangeB-29Superfortress.InBritaintheInstrumentLandingSystem(ILS)forlandinginbadweatherisputintousein1944.

1947

Soundbarriorbroken

U.S.AirForcepilotCaptainCharles"Chuck"YeagerbecomesthefastestmanalivewhenhepilotstheBellX-1fasterthansoundforthefirsttimeonOctober14overthetownofVictorville,California.

1949

Firstjet-poweredcommercialaircraft

TheprototypeDeHavillandCometmakesitsfirstflightonJuly27.ThreeyearslatertheCometstartsregularpassengerserviceasthefirstjet-poweredcommercialaircraft,flyingbetweenLondonandSouthAfrica.

1950s

B-52bomber

BoeingmakestheB-52bomber.Ithaseightturbojetengines,intercontinentalrange,andacapacityof500,000pounds.

1952

Discoveryofthearearuleofaircraftdesign

RichardWhitcomb,anengineeratLangleyMemorialAeronauticalLaboratory,discoversandexperimentallyverifiesanaircraftdesignconceptknownasthearearule.Arevolutionarymethodofdesigningaircrafttoreducedragandincreasespeedwithoutadditionalpower,thearearuleisincorporatedintothedevelopmentofalmosteveryAmericansupersonicaircraft.Helaterinventswinglets,whichincreasethelift-to-dragratiooftransportairplanesandothervehicles.

1963

Firstsmalljetaircrafttoentermassproduction

TheprototypeLearjet23makesitsfirstflightonOctober7.PoweredbytwoGECJ610turbojetengines,itis43feetlong,withawingspanof35.5feet,andcancarrysevenpassengers(includingtwopilots)inafullypressurizedcabin.Itbecomesthefirstsmalljetaircrafttoentermassproduction,withmorethan100soldbytheendof1965.

1969

Boeing747

Boeingconductsthefirstflightofawide-body,turbofan-poweredcommercialairliner,the747,oneofthemostsuccessfulaircrafteverproduced.

1976

ConcordeSSTintroducedintocommercialairlineservice

TheConcordeSSTisintroducedintocommercialairlineservicebybothGreatBritainandFranceonJanuary21.Itcarriesahundredpassengersat55,000feetandtwicethespeedofsound,makingtheLondontoNewYorkrunin3.5hours—halfthetimeofsubsoniccarriers.Butthecostperpassenger-mileishigh,ensuringthatflightsremaintheprivilegeofthewealthy.AfteraConcordeaccidentkillseveryoneonboardinJuly2000,theplanesaregroundedformorethanayear.FlightsresumeinNovember2001,butwithpassengerrevenuefallingandmaintenancecost