阅读快速提分精读团正课第3节

什么才是真正的难文章和难题飞跃742Endless Endless

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nn社区；团体；(生物)n Endless

n nvt n.同意 adj EndlessTheinhabitantsoftheAleutianislandsrenamedtheirislands‘Aleyska’.Alaska'sfisheriesareownedbysomeofthelargestLifeinAlaskaisdependentonNinetypercentofallPacificsalmoncaughtaresockeyeorpinksalmon. EndlessMorethan320,000tonnesofsalmonwerecaughtAlaskainBetween1940and1959,therewasasharpdecreaseinAlaska'ssalmonpopulation.Duringthe1990s,theaveragenumberofcaughteachyearwas100 EndlessQuestions TheinhabitantsoftheAleutianislandstheirislandsTheislands'nativeinhabitantscalledthislandmassAleyska,the‘GreatLand';today,weknowitas EndlessQuestions Alaska'sfisheriesareownedbysomeofthelargestTakingadvantageofthisrichbounty,Alaska'scommercialfisherieshavedevelopedintosomeofthelargestintheworld. EndlessQuestions LifeinAlaskaisdependenton‘Salmon,'noteswriterSusanEwinginTheGreatAlaskaNatureFactbook,‘pumpthroughAlaskalikebloodthroughaheart,bringingrhythmic,circulatingnourishmenttoland,animalsandpeople.' EndlessQuestions NinetypercentofallPacificsalmoncaughtsockeyeorpinkAllfivespeciesofPacificsalmon-chinook,orking;chum,ordog;coho,orsilver;sockeye,orred;andpink,orhumpback-spawn**inAlaskanwaters,and90%ofallPacificsalmoncommerciallycaughtinNorthAmericaareproducedthere. EndlessQuestions Morethan320,000tonnesofsalmonwereinAlaskainDuring2000,commercialcatchesofPacificsalmoninAlaskaexceeded320,000tonnes,withanex-vesselvalueofover$US260million. EndlessQuestions Between1940and1959,therewasadecreaseinAlaska'ssalmonBetween1940and1959,overfishingledtocrashesinsalmonpopulationssoseverethatin1953Alaskawasdeclaredafederaldisasterarea. EndlessQuestions Duringthe1990s,theaveragenumberofcaughteachyearwas100Duringthe1990s,annualharvestswerewellinexcessof100million,andonseveraloccasionsover200millionfish.

EndlessInAlaska,biologistskeepacheckonadultBiologistshavetheIn-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagementhasallowedtheAlaskasalmonfisheriesTheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)wasAsaresultofthecollapseofthesalmonrunsin1999,thestateInSeptember2000,theMSCallowedsevenAlaska

EndlessAtorecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.Ito zeahugenumberofsalmoneggs.J.todenycertificationtotheAlaskaK.toclosedownall EndlessQuestions InAlaska,biologistskeepacheckonadultTheprimaryreasonforsuchincreasesiswhatisknownas‘In-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagement'.Therearebiologiststhroughoutthestateconstantlymonitoringadultfishastheyshowuptospawn.Thebiologistssitinstreamsidecountingtowers,studysonar,watchfromaero nes,andtalktofishermen.ThesalmonseasoninAlaskaisnotpre-set.

EndlessAtorecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.Ito zeahugenumberofsalmoneggs.J.todenycertificationtotheAlaskaK.toclosedownall EndlessQuestions BiologistshavetheThefishermenknowtheapproximatetimeofyearwhentheywillbeallowedtofish,butonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaparticularareacanputahalttofishing.Evensportfishingcanbebroughttoahalt.ItisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedAlaskasalmonstocks-and,accordingly,Alaskasalmonfisheries-toprosper,evenassalmonpopulationsintherestoftheUnitedStatesareincreasinglyconsideredthreatenedorevenendangered.

EndlessAtorecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.Ito zeahugenumberofsalmoneggs.J.todenycertificationtotheAlaskaK.toclosedownall EndlessQuestions In-SeasonAbundance-BasedManagementhasallowedtheAlaskasalmonfisheriesThefishermenknowtheapproximatetimeofyearwhentheywillbeallowedtofish,butonanygivenday,oneormorefieldbiologistsinaparticularareacanputahalttofishing.Evensportfishingcanbebroughttoahalt.ItisthismanagementmechanismthathasallowedAlaskasalmonstocks-and,accordingly,Alaskasalmonfisheries-toprosper,evenassalmonpopulationsintherestoftheUnitedStatesareincreasinglyconsideredthreatenedorevenendangered.

EndlessAtorecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.Ito zeahugenumberofsalmoneggs.J.todenycertificationtotheAlaskaK.toclosedownall EndlessQuestions TheMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)wasIn1999,theMarineStewardshipCouncil(MSC)***commissionedareviewoftheAlaskasalmonfishery.TheCouncil,whichwasfoundedin1996,certifiesfisheriesthatmeethighenvironmentalstandards,enablingthemtousealabelthatrecognisestheirenvironmentalresponsibility.TheMSChasestablishedasetofcriteriabywhichcommercialfisheriescanbejudged.

EndlessAtorecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.Ito zeahugenumberofsalmoneggs.J.todenycertificationtotheAlaskaK.toclosedownall EndlessQuestions Asaresultofthecollapseofthesalmonrunsin1999,thestatedecidedThecrisiswascomple yunexpected,butresearchersbelieveithadnothingtodowithimpactsoffisheries.Rather,theycontend,itwasalmostcertainlytheresultofclimaticshifts,promptedinpartbycumulativeeffectsoftheelniño/laniñaphenomenononPacificOceantemperatures,culminatinginaharshwinterinwhichhugenumbersofsalmoneggswerefrozen.Itcouldhavemeanttheendasfarasthecertificationprocesswasconcerned.However,thestatereactedquickly,closingdownallfisheries,eventhosenecessaryforsubsistencepurposes.

EndlessAtorecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.Ito zeahugenumberofsalmoneggs.J.todenycertificationtotheAlaskaK.toclosedownall EndlessQuestions InSeptember2000,theMSCallowedsevenAlaskasalmoncompaniesInSeptember2000,MSCannouncedthattheAlaskasalmonfisheriesqualifiedforcertification.SevencompaniesproducingAlaskasalmonwereimmedia ygrantedpermissiontodis ytheMSClogoontheirproducts.Certificationisforaninitialperiodoffiveyears,withanannualreviewtoensurethatthefisheryiscontinuingtomeettherequiredstandards.

EndlessAtorecognisefisheriesthatcareforthetobetostopfishfromtosetupenvironmentalprotectiontostoppeoplefishingfortolabeltheirproductsusingtheMSCGtoensurethatfishnumbersaresufficienttopermitHtoassistthesubsistencecommunitiesintheregion.Ito zeahugenumberofsalmoneggs.J.todenycertificationtotheAlaskaK.toclosedownall723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportProject723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportSectionco-

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n nn繁殖；饲养；教养adj.担负得起费用的adj.增补的；补充的723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransport MIRTPasafutureIdentifyingthemaintransportPreferenceformotorised 'InitialimprovementsinmobilityandtransportRequestforimprovedtransportinMakete(Section723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransport TransportimprovementsinthenorthernpartofImprovementsintherailEffectsofinitialMIRTPmeasures(SectionCo-operationofdistrictRoleofwheelbarrowsand723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionWhentheprojectbegan,MaketeDistrictwasvirtuallytotallyisolatedduringtherainyseason.Theregionalroadwasinsuchbadshapethataccesstothemaintownswasimpossibleforaboutthreemonthsoftheyear.Roadtrafficwasextremelyrarewithinthedistrict,andalternativemeansoftransportwererestrictedtodonkeysinthenorthofthedistrict.Peoplereliedprimarilyonthepaths,whichwereslipperyanddangerousduringtherains.723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionBeforesolutionscouldbeproposed,theproblemshadtounderstood.Littlewasknownaboutthetransportdemandsoftheruralhouseholds,soPhaseⅠ,betweenDecember1985andDecember1987,focusedonresearch.Thesocio-economicsurveyofmorethan400householdsinthedistrictindicatedthatahouseholdinMaketespent,onaverage,sevenhoursadayontransportingthemselvesandtheirgoods,afigurewhichseemedextremebutwhichhasalsobeenobtainedinsurveysinotherruralareasinAfrica.723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionInterestingfactsregardingtransportwerefound:95%wasonfoot;80%waswithinthelocality;and70%wasrelatedtothecollectionofwaterandfirewoodandtravellingtogrindingmills.ListofMIRTPasafutureIdentifyingthemaintransportPreferenceformotorised 'InitialimprovementsinmobilityandtransportRequestforimprovedtransportinTransportimprovementsinthenorthernpartoftheImprovementsintherailEffectsofinitialMIRTPRoleofwheelbarrowsand723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionHavingdeterminedthemaintransportneeds,solutionswereidentifiedwhichmightreducethetimeandburden.DuringPhaseⅡ,fromJanuarytoFebruary1991,anumberofapproacheswereimplementedinanefforttoimprovemobilityandaccessto723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionAnimprovementoftheroadnetworkwasconsiderednecessarytoensuretheimportandexportofgoodstothedistrict.Theseimprovementswerecarriedoutusingmethodsthatwereheavilydependentonlabour.Inadditiontotheimprovementofroads,thesemethodsprovidedtrainingintheoperationofamechanicalworkshopandbusandtruckservices.However,thedifferencefromtheconventionalapproachwasthatthistimeconsiderationwasgiventolocaltransportneedsoutsidetheroadnetwork.723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionMostgoodsweretransportedalongthepathsthatprovideshort-cutsupanddownthehillsides,butthepathswerearealsafetyriskandmadethejourneyonfootevenmorearduous.Itmadesensetoimprovethepathsbybuildingsteps,handrailsandfootbridges.723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionmostappropriatefortheinhabitantsItwasmontofindmeansoftransportthatweremoreefficientthanwalkingbutlesstechnologicallyadvancedthanmotorvehicles.Theuseofbicycleswasconstrainedbytheirmostappropriatefortheinhabitants723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionAftercarefulconsideration,theprojectchosethepromotionofdonkeys-adonkeycostslessthanabicycle-andtheintroductionofalocallymanufacturablewheelbarrow.ListofMIRTPasafutureIdentifyingthemaintransportPreferenceformotorised 'InitialimprovementsinmobilityandtransportRequestforimprovedtransportinTransportimprovementsinthenorthernpartoftheImprovementsintherailEffectsofinitialMIRTPRoleofwheelbarrowsand723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionItwouldhavebeeneasytocriticisetheMIRTPforusingintheearlyphasesa‘top-down'approach,inwhichdecisionsweremadebyexpertsandofficialsbeforebeinghandeddowntocommunities,butitwasnecessarytostarttheprocessfromthelevelofthe ofthedistrict.Itwouldhavebeendifficulttorespondtotherequestsofvillagersandotherruralinhabitantswithoutthesupportandunderstandingofdistrict ListofMIRTPasafutureIdentifyingthemaintransportPreferenceformotorised 'InitialimprovementsinmobilityandtransportRequestforimprovedtransportinTransportimprovementsinthenorthernpartoftheImprovementsintherailEffectsofinitialMIRTPRoleofwheelbarrowsand723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions SectionToday,nobodyinthedistrictarguesabouttheimportanceofimprovedpathsandinexpensivemeansoftransport.Butthisistheresultofdedicatedworkoveralongperiod,particularlyfromtheofficersinchargeofcommunitydevelopment.Theyyedanessentialroleinraisingawarenessandinterestamongtheruralcommunities.ListofMIRTPasafutureIdentifyingthemaintransportPreferenceformotorised 'InitialimprovementsinmobilityandtransportRequestforimprovedtransportinTransportimprovementsinthenorthernpartoftheImprovementsintherailEffectsofinitialMIRTPRoleofwheelbarrowsand723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransport MIRTPwasdividedintofivePriortothestartofMIRTPtheMaketedistrictwasalmostinaccessibleduringtherainyseason.PhaseIofMIRTPconsistedofasurveyofexpenditureonThesurveyconcludedthatone-fifthor20%ofthetransportrequirementasoutsidethelocalMIRTPhopedtoimprovethemovementofgoodsfromMaketedistricttothecountry'scapital.723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions MIRTPwasdividedintofiveLittlewasknownaboutthetransportdemandsoftheruralhouseholds,soPhaseⅠ,betweenDecember1985andDecember1987,focusedonresearch.DuringPhaseⅡ,fromJanuarytoFebruary1991,anumberapproacheswereimplementedinanefforttoimproveandaccesstoPhaseⅢ,fromMarch1991toMarch1993,focusedonrefinementandinstitutionalisationofthese723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions PriortothestartofMIRTPtheMaketedistrictwasalmostinaccessibleduringtherainyseason.SectionB第1Whentheprojectbegan,MaketeDistrictwastotallyisolatedduringtherainy723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions PhaseIofMIRTPconsistedofasurveyofhouseholdexpenditureontransport.SectionB第2Thesocio-economicsurveyofmorethan400householdsinthedistrictindicatedthatahouseholdinMaketespent,onaverage,sevenhoursadayontransportingthemselvesandtheirgoods,afigurewhichseemedextremebutwhichhasalsobeenobtainedinsurveysinotherruralareasinAfrica.723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions Thesurveyconcludedthatone-fifthor20%ofthehouseholdtransportrequirementasoutsidethelocalarea.SectionB第2Interestingfactsregardingtransportwerefound:95%wasonfoot;80%waswithinthelocality;and70%wasrelatedtothecollectionofwaterandfirewoodandtravellingtogrindingmills.723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransportQuestions MIRTPhopedtoimprovethemovementofgoodsfromMaketedistricttothecountry'scapital.SectionHavingdeterminedthemaintransportneeds,solutionswereidentifiedwhichmightreducethetimeandburden.DuringPhaseⅡ,fromJanuarytoFebruary1991,anumberofapproacheswereimplementedinanefforttoimprovemobilityandaccessto723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransport Constructionoffootbridges,stepsandFrequentbreakdownofbusesandtrucksinTheimprovementofsecondaryroadsandTheisolationofMaketeforpartofthe723MaketeIntegratedRuralTransport providedthepeopleofMaketewithexperienceinrunningbusandtruckservices.wasespeciallysuccessfulinthenorthernpartofdifferedfromearlierphasesinthatthebecameless