概要写作微技能

概要写作微技能2《考试说明》对概要写作四个评价维度对原文要点的理解和呈现情况；应用语法结构和词汇的准确性；上下文的连贯性；对各要点表达的独立性情况。学生概要写作的困境不能提取主要信息和次要信息，特别是在没有主题句的情况下不能有效独立表达要点和主次信息独立表达要点时语言简单或单调如何提取主题句概要写作体裁一般为说明文或议论文。主题句通常可以通过以下方式来寻找：①段首主题句：开门见山地提出问题，后面的扩展句围绕主题句加以说明、支持、补充和解释是英文写作最常见的形式。②段中主题句。段中主题句起承上启下的作用,这类主题句多起转折作用,用于引起下文。③段尾主题句：段尾主题句用于总结、归纳全段的内容。④无主题句：有些段落没有明确的主题句，要求学生用分析、归纳和推理的方式来找关键信息，概括主题句。案例分析:找主题句

Researcherswhouseanimalsinpsychologicalexperimentsmustmakeeveryefforttominimize(最小化)discomfort,illness,andpain.Andproceduresthatcauseanimalsgreatsufferingarepermittedonlywhennootherprocedureisavailable.Moreover,therearefederalregulationsstatinghowanimalsaretobehoused,fed,andpreserved.Notonlymustresearcherstryveryhardtoavoidcausingphysicaldiscomfort,theyarealsorequiredtopromotethepsychologicalwell-beingofsomespeciesofresearchanimals,suchasmonkeys.Whyshouldanimalsbeusedforresearchinthefirstplace?Isitreallypossibletolearnabouthumanbehaviorfromtheresultsofresearchemployingratsandpigeons?Theansweristhatpsychologicalresearchthatdoesemployanimalshasadifferentfocusandisdesignedtoanswerdifferentquestionsthanresearchthatuseshumans.Forexample,theshorterlifespanofanimals(ratsliveanaverageoftwoyears)allowsresearcherstolearnabouttheeffectsofaginginamuchsmallerperiodthantheycouldbyusinghumanparticipants.Moreover,someprinciplesofbehavioraresimilaracrossspecies,andsosomebasicbehavioralphenomenacanbestudiedmoresimplyinanimals.Finally,somestudiesrequirelargenumbersofparticipantsthatsharesimilarbackgroundsorhavebeenexposedtoparticularenvironments—conditionsthatcouldnotpracticallybemetwithhumanbeings.Researchusinganimalshasprovidedpsychologistswithinformationthathasgreatlybenefitedhumans.Forexample,itprovidedthekeystonoticingeyedisordersinchildrenearlyenoughtopreventpermanentdamageDespitethevalueofresearchwithanimalparticipants,theuseofanimalsinpsychologicalresearchishighlycontroversial.Forexample,somecriticsbelievethatanimalshaverightsnolesssignificantthanthoseofhumans,andthatbecauseanimalsareunabletoagreetoparticipationinstudies,theiruseisnotmoral.Othersobjecttotheuseofanimalsonmethodological(方法论的)grounds,sayingitisimpossibletogeneralizefromfindingonnonhumanspeciestohumans.无主题句如何提取主次信息如何提取主要信息：有明确主题句的情况下，一般主题句就是主要关键信息，如没有主题句，那么学生可以分析段落中句群之间的逻辑关系来归纳主题句，段落句群逻辑关系常见的有并列、递进、转折、因果、解释、目的和例证等逻辑关系。如何提取次要信息：为让概要更加精准和充实，我们通常要寻找一些次要信息来支持、说明主要关键信息。提取次要信息的常见策略有：①看转折关系中的前部分信息。②看条件关系中的条件信息。③看说明和论证作用的例子。④看引入主题的信息。⑤看段首或标题的设问。案例分析

Researcherswhouseanimalsinpsychologicalexperimentsmustmakeeveryefforttominimize(最小化)discomfort,illness,andpain.Andproceduresthatcauseanimalsgreatsufferingarepermittedonlywhennootherprocedureisavailable.Moreover,therearefederalregulationsstatinghowanimalsaretobehoused,fed,andpreserved.Notonlymustresearcherstryveryhardtoavoidcausingphysicaldiscomfort,theyarealsorequiredtopromotethepsychologicalwell-beingofsomespeciesofresearchanimals,suchasmonkeys.Whyshouldanimalsbeusedforresearchinthefirstplace?Isitreallypossibletolearnabouthumanbehaviorfromtheresultsofresearchemployingratsandpigeons?Theansweristhatpsychologicalresearchthatdoesemployanimalshasadifferentfocusandisdesignedtoanswerdifferentquestionsthanresearchthatuseshumans.Forexample,theshorterlifespanofanimals(ratsliveanaverageoftwoyears)allowsresearcherstolearnabouttheeffectsofaginginamuchsmallerperiodthantheycouldbyusinghumanparticipants.Moreover,someprinciplesofbehavioraresimilaracrossspecies,andsosomebasicbehavioralphenomenacanbestudiedmoresimplyinanimals.Finally,somestudiesrequirelargenumbersofparticipantsthatsharesimilarbackgroundsorhavebeenexposedtoparticularenvironments—conditionsthatcouldnotpracticallybemetwithhumanbeings.Researchusinganimalshasprovidedpsychologistswithinformationthathasgreatlybenefitedhumans.Forexample,itprovidedthekeystonoticingeyedisordersinchildrenearlyenoughtopreventpermanentdamageDespitethevalueofresearchwithanimalparticipants,theuseofanimalsinpsychologicalresearchishighlycontroversial.Forexample,somecriticsbelievethatanimalshaverightsnolesssignificantthanthoseofhumans,andthatbecauseanimalsareunabletoagreetoparticipationinstudies,theiruseisnotmoral.Othersobjecttotheuseofanimalsonmethodological(方法论的)grounds,sayingitisimpossibletogeneralizefromfindingonnonhumanspeciestohumans.

如何提取主次信息段落主要信息原因分析次要信息原因分析Para.1

Para.2

Para.3Para.4

①Researcherswhouseanimalsinpsychologicalexperiments...minimizediscomfort,illness,andpain;②procedures...arepermitted;③Federalregulations根据and,moreover衔接词可知第一段前三句为并列关系，都是对动物做心理实验时应遵守的规则①avoidcausingphysicaldiscomfort...②promotethepsychologicalwell-being...第四句是说明性句子，主要阐述段落主题的目的psychologicalresearchthatdoesemployanimalshasadifferentfocusandisdesignedtoanswerdifferentquestions根据why和theansweristhat可知这一句为段中主题句①learnabouttheeffectsofaginginamuchsmallerperiod②somebasicbehavioralphenomenacanbestudiedmoresimply③participants…couldnotpracticallybemetwithhumanbeings.解读句群逻辑后发现本段主要信息为focus和questions,根据Forexample例证关系可知smallerperiod,moresimply,practically为并列关系，说明具体的focus和questionResearchusinganimalshasprovidedpsychologistswithinformationthathasgreatlybenefitedhumans.段首主题句，根据forexample可知，后面的内容用来例证主题Noticeeyedisorders...preventpermanentdamage根据本段forexample后例子来论证主题Theuseofanimalsinpsychologicalresearchishighlycontroversial.段首主题句,根据前文despite转折和后文的forexample例证来判断①thevalueofresearch②haverightsnolesssignificant…theiruseisnotmoral③methodologicalgrounds…impossibletogeneralize.①根据despite转折关系判断thevalueofresearch为次要信息；②根据后两句话中的forexample,some...that...andthat...others...这一例证和指代逻辑判断nolesssignificant,notmoral,impossibletogeneralize为次要信息，说明Controversial的具体内容独立表达主次信息要点段落要点Para.One主次信息主要信息:①Researcherswhouseanimalsinpsychologicalexperiments...minimizediscomfort,illness,andpain;②procedures...arepermitted;③Federalregulations次要信息:①avoidcausingphysicaldiscomfort...②promotethepsychologicalwell-being...概要技能Para.One要点①同类概括：结构解读发现minimizesuffering，procedure,regulations为近意同类，可高度概括为rules.②语意转换：avoidanimals’discomfort可语意转换为helpanimalsavoidsufferings.③改变句式结构：为减少字数whouseanimals这一定语从句可简化为非谓语usinganimalsResearchersusinganimalsinpsychologicalexperimentsmustfollowsomeproceduresandrules

tohelpanimalsavoidphysicalandpsychologicalsufferings.独立表达主次信息要点段落要点Para.two主次信息主要信息:psychologicalresearchthatdoesemployanimalshasadifferentfocusandisdesignedtoanswerdifferentquestions次要信息:①learnabouttheeffectsofaginginamuchsmallerperiod;②somebasicbehavioralphenomenacanbestudiedmoresimply;③participants…couldnotpracticallybemetwithhumanbeings.概要技能Para.two要点①句式变换:定语从句thatdoesemployanimals可变换为非谓语句式employinganimals.②同义替换:employanimals可替换为useanimals.③明确指代：learnabouthumanbehaviorsmoreeffectively,moresimplyandmorepractically具体指代主题句的focus和questions④语意转换:inamuchsmallerperiod可语意转换为moreeffectively或simplifyperiod.Psychologicalresearchesusinganimalswanttolearnabouthumanbehaviorsmoreeffectively,moresimplyandmorepractically.独立表达主次信息要点段落要点Para.three主次信息主要信息:Researchusinganimalshasprovidedpsychologistswithinformationthathasgreatlybenefitedhumans.次要信息:Noticeeyedisorders...preventpermanentdamage概要技能Para.three要点①高度归纳：主次信息为例证目的关系，故可用likepreventingeyedisorders来例证归纳。②句式变换:providepsychologistswithinformation可变换句式为providetheinformationforpsychologists或变换为被动结构psychologistscanbeprovidedwithinformation③同义转换:provide可转换为offer.④词性变换:benefit可变换词性为beneficialorforthebenefitof.Researchusinganimalsoffersinformationtopsychologistsforthebenefitofhumanslikepreventingeyedisorders.独立表达主次信息要点段落要点Para.four主次信息主要信息:Theuseofanimalsinpsychologicalresearchishighlycontroversial.次要信息：①thevalueofresearch;②haverightsnolesssignificant…theiruseisnotmoral;③methodologicalgrounds…impossibletogeneralize.概要技能Para.four要点①同义替换:ishighlycontroversial可同义替换为hascausedsharparguments.②反向表达:notgeneral可用imperfectmethod来互译。③词性变换:immoral可转换为immorality，value该为形容词valuable④明确指代:controversial指代的是animals’equalrights,research’simmorality和imperfectmethod.Althoughtheresearchisvaluable,theuseofanimalsinpsychologicalresearchhascausedsharpargumentsforanimals’equalrightsandresearch’simmoralityaswellasimperfectmethod.onepossibleversion

Researchersusinganimalsinpsychologicalexperimentsmustfollowsomeproceduresandrulestohelpanimalsavoidphysicalandpsychologicalsufferings（要点1）.Theresearchmakespsychologistsabletolearnabouthumanbehaviors

moreeffectively,moresimplyandmorepractically（要点2）.Italsooffersinformationtopsychologistsforthebenefitofhumanslikepreventingeyedisorders（要点3）.Theresearchisv