第九章库存决策

库存决策CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.Chapter9每一个管理上的失误最后都会变成库存。“Everymanagementmistakeendsupininventory.”MichaelC.BergeracFormerChiefExecutiveRevlon,Inc.1产品计划三角形ProductinthePlanningTriangleCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.PLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransportStrategy•Transportfundamentals•TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals•Theproduct•Logisticsservice•Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy•Forecasting•Inventorydecisions•Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions•Storagefundamentals•StoragedecisionsLocationStrategy•Locationdecisions•Thenetworkplanningprocess计划组织控制TransportStrategy•Transportfundamentals•TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals•Theproduct•Logisticsservice•Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy•Forecasting•Inventorydecisions•Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions•Storagefundamentals•StoragedecisionsLocationStrategy•Locationdecisions•Thenetworkplanningprocess库存战略预测客户服务目标采购和供应时间决策存储基础知识存储决策产品物流服务订单管理和信息系统库存决策运输战略运输基础知识运输决策选址战略选址决策网络规划流程2InventoryDecisionsinStrategyCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.PLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransportStrategy•Transportfundamentals•TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals•Theproduct•Logisticsservice•Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy•Forecasting•Inventorydecisions•Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions•Storagefundamentals•StoragedecisionsLocationStrategy•Locationdecisions•ThenetworkplanningprocessPLANNINGORGANIZINGCONTROLLINGTransportStrategy•Transportfundamentals•TransportdecisionsCustomerservicegoals•Theproduct•Logisticsservice•Oc.&info.sys.InventoryStrategy•Forecasting•Inventorydecisions•Purchasingandsupplyschedulingdecisions•Storagefundamentals•StoragedecisionsLocationStrategy•Locationdecisions•Thenetworkplanningprocess3CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.什么是库存WhatareInventories?库存就是在企业生产和物流渠道中各点堆积的原材料、供给品、零部件、半成品和成品。4CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.WhereareInventories?MaterialsourcesInboundtransportationProductionOutboundtransportationFinishedgoodswarehousingCustomersInventorylocationsFinishedgoodsShippingInventoriesin-processReceivingProductionmaterials9-4原料来源生产内向运输外向运输成品储存客户原材料半成品成品库存选址5CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.9.1对库存的评述9.1.1库存原因ReasonsforInventories1.改善客户服务2.降低成本首先，保有库存可以使生产的批量更大、批次更少，运作水平更高，因而产生经济效益其次，保有库存有助于实现采购和运输中的成本节约第三，先期购买可以在当前交易的低价位购买额外数量的产品。第四，抵销生产和运输过程中的不确定性第五，应付突发事件。6CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.9.1对库存的评述9.1.1库存原因ReasonsforInventoriesImprovecustomerserviceProvidesimmediacyinproductavailabilityEncourageproduction,purchase,andtransportation economiesAllowsforlongproductionrunsTakesadvantageofprice-quantitydiscountsAllowsfortransporteconomiesfromlargershipmentsizesActasahedgeagainstpricechangesAllowspurchasingtotakeplaceundermostfavorableprice termsProtectagainstuncertaintiesindemandandleadtimesProvidesameasureofsafetytokeepoperations runningwhendemandlevelsandleadtimescannotbeknown forsureActasahedgeagainstcontingenciesBuffersagainstsucheventsasstrikes,fires,and disruptionsinsupply7CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.9.1.2反对保有库存的原因ReasonsAgainstInventories第一，库存被认为是一种浪费第二，库存可能掩盖质量问题第三，保有库存鼓励人们以独立的观点来看待物流渠道整体的管理问题8CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.9.1.2反对保有库存的原因ReasonsAgainstInventoriesTheyconsumecapitalresourcesthatmightbeputto betteruseelsewhereinthefirmTheytoooftenmaskqualityproblemsthatwouldmore immediatelybesolvedwithouttheirpresenceTheydivertmanagement’sattentionawayfromcareful planningandcontrolofthesupplyanddistribution channelsbypromotinganinsularattitudeabout channelmanagement9流通渠道Pipeline（Inventoriesintransit）投机SpeculativeGoodspurchasedinanticipationofpriceincreases定期性或周期性特征Regular/Cyclical/SeasonalInventoriesheldtomeetnormaloperatingneeds安全SafetyExtrastocksheldinanticipationofdemandand leadtimeuncertainties仓耗Obsolete/DeadStockInventoriesthatareoflittleornovalueduetobeing outofdate,spoiled,damaged,etc.9.2库存类型TypesofInventories10持久性需求PerpetualdemandContinueswellintotheforeseeablefuture季节性需求SeasonaldemandVarieswithregularpeaksandvalleysthroughout theyear尖峰需求LumpydemandHighlyvariable规律性需求RegulardemandNothighlyvariable(3<Mean)终端需求TerminatingdemandDemandgoesto0inforeseeablefuture派生需求DeriveddemandDemandisdeterminedfromthedemandofanother itemofwhichitisapart9.3库存管理类型的分类9.3.1需求特点NatureofDemandAccuratelyforecastingdemandissinglythemostimportantfactoringoodinventorymanagement11CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.拉动式库存管理法Pull基于每个仓库的特定需求以一定的订货批量补足库存每一个存储点独立Eachstockinglocationisconsideredindependent最大化控制库存Maximizeslocalcontrolofinventories推动式库存管理法Push根据总需求分配产品到库存点鼓励规模生产准时生产制Just-in-time同步库存流量以满足需求Attemptstosynchronizestockflowssoastojust

meetdemandasitoccurs最小化库存Minimizestheneedforinventory9.3.2管理思想InventoryManagementPhilosophies12CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.拉动式库存管理法PullDrawsinventoryintothestockinglocationEachstockinglocationisconsideredindependentMaximizeslocalcontrolofinventories推动式库存管理法PushAllocatesproductiontostockinglocationsbasedon overalldemandEncourageseconomiesofscaleinproduction准时生产制Just-in-timeAttemptstosynchronizestockflowssoastojust meetdemandasitoccursMinimizestheneedforinventory9.3.2管理思想InventoryManagementPhilosophies13CR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.供给驱动Supply-Driven供应量和时间未知Supplyquantitiesandtimingareunknown所有的供应必须接受和处理Allsupplymustbeacceptedandprocessed通过需求控制库存Inventoriesarecontrolledthroughdemand联合控制AggregateControl项目分类项目组根据基于80-20法则确定的销售水平为3个或以上的产品组合允许不同的库存策略9.3.2管理思想InventoryManagementPhilosophies14PlantWarehouse#1Warehouse#2Warehouse#3A1A2A3A=AllocationquantitytoeachwarehouseQ=Requestedreplenishmentquantity

byeachwarehouseQ1Q2Q3DemandforecastDemandforecastDemandforecastPULL-ReplenishinventorywithordersizesbasedonspecificneedsofeachwarehousePUSH

-Allocatesupplytoeachwarehousebasedontheforecastforeachwarehouse拉动式或推动式库存管理思想Pullvs.PushInventoryPhilosophiesCR(2004)PrenticeHall,Inc.9-11推动式——基于每个仓库的预测将供给分配给各个仓库拉动式——基于每个仓库的特定需求以一定订货批量补足库存A—将产品分配到各个仓库Q—每个仓库需要的补货量159.袖3.啊3产遥品汇妙总程花度多数采库存茄管理蜡是针周对每欢一种时产品栽的库仿存进絮行控陕制。抢——搁自下运而上隶法另一攻种方掘法是末管理烫一类痒产品衬而不梳是管窝理单杂独一挽种产拼品—沟—自久上而翅下法169.恢3.饲4多啦层级幼库存供应等链管回理鼓睛励管属理者叮将供证应渠救道中剑更多絮的部懒分包迅括到割计划透过程吹中来芝，供目应渠硬道中占多个显层级朱的库乘存也纹成为钥核心妨问题忙。179.莲3.太5虚丛拟库催存虚拟桶库存谜即将依自己倚将来合所可封能需询要而吴又没怖有的健东西价的所谦有相深关信犁息建梨立档饿案，椒包括酒品名伐规格醉价格挤数量陕等，眼在需宫要时俊能使昏用上厌。189.旱4库载存目冷标In杯ve搭nt犹or院y起Ma续na饿ge忘me夏nt快O史bj木ec上ti爸ve丈sGo团od钱i没nv掘en狭to成ry貌m姥an摩ag马em谊en治t渴is针a条c粒ar盟ef趣ul投b栋al识an颤ci蛾ng宋a招ct绣b状et你we野en嫩s泻to混ck隙a别va遭il叼ab烦il插it纵y慕an合d售th跑e康co顶st肆o斯f娃ho怎ld柔in统g烘in捧ve兰nt岭or刚y.CustomerService,

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