英语构词法归纳总结

英语构词法英语主要有三种构词法：转化、派生和合成，下面简明介绍一下这三种构词法。转化构词法：有大量动词能够转化为名词，有时意思没有太大改变：Letmehaveatry.我来试一试。Westoppedthereforaswim.Hewentoffataruntoconsultadoctor.Thisisforwinterwear.Don’tmakeittootight.Ilikeaquietreadaftersupper。Thiswasagreatsurprise（strike，shock）tomybrother.Havealook（chat，talk，wash，swim，rest，try，quarrel，smoke，lie，read，run，dream，fight，walk，ride，drink，laugh，dance，bathe，wish，win，fear，love，debate，dispute，interview，taste，etc）Makeastudy（guess，visit，call，survey，jump，slip，change，search，stay，smart，answer，reply，remark，fight，arrest，appeal，purchase，sacrifice，demand，show，deal，attempt，attack，advance，etc）Cometoastop（end，pause）有时意思有一定改变：Hewasaboutthesamebuildashisbrother.他体形和他哥哥差不多。Lastyear`scatchwasfourtimesthatof1986.去年打鱼量为1986年四倍。Thiswasadecisivemove.这是一个决定性步骤。Theycanbeusedasastockfeed.它们能够作为牲畜饲料。Womenhaveaequalsayineverything.妇女在各方面都有一样讲话权。Hewontwogames；theothertwoweredraws.他赢了两局，另外两局打平了。也有相当多名词能够当动词用。许多表示物件名词能够用做动词来表示动作。Haveyoubookedyourticket？Whochairedthemeeting？Hepinnedgreathopesonus.Itcanseatathousandpeople.Wehavemappedoutplansfortheirutilization.ItpicturesthelifeofoverseasChinesestudents.Hehurriedlypenciledthetimeonit.Bynoonhehadbaggedthreehares.Themachinebottles15000jarsofcoldcreamaday.Themoneywasallpocketedbycorruptofficials.Hehammeredanailintothewall.有些表示身体部位名词也能够用来做动词。Handinyouexercise-books，please.We’llbackyouup.Weshoulddaretofaceanydifficultyanddanger.Whoheadedthedelegation.（当团长）。We’llheadedforYunnantomorrow.Weshouldshouldertheseresponsibilities.（担负）Shefingeredthesilkgently.（抚摩）Soontheseedingsshotupandbegantoear.（抽穗）I’mneverinterestedinnosingoutthedetailsofsomeoneelse’sprivatelife.（探听）Theyeyedhimwithsuspicion.（注视）一些表示一类人名词也可用做动词：Ifso，weshallbebadlyfooled.（上当）Heinsistedonstayinguptonursethechild.（护理）Wewerehostedbymembersoftheembassy.（款待）Ouraimistosavethepatientandnottodoctorhimtodeath.（医治）Theequipmentwasmannedbythreeworkerspershift.（操作）HehassoldieredinFranceinhisyouth.（当兵）Thearmywasofficeredbybravemen.（担任军官）Hefatheredmanyinventions.（有过）一些表示其余实物名词也可用做动词：Eachapartmentcanhouseafamilyofsix.（居住）Ihopewecanroomtogether.（住）Thishelpedtobridgeoverourdifficulties.（度过）Theyfloweredwellbutborelittlefruit.（开花）Heflooredtheroom.（装地板）Hemanuredthesoilbeforesowing.（施底肥）Anaeroplanewasusedtodustinsecticide.（喷洒）Wedecidedtodamtheriver.（筑河坝）Heisbusyoilingthebicycle.（上油）Hewolfeddownthreegreatbowlsofrice.（狼吞虎咽）Thepilliscoatedwithsugar.（包有糖衣）Executives，workersandtechniciansteamup.（组织在一起）另外，还有一些抽象名词等也能够用做动词：Wheredoswallowswinter？（过冬）WesummeredbyLakeGeneva.（度夏）Forsixdaysandnightstheybattledtosavehislife.（苦战）Throughmychildhood，Ihadhungeredforeducation.（期望）Thissoangeredusthatwebeathimup.（使生气）Theattackmustbeproperlytimed.（选择时间）Theactuallaborforcenumbered1.（计数有）Theybreakfasted（lunched）attheguesthouse.（吃早饭）Over1000studentsstormedintotheSenatebuilding.（冲进）有不少形容词也能够用做动词：Thetrainsloweddowntohalfitsspeed.（减慢二分之一）Thisisthechiefwayofnarrowingthedifferencesbetweenthem.（缩小）Pleasewarmupthedishoverthestove.（热一下）Theroomgraduallyquieteddown.（平静下来）Theyperiodicallythinnedoutleaves.（打掉）Wrongsmustberightedwhentheyarediscovered.（纠正）Nothingdriessoonerthanatear.（干）。Shellywasunabletocalmher.Theresultshumbledhim.（失体面）Don’tidleawayyourtime.（白白混掉）Theybravedthebittercoldtocompletetherailway.（不顾）MostoftheseriversemptyintothePacificOcean.（流入）Headjustedthelatheandreadiedthecuttingtool.（准备好）Shebusiedherselfwithhouseholdwork.Don’tdirtyyourclothes.Theyfinallyfreedthemselvesfromslavery.Onlythuscanwebetterthelifeofthepeople.Hefelthimselfwronged.（受了委屈）Hishairisbeginningtogrey.Thenewspaperhadbeenyellowedbysunlight.Heloweredhisvoice.另外有个别其余词类词可用做动词：Thishelpedtofurthertheirunity.（促进adv---v）Truthwillout.（大白adv---v）3000workerstheredownedtools.（放下工具罢工adv---v）Pleaseforwardthelettertomynewaddress.（转寄adv---v）Shewilloffanddoherownthings.（走掉adv---v）Isecondthemotion.（同意num---v）有不少形容词可用做名词：Noblesconstitutedsevenpercentofthepopulation.（贵族）Hedidn’twanttodisturbthequietneededbythepatients.（平静环境）He’sadear.WhenisyourFrenchoral？（口语课）Theirjoblesstotal（总数）reachedarecordhigh（高峰）since1940.Thereisonlyoneblackinmyclass.Sheisinvestigatingtheancients’conceptionoftheuniverse.（古人）Heisanaturalforthejob.（天生适合……人）Itisnecessarytomakeadistinctionbetweenrightandwrong.Theyarerunninginthefinal.Oursix-year-oldisatschool.Inshort，forshort，ingeneral，forfree，inred，inpublic，incommon，inparticular等.另外，还有个别其余转化情况：Thisisarepeatperformanceoftheiroldpolicy.（故伎重演）Theyheldafancydressball.（化装）Webegantomarchnorth.Hisargumentscontainstoomanyifsandbuts.Thisbookisamustforstudentsofelectronics.（必读书）Haveyouconsideredthewhyandhowoftheplan？Haveyouhadamedicalyet？（检验身体）有一些词能够词形不变用作另一词类，不过重音发生改变.Digestexportimportincreasepermitpresentprogressproducerecordrefusesuspecttransportperfectcontentdeserttransport等另外有些词经过改变词尾清浊音来改变词类，有拼写无改变，有拼写发生改变：use---useexcuse---excusehouse---housemouth---mouthpractice---practiseadvice—advisebelief—believegrief---grievehalf---halvesrelief—relievethief-----theft---thievereceipt—receiveweight—weighhalf—halvecomplaint—complain还有一些词转化为另一词时元音或拼法也发生了改变：bath---bathebreath---breatheblood---bleedfood—feedgold—gildproof---provespeech—speaktale—tellsale—selllose---lossfill—fullchoose---choice派生构词法：派生构词法主要是有词根加后缀组成。组成名词后缀惯用有下面这些：-er加在动词后表示人：adviserannouncerthinkeradmirerbakerbarberfounderlearnerplayerbabysittereye-openerspeakeremployertrainerpeace-loverdeer-hunterwood-cutterlandownermoneylenderonlookerminerpasser-bysupporterbread-winnerlabourerdesignerschool-leaverlawyermanager(经理)passenger(旅客)beggar加在动词后表示工具或物品：air-conditionercan-openercookerharvestereraserdrawerdusterrecordertelephone-receivertimercounterpain-killerbestsellercontainerbest-sellerheater(加热器)posterrollerreminder加在名词形容词后表示人：villagerbankerfarmerLondonerNewZealanderownerstrangerforeignersouthernerteenagerphotographeroutsiderislandermillergardener,messenger-oractorsailortransistorsemi-conductorinventorgovernoroperatoreditorvisitorelevatorcalculatorprofessordirectorcollectorcompetitorinspectornavigator-arbeggar,liar,scholar,burglar-istMarxistartistpianistsocialistcommunistcapitalistdentistscientisttouristtypistspecialist教授novelisttourist-eeemployeetraineetrustee（理事）addressee（收件人）referee（裁判）intervieweeappointee（被任命人）-eerpioneerengineerprofiteer（投机商）mountaineervolunteer-esshostessactresswaitresslionesstigressprincessgoddessempressheiressmistresspoetesspriestessshepherdessfairness-ianmagicianmusiciantechnicianphysicianpoliticianlibrariancomedian,pedestrian-iercashiersoldierfinancierpremier-aryrevolutionary,secretary-eseChineseJapanesePortuguesePekinese-antdependantinhabitantcontestantattendant（服务员）servant,immigrant,inhabitant,assistant,descendant-entagent,president,resident,student,correspondent-mansportsmanseamanfiremansalesmanspokesmanstatesmanfishermancountrymanpostman-ismsocialismMarxismracismheroismoptimism-nessillnesssicknesshappinessgreatnesscoldnesskindnessgoodnessdarknesssadnessbitternesscarelessnessloneliness-（a）tiondictationpreparationoperationliberationexceptionrepetitionpronunciationdescriptionexplanationsuggestionattentionintentionintroductiondirectionseparationmodernizationconsiderationinvitationcollectionprotectioncompetitionrecognitiontranslationrealizationimaginationreductionadditionpollutionexhibitionconnectionconstructiondeterminationinterruptioncongratulationsatisfactionrelaxationreflectionreceptionexceptionsituation(形势，情况)temptation-iondiscussionrevisiondecisionexpansionpersuasioncomparisonpermissionexpressionpossessionexplosionadmissionimpression-mentdevelopmentdisagreementagreementjudgmentmovementargumentgovernmentdisappointmentastonishmentamazementemploymentpunishmentimprovementencouragementmanagementenjoymentexcitementsettlementtreatmentannouncementrequirementrefreshmentstatementbasemententertainmentassignment-ingbuildingsmokingreadingswimmingfeelingpaintingweddingfreezingsleep-pillsclose-plantingdeep-ploughingEnglish-speakingsight-seeingfarminggardeningprintingearningssavingsweddingsurroundingfittingsgreetingbodybuildingagingblessingthanksgiving-shipleadershipfriendshipscholarshiphardshipcitizenshipmembershipwarshipseamanshipownershipcompanionshiprelationshipworship-hoodchildhoodboyhoodfalsehood（谬误）likelihood（可能性）motherhood（母性，为母之道）brotherhood-agemarriagecarriageshortageleakage（泄露）baggageadvantagepassagestoragepercentagepackage包装advantage-urefailurepressurepleasureseizure（抓，没收）mixturemoisturesignaturearchitecturecreaturedepartureliterature-domfreedomkingdomofficialdom（官僚作风）wisdom-tysafetycruelty（残酷）loyalty（忠诚）penalty（处罚）varietyquality(质量)certaintypovertyanxiety-ityactivityrealityhumidity（湿度，潮湿）possibilityelectricitynationalitymajorityminoritydisabilityequalitysecuritynecessity-y（ry）difficultyslaverydiscoveryinquiry（质询，调查）modestyhonestyjewelrybribery（贿赂，行贿）rivalry（竞争，敌对）scenerybraveryrecoveryentrytreatyrobberymysteryluxurybraverymachineryscenerypoetrybakerygrocerycemeterybrewery-thtruthwarmthhealthlengthstrengthwidthdepthgrowthdeathbreadthwidth-alarrivalrefusaldenial（否定，拒绝）approval（认可，赞成）burialtrialindustrial-ance（ence）acceptanceallowanceassistancereliancedifferencedependenceconfidencereferenceperformanceappearanceoccurrenceexistenceobedienceentranceremembranceintelligence(智力)experience经验appliance(用具器具)insurancenuisance-fulmouthfulhandfulplatefulbusfulspadefulbowlfulbasketful-ettecigarettekitchenette-letbooklet（小册子）leaflet（传单）piglet（小猪）starlet（小星星，小明星）-cesilencedifferenceimportanceconveniencedistancepatience-icejustice正义,service服务组成形容词惯用后缀：-fulcheerfulusefulgratefulfaithfulwonderfulbeautifulcarefulhelpfulfearfulpainfulpurposelythoughtfulhopefulplentifulpitifulcolourfulregretfulawful-lesscarelesshomelessfearlesshelplesshomelessstarlessmotherlessuselesspricelessvaluelessharmlessshamelessmeaninglessthoughtlesspowerlesswindlessspeechlesswirelessnamelessendlesslawlesscloudlesscolourlesshopelessfruitlesscheerlessdoubtlessformlesspennilessflightlessaimlessodorlessregardlessrestlessshapeless-ishfoolishchildish(幼稚)selfishSwedishfeverish（狂热）EnglishScottishSpanishbookish(好读书)mannishbrownishreddishyellowish-iveactivecollectivedecisivedestructiveinstructiveprogressiveattractiveeffectivecreativeexpensiveinteractive(互动)sensitivepassiveconservativeprogressive-ouscourageous（勇敢）dangerousfamouscontinuousgenerous（慷慨）religiouszealous（热心）poisonousspacious（广大，大规模）prosperous（繁荣）infamous（声名狼藉）variousmountainouscuriousprosperouszealousenviousspaciouscautioustremendousgloriousnumerousjealous-ableacceptableagreeablecomfortableunforgettablewashablevaluablereparablereasonablereliablesuitableremarkablebelievablenumerablepassablepracticableexcusableeatableevitablemoveableestimablenotablelaughabledependableescapableconsiderabledoubtablenoticeableinevitableprofitabledurable(耐久)comparableportable-iblesensibleresponsiblepermissiblevisibleterriblehorribleinflexibleflexiblecomprehensibleaudibleadmissibleincredibleindigestible-icrealisticpoeticenergeticdomesticdramaticfantasticlinguisticeconomic（经济学）classicelectrichistoric(历史上有名)technologicmetallicacademicarcticathleticpolitic（明智狡诈）-icalclassicaleconomical（节俭）historical（历史上）technological（专门）ironicalphysicalmedicalchemicalpolitical（政治）logicalmusicaltopical-alcriticalhistorical(历史)logical(逻辑上)accidentalcontinualexceptionalnationalseasonalgrammaticalspiritualagriculturalindustrialpersonalmineralcentralprofessionalnavalemotionalsexualvirtualuniversalmanualmutual-yfunnyrainynoisysnowydirtydustythirstyhungryoilytasty（美味）bonysmellyworthywealthyfaultyhealthyweightydreamy（含糊）foggycosygreedyicyworthyspicy（有香味）-lyfriendlylovelylivelydailyweeklylonelycomradelybrotherlyorderlytimely（及时）costly（宝贵）cowardly（害怕）gentlemanly（绅士派头）neighbourlyworldly（世间）slightlylikelydeadlyhomely（难看随和）-entdependentdifferentobedientconsistent（一致）-aryimaginaryrevolutionarysecondary(次要，第二)honorarytemporaryelementary-sometroublesomeburdensome(沉重)lonesometiresomequarrelsomehandsome-likechildlikewomanlikewarlike（好战）manlike-engoldenwoodenearthenwoolensilkenleaden-edworriedfrightenedterrifiedlandedmoneyedculturedtalentedpleasedfloodedsalteddisappointedinterestedlimitedadvancedgiftedcolouredraggedunderlined底下划线giftedbeardedtalented-inginterestingfrighteningboringtiringleadingfreezinginvitingpromisingencouragingsurprisingshockingmissingamusingcharmingpressingwilling-atefortunateaffectionate（亲爱,挚爱）passionate（充满热情）considerate-anEuropeanIndianAmericanCanadianAustralianAfricanAsianKorean-arsimilarfamiliarpolarpopular-iorinferiorsuperiorjunior-orysatisfactorycontradictorypreparatory(准备初步)-proof:fireproofbombproofwaterproofairproofbulletproof-wardawkwardbackwarddownwardonwardeastwardhomewardseaward组成动词数词副词后缀：-izenormalizemodernizenationalizemechanize（机械化）industrializecollectivize（集体化）Americanizecommercialize（使商业化）privatizemagnetize（磁化）realizeorganizehospitalize（就医）apologizememorizepopularize-atefortunatecongratulatefascinatenominate-enwidenhastenstrengthenlengthenloosenbrightenfastenbroadenblackendeepenreddenthickenshortenstraightentightenweakenworsenhardensharpenripenfattensharpen-ifysimplifybeautifyamplifyidentifyjustifyqualifysimplifysatisfy-ishfurnishpunishpublish-lyreallyhappilysimplyterriblywonderfullyproperlyfortunatelyactuallyaccordingly(所以从而)secondlyprobablythicklyshadilysecretlysimilarlynaturallywildlyrepeatedlyparticularlyespeciallypartlymostlymainlydeeplyhighlyshortlylatelymerelysimplynervouslywillingly-wardsonwardforwardsupwardsdownwardseastwardshomewardstowardsafterwardsbackwards-wiseclockwiselikewise（一样）otherwiseanti-clockwiselength-wise(纵长，纵向长)-waysalwayssideways常见表示否定意思前缀：un-unhappyuntrueuneasyunrestuncomfortableunusuallyunfairunfortunateunknownunfinishedunansweredunexpectedlyundressunlockuncoverunpackuntieunfoldunloaddis-dishonestydisclaim（否定）disagreedisconnectdisableddisrespectfuldisinteresteddisadvantageddisapprovingdisorderdiscomfortdisown（不认可）disinfectdislikediscoverdisarmdisclosedisbelievedisobeydisregarddisappointdisprovedisappeardiscouragedisobeydisadvantagein-informalinconvenientindirectincorrectincompleteinadvisableinaudibleincomparableincomprehensibleinexactinsincereinvisibleinjusticeinsensitiveinjusticeinexactinbeinginbornincidentincludeincomeindoorinfectinfluenceinjectinsertinquireinspectintakeim-immoralimpoliteimpossibleimportantimmodestimproperimpreciseimpassableimplyimportimprisonir-irregularirresponsibleirresistible（不可抵抗,不能压制）il-illegalillogicalillegitimate（违法，庶子）illiteratenon-nonstopnonsmokernon-conductornon-existentnonmembernon-naturalnonpartynon-whitenon-violencenon-paymentnon-confidencenonhumannon-unionnon-nuclearnon-sexualnonsense表示其余意思前缀re-retellrewriterebuildredesignrecoverreturnrenewrepublicrearrangeremarryreuserecyclereuniteremindremainrevisitmis-misunderstandmisspellmistakemispronouncemisusemisfortunemisleadmistrustmisrememberco-co-operateco-existco-editorcoworkercodevelopcounter-counteractcounter-attackcounter-revolutionaryanti-anti-tankanti-fascistanti-clockwiseanticlockwiseantiaircraftanti-feudalantibodypro-pro-Frenchpro-Britishpro-CommonMarketover-overdooverworkover-estimateoversimplifyovertime（超时加班）overexciteoverambitious（野心太大）over-proudoverweightoverpopulationoverageoverheadoverpoweroversightoverheadovercrowdoverproduceovertakeoverturnoverflowoverthrowoverhearex-ex-husbandex-presidentex-servicemanexchangeexportpre-pre-liberationpre-schoolpre-readingprecaution(预防,警觉)post-post-graduatepost-warpost-electionfore-foreheadforelegforetellforecastsemi-semi-finalsemi-automaticsemi-circlesemiskilledsemidesertsemi-conductorsemi-colonialsemi-feudalself-self-conceitself-confidenceself-dependenceself-defenceself-helpself-praiseself-studyself-supportself-serviceself-esteemself-governingself-guidedself-restraintmal-maltreatmalfunction（故障）malnutrition（营养失调）mid-mid-autumnmid-termmidnightmid-daymid-life（n.中年）super-supermansupermarketsuperstructure（上部结构,上层建筑）supernaturalsub-subwaysubconscious（下意识）subdivide（细分，再分）inter-internationalinternetinteractinter-continentalinterviewinterruptinternaltele-telescopetelephonetelevisiontelegraphtrans-transporttransatlantictransplantmicro-microphonemicrofilmmicrobiologymicrocomputermini-miniskirtminibusminicabvice-vice-premiervice-chairmanvicepresidentbi-bicyclebimonthlybilingualtri-tricycletrianglemulti-multi-racialmulti-nationalauto-autonomousautobiographyautomobileen-enlargeenrichenpowerenrageencourageendangerenableencounterencloseentitlebe-belittle（轻视，使渺小）befriend（待人如友，帮助）behead（砍头）besmear（弄脏）a-asleepawakeaboardasideashorealivealikealoneawayarisearouse（激励唤起）abide（忍受，恪守）out-outlookoutlawoutletoutcomeoutrunoutliveoutshineoutputoutbreakoutburstoutfitoutlookoutnumber（超出数目）out-talk（压过他人声音）；）with-withdraw（收回,撤消vi.缩回,退出v.撤退）withhold（保留抑制）under-underestimateundervalueunderchargeunderpayunderfedundersizedunderbellyundercurrentunderclothesunderpantsunderseaunderwaterunder-feedunder-estimateunderpayunderdeveloped（发育不全）undergraduateundertakeundergo合成构词法：合成形容词形容词+名词+ed(或过去分词)noble-mindedcold-bloodedwarm-heartedgood-temperedabsent-mindedlong-lastinglongleggedlonglivednear-sightedsingle-handedone-eyedthree-leggedblue-eyedfair-hairedsimple-mindedill-formednoble-mindedleft-handedright-handedhalf-finishedmiddle-ageddeep-setready-madeill-treated形容词+当代分词good-lookingfine-soundingordinary-lookingeasy-goinglow-lyingfun-lovingslow-actingquick-acting副词+当代分词hardworkingfar-reachingoutgoingfast-moving名词+当代分词peace-lovingpaper-makingEnglish-speakingepoch-makingsightseeingmass-producingtrack-layingbreathtakingoil-bearinglaw-makingepoch-makingworld-shakingnorth-facingfar-reachingfar-seeing名词+过去分词state-ownedheartfeltair-droppedChinese-designedradio-equippedmachine-cultivatedwater-cooledhand-mademan-madeglass-topped（玻璃罩）snow-coveredhorse-drawnsun-burntclear-cut副词+过去分词well-knownwidespreadnewly-builthighly-developedwidely-usedwrongly-pronouncedcuriously-shapedpoorly-dressedwell-skilledhighly-praisednewly-discoveredupset形容词+名词large-scalehigh-classhigh-fathalf-wayold-stylewide-awakeabove-mentioned名词+形容词duty-freeair-sickgrain-shortworldwidenationwidesmoke-freetax-freesalt-freeice-freeworld-famousred-blindsnow-whitehomesick其余形式over-allever-victoriousall-roundeverydayfirst-rateunderwaterundergroundout-and-outface-to-facedown-to-earthopen-airquick-servicelong-termout-of-the-waywell-off（手头宽裕）wait-and-see（policy）nothing-can-be-done（attitude）back-to-frontkeep-fithigh-risepart-timefull-time（schools）half-openhalf-cookworthwhilelong-termopen-airextraordinaryfarawayever-greenever-lovingever-victoriousever-increasinghigh-qualitythree-legged（tables）five-year（plans）two-faced（pe