2021届高考英语词义猜测题题型分类与练习

2021届高考英语词义猜测题题型分类与练习1．词义猜测题——多措并举猜词义此类试题主要考查在特定语境中对生词或熟词生义的猜测能力。做此类试题通常采用同义解释法，因果推断法、前后对比法、定义释例法、基本构词法和语境理解法。总之，对于任何词汇的猜测都要基于对特定的语境理解和对主题的恰当把握。(1)利用构词法猜词阅读中常常会遇到一些由熟悉的单词派生或合成的新词，考生可以根据构词法猜测词义。例题：Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation－stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.根据构词法知识可知，－zation为动词构成名词的后缀，意为“……化”，因此，可猜测industrialization为“工业化”之意，而globalization的含义为_全球化__。(2)利用同义近义词猜词在生词所出现的上下文中，有时会出现与之同义或近义的词语或结构，这时可从熟悉的词语中推知生词的含义。表示同义近义的信号词/词组常见的有：and，or，similarly，likewise等。例题：BytranslatingtherichandhumoroustextofLove'sLabour'sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL,DeafinitelyTheatrecreatesanewinterpretationofShakespeare'scomedyandaimstobuildabridgebetweendeafandhearingworldsbyperformingtobothgroupsasoneaudience.根据上文“BytranslatingtherichandhumouroustextofLove'sLabour'sLostintothephysicallanguageofBSL”中的translating可知，interpretation与translating同义，意为：_翻译__。(3)利用反义词猜词有时作者会用表示对比或转折的信号词连接意思相反的两个词或句子，这时就可根据反义词线索猜测词义。表示对比或反义的信号词/词组常见的有：(whether)．..or，unlike，but，yet，however，while，although，nevertheless，instead，ratherthan，incontrast，onthecontrary，ontheotherhand等。例题Ifyou'retiredofwanderingaroundthegymwastingtimeandbecomingbored，youcanattendanupbeatgroupfitnessclassthat'llkeepyourworkoutontrack.根据上文语境，upbeat应与上文中的“tiredof”意义相反，可猜测为_快乐的；乐观的__。(4)利用逻辑关系猜词任何一篇文章中的句子在内容上都不是绝对孤立的，都跟句子所在的段落及整篇文章有关。考生可以利用上下文提供的情景和线索，进行合乎逻辑的综合分析进而推测词义。常见的上下文之间的关系有：因果关系、转折关系、并列关系、递进关系、解释关系等。典例：Lightingmatters，too.WhenBerlinrestaurantcustomersateindarkness，theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad：thosegivenextra－largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，butwerenone_the_wiser—theydidn'tfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.Theunderlinedphrase“nonethewiser”inParagraph3mostprobablyimpliesthatthecustomerswere_________.A．notawareofeatingmorethanusualB．notwillingtosharefoodwithothersC．notconsciousofthefoodqualityD．notfondofthefoodprovided根据画线部分的前句theycouldn'ttellhowmuchthey'dhad：thosegivenextra－largesharesatemorethaneveryoneelse，可知，在黑暗中，他们说不清自己吃了多少，再根据画线后的句子theydidn'tfeelfuller，andtheywerejustasreadyfordessert.可知，他们虽然吃得很多，但并没有感觉更饱，仍然在等着吃甜点，所以他们没有意识到自己吃多了，前后句之间是解释关系，故选_A__。(5)利用定义和解释猜词有些文章，特别是科技文章，通常会对一些关键词给予定义，考生可以利用定义来猜测这些词的意思。释义法就是根据文章中的字里行间，对生词以定语(从句)、表语甚至用逗号、破折号等标点符号引出并加以解释说明的方式。下定义时，作者通常使用信号词，如i.e.，is，are，is/are，called，mean，referto，knownas，thatis，namely等等。典例1Wrestlingisthegamewhichisplayedbytwostrongpeople；oneplayertriedtogettheotherdownonthefloor.通过后面的定义解释：Wrestling是“两人进行的，彼此尽力把对方弄倒在地的比赛”，可以猜出wrestling的含义是_摔跤__。典例2：ForCanaanElementary'ssecondgradeinPatchogue，N.Y.，todayisspeechday，andrightnowit'sChrisPalaez'sturn.The8－year－oldisthejokeroftheclass.Withshiningdarkeyes，heseemslikethekindofkidwhowouldenjoypublicspeaking.Buthe'snervous.“I'mheretotellyoutodaywhyyoushould...should...”Christripsonthe“－ld，”apronunciationdifficultyformanynon－nativeEnglishspeakers.Histeacher，ThomasWhaley，isnexttohim，whisperingsupport.“...Votefor...me...”Exceptforsomestumbles，Chrisisdoingamazinglywell.Whenhebringshisspeechtoaniceconclusion，Whaleyinvitestherestoftheclasstopraisehim.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“stumbles”inparagraph2referto?A．Improperpauses. B．Badmanners.C．Spellingmistakes. D．Sillyjokes.根据第二段中的“youshould...should...”以及“...Votefor...me...”这样的语句特点可知，Chris的演讲不流畅，也就是说有不适当的停顿。这是他表现不好的地方，与画线词后的句意“他完成得非常好”构成转折关系，与短语exceptfor的语意相呼应。注意：高考阅读中的熟词生义现象非常关键，例如，如果能够注意到第二段第三句中trips一词在此语境中的特殊意义(意为“绊倒”)则有助于快速解答此题。故选_A__。(6)利用例证猜词为了说明或证实，文章中经常会举例，往往用来列举说明前面较难理解的词，这些例子可帮助考生猜测生词。举例时，常常会用一些连接性的词，如suchas，like，forexample，forinstance等。典例：Inrecentcenturies，trade，industrialisation，thedevelopmentofthenation－stateandthespreadofuniversalcompulsoryeducation，especiallyglobalisationandbettercommunicationsinthepastfewdecades，allhavecausedmanylanguagestodisappear，anddominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.Whichofthefollowingbestexplains“dominant”underlinedinparagraph2?A．Complex. B．Advanced.C．Powerful. D．Modern.根据dominantlanguagessuchasEnglish，SpanishandChineseareincreasinglytakingover.可知，英语、西班牙语和汉语正在替代其他语言。由此推知dominantlanguages意为强有力的语言。故选_C__。(7)利用同等关系词同等关系是指一个词、一个词组或短语在句中作同一成分，而且他们的词义属于同一范畴。只要认出其中一个或几个词或短语，即可以确定同等关系中生词的词性、作用和大概的意思。常见的表示同等关系的信号词有：or，namely，thatis，inotherwords，thatistosay，tobemoreexact，toputinanotherway等。例题：Americansusemorethan100billionthinfilmplasticbagseveryyear.Somanyendupintreebranchesoralonghighwaysthatagrowingnumberofcitiesdonotallowthematcheckouts(收银台)．Thebagsareprohibitedinsome90citiesinCalifornia，includingLosAngeles.Eyeingthese_headwinds，plastic－bagmakersarehiringscientistslikeSteintomakethecasethattheirproductsarenotasbadfortheplanetasmostpeopleassume.Whatdoestheword“headwinds”inParagraph2referto？_A__A．Bansonplasticbags.B．Effectsofcitydevelopment.C．Headachescausedbygarbage.D．Plasticbagshungintrees.上文介绍在许多美国大城市塑料袋被禁用，看到这种现状，塑料袋生产商雇用Stein等科学家是为了证明他们的产品并不像大多数人想象的那样对地球有害。根据画线词下文的内容可知theseheadwinds就是指代上文提到的禁止使用塑料袋。故选_A__。(8)利用经验和常识猜词典例：Adultsunderstandwhatitfeelsliketobefloodedwithobjects.Whydoweoftenassumethatmore_is_morewhenitcomestokidsandtheirbelongings？ThegoodnewsisthatIcanhelpmyownkidslearnearlierthanIdidhowtolivemorewithless.Whatdothewords“moreismore”inParagraph1probablymean？A．Themore，thebetter.B．Enoughisenough.C．Moremoney，moreworries.D．Earnmoreandspendmore.本题考查对短句moreismore的意思猜测。根据生活常识可知，父母对孩子总是倾注所有，所以可以猜测这个短句应该是“多多益善”的意思。此外，第一个句子表明成年人明白到处堆满物品是什么感觉，后面用why提出反问可知moreismore应该和前句中的befloodedwith所表达的意思相似，表示很多。同时，第三句又从反面呼应了第二句话，表示好消息是我早早教会自己的孩子从较少的东西中获得较多的乐趣。结合生活常识，再加上三句话在意思上相互印证，就可以选出答案。Enoughisenough意为“够了，适可而止”。Moremoney，moreworries意为“钱多烦恼多”。Earnmoreandspendmore意为“挣得多花得多”。故选_A__。(9)利用上下文语境猜词义在一篇文章中，任何一个单词都不是孤立存在的，它总要通过上下文和其他单词产生着不同的联系，考生可以通过这些联系猜测出单词的意思。典例1：Ifyouhavea_juicer，youcansimplyfeedinfrozenbananasandsomeberriesorslicedfruit.Outcomesa“soft－serve”creamydessert，tobeeatenrightaway.Thismakesafunactivityforachildren'sparty；theylovefeedingthefruitandfrozenbananasintothetopofthemachineandwatchingtheicecreamcomeoutbelow.◆Whatis“ajuicer”inthelastParagraph?A．Adessert. B．Adrink.C．Acontainer. D．Amachine.本题考查ajuicer的类别，属于判断词义范围而不需要猜出确切意义的词义猜测题。根据上下文可知，ajuicer是这样的一个东西，你把水果等东西放进去，出来的就是奶油状甜点，可以马上吃。因此，我们可以猜测出来，这是一个改变水果形状的机械。当然，我们根据构词法也可以看出这个单词的构成：juice(果汁)＋er(人或物)。据此可以推出juicer是制造果汁的器械。故选_D__。2．上下求索寻指代代词指代此类题目要求考生根据语境判断代词(this,that,it,they,them,one,which等)或助动词(do,does,did等)究竟指代什么。具体方法：(1)返回原文，找出指代词(it,they,them,this...)。(2)向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词、短语或句子(就近原则)。(3)将找到的词、词组或句子代入替换该指代词，看其意思、逻辑关系是否通顺，并最终确定最佳答案。典例Despitethecelebrations,though,intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder,andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.It'sJasonMoran'sjobtohelpchangethat.AstheKennedyCenter'sartisticadviserforjazz,Moranhopestowidentheaudienceforjazz,makethemusicmoreaccessible,andpreserveitshistoryandculture.Whatdoestheunderlinedword“that”inParagraph3referto?A．Jazzbecomingmoreaccessible.B．Theproductionofjazzgrowingfaster.C．Jazzbeinglesspopularwiththeyoung.D．Thejazzaudiencebecominglarger.根据语境可知，画线词that指代第二段“Despitethecelebrations，though，intheU．S.thejazzaudiencecontinuestoshrinkandgrowolder，andthemusichasfailedtoconnectwithyoungergenerations.”的内容，即爵士乐听众的数量减少并且趋于老龄化，不受年轻人喜欢的现状。故选_C__。3．句意猜测题——意义吻合定句意句意猜测题要求考生通过阅读文章。用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系的准确分析。对于需要推理的句意理解，首先要理解句子前后的语境，其次对此句在文章中的意思进行合理的推断，最后再归纳总结。(2)一般来说，正确选项的意思与原句的意思完全相同，只是用其他的英语词汇和句式来表达相同的意思。典例：ScientistshavefoundthatallkindsofplantsgiveoutVOCswhenbeingattacked.It'saplant'swayofcryingout.Butisanyonelistening?Apparently.Becausewecanwatchtheneighborsreact.Someplantspumpoutsmellychemicalstokeepinsectsaway.Butothersdodoubleduty.Theypumpoutperfumesdesignedtoattractdifferentinsectswhoarenaturalenemiestotheattackers.Oncetheyarrive,the_tables_are_turned.Theattackerwhowaslunchingnowbecomeslunch.Whatdoestheauthormeanby“thetablesareturned”inParagraph3?A．Theattackersgetattacked.B．Theinsectsgatherunderthetable.C．Theplantsgetreadytofightback.D．Theperfumesattractnaturalenemies.由画线词前一句可知，有些植物散发出气味意在吸引不同的昆虫，这些昆虫是袭击者的天敌；再由画线部分后可知，正在吃午餐的袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故画线部分的意思是袭击者受到了它的天敌的袭击。故选_A__。课后练习（一）WouldyouBETonthefutureofthisman？Heis53yearsold.Mostofhisadultlifehasbeenalosingstruggleagainstdebtandmisfortune.Awarinjuryhasmadehislefthandstopfunctioning，andhehasoftenbeeninprison.Drivenbyheaven－knows－whatmotives，hedeterminestowriteabook.Thebookturnsouttobeonethathasappealedtotheworldformorethan350years.ThatformerprisonerwasCervantes，andthebookwasDonQuixote(《堂吉诃德》)．Andthestoryposesaninterestingquestion：whydosomepeoplediscovernewvitalityandcreativitytotheendoftheirdays，whileothersgotoseedlongbefore?We'veallknownpeoplewhorun_out_of_steambeforetheyreachlife'shalfwaymark.I'mnottalkingaboutthosewhofailtogettothetop.Wecan'tallgetthere.I'mtalkingaboutpeoplewhohavestoppedlearningongrowingbecausetheyhaveadoptedthefixedattitudesandopinionsthatalltoooftencomewithpassingyears.Mostofus，infact，progressivelynarrowthevarietyofourlives.Wesucceedinourfieldofspecializationandthenbecometrappedinit.Nothingsurprisesus.Weloseoursenseofwonder.But，ifwearewillingtolearn，theopportunitiesareeverywhere.Thethingswelearninmaturityseldominvolveinformationandskills.Welearntobearwiththethingswecan'tchange.Welearntoavoidself－pity.Welearnthathowevermuchwetrytoplease，somepeoplearenevergoingtoloveus—anideathattroublesatfirstbutiseventuallyrelaxing.Withhighmotivationandenthusiasm，wecankeeponlearning.Thenwewillknowhowimportantitistohavemeaninginourlife.However，wecanachievemeaningonlyifwehavemadeacommitmenttosomethinglargerthanourownlittleegos(自我)，whethertolovedones，tofellowhumans，towork，ortosomemoralconcept.Manyofusequate(视……等同于)“commitment”withsuch“caring”occupationsasteachingandnursing.Butdoinganyordinaryjobaswellasonecanisinitselfanadmirablecommitment.Peoplewhoworktowardsuchexcellence—whethertheyaredrivingatruck，orrunningastore—maketheworldbetterjustbybeingthekindofpeopletheyare.They'velearnedlife'smostvaluablelesson.1．ThepassagestartswiththestoryofCervantestoshowthatA．lossoffreedomstimulatesone'screativityB．ageisnotabarriertoachievingone'sgoalC．miseryinspiresamantofightagainsthisfateD．disabilitycannotstopaman'spursuitofsuccess2．WhatdoestheunderlinedpartinParagraph3probablymean？A．Endone'sstruggleforliberty.B．Wasteone'senergytakingrisks.C．Misstheopportunitytosucceed.D．Losetheinteresttocontinuelearning.3．WhatcouldbeinferredfromParagraph4？A．Thosewhodaretotryoftengetthemselvestrapped.B．Thosewhotendtothinkbackcanhardlygoahead.C．Opportunityfavorsthosewithacuriousmind.D．Opportunityawaitsthosewithacautiousmind.4．WhatdoestheauthorintendtotellusinParagraph5？A．Atoughmancantoleratesuffering.B．Awisemancanlivewithoutself－pity.C．Amanshouldtrytosatisfypeoplearoundhim.D．Amanshouldlearnsuitablewaystodealwithlife.5．Whatistheauthor'spurposeinwritingthepassage？A．Toprovideguidanceonleadingameaningfuladultlife.B．Tostresstheneedofshoulderingresponsibilitiesatwork.C．Tostatetheimportanceofgeneratingmotivationforlearning.D．Tosuggestawayofpursuingexcellenceinourlifelongcareer.参考答案：BDCDA课后练习（二）ForestsarealwayslosersattheOlympics,andthat'sunlikelytochangeanytimesoon.ForthewintergamesinPyeongchang,ROK,virginforestwasdestroyedonMountGariwangtoaccommodateskiruns.Forthe2022WinterOlympicsinBeijing,askirunissettowipeoutpartoftheSongshanNationalNatureReserve.Andlet'snotforgetthe240acresofAtlanticForestthatwereleveledforthe2016gamesinRiodeJaneirotomakewayforagolfcourse.FortheupcomingTokyogames,environmentalandhumanrightsadvocateshavebeenraisingalarmsabouttheuseoftropicalwoodtobuildtheNewNationalStadium.Activistshavefoughtagainstsuchenvironmentaldestruction.Thedamageisoftenpermanent，threatensendangeredplantsandanimalsand,insomecases,causesconflictswithnativepeople.Butfrequentlythecountry'sorganizingcommittee,andtheInternationalOlympicCommittee(IOC)havefoundwaystomakeitreasonable—despiteaparagraphintheOlympicCharterthatstatesthattheIOC'sroleisto“encourageandsupportaresponsibleconcernforenvironmentalissues.”“Asitstandsnow,theIOChaslittleauthorityoveracity'slocalorganizingcommittee，whichfinallyplansth