2021届北京市高三下学期3月综合能力测试英语试题(解析版)

2020-2021学年北京市高三下学期综合能力测试英语试题英语本试卷共12页，100分。考试时长90分钟。考生务必将答案答在答题卡上，在试卷上作答无效。考试结束后，将本试卷和答题卡一并交回。第一部分：知识运用(共两节，30分)第一节完形填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)阅读下面短文，掌握其大意，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。Ask3-year-oldWolfyabouthisfutureplans,andyou’llquicklydiscoverthiskid'saspirationsarealotmoredowntoearth.Hisobsession?Garbagetrucksandthemenwhodriveand___1___them.Upuntilrecently,duetoapandemic,Wolfywasspendingmostdaysathome.HisfavoritedayoftheweekwasFriday—trashcollectionday,ofcourse.EveryFridaymorning,Wolfy___2___waitedforhisbelovedgarbagetruckstomaketheirrunuphisstreet.Underhisparentssupervision,Wolfybecamesomethingofa_____3_____tothetrashcollectors.ToWolfy,thesemenaresuperheroes.Twoofthem,D.J.andDrew,becamehisparticularpals,earninghimandhistrashteamthenicknameofthe“Wolfpack.”Wolfy'sparentsknewtheyweren'tabletothrowhimabigbirthdayparty.___4___，theytoldhimhecouldinviteacoupleoffriendsoverforcake.Wolfy'sidealguestlistwasobvious.“DrewandD.J.!he___5___.OnthemorningofSeptember9,fourbrightgreengarbagetrucks,hornshonking,rolledtheirwayupthestreettothedelightoftheecstaticbirthdayboyandhisstunnedfamily.“Theguyscame___6___gifts,howlingouttheirwindowsandtooktimetoplaywithWolfy,”hismompostedtoherFacebookpage.“Heevengottohonkthehorn!Doesitgetanybetter!?”ThesuperheroesclimbeddownfromtheirtruckstocelebrateWolfy'sbirthday.Afterthey___7___thelittleboywithtrash-relatedgifts,sharedcake,andplayedwithtoytrucks,Wolfy'sgarbagecollectingheroesdroveofftotheirotherappointedrounds.Wolfy'smom,morethanalittleimpressed,____8____herfeelings,saying,“Thesearereallykindgentle___9___whoarefullofpositive,goodenergy.Thesemenareidealrolemodels.”They'rethenextgenerationtocome,soseeingthementhusiasticaboutsomethingevenas_____10_____aswhatwedoinoureverydaylivesbringsmeaningandshowstheimportanceofwhateveryonedoesinsociety.1.A.clean B.load C.repair D.collect2.A.eagerly B.hesitantly C.patiently D.naturally3.A.joy B.pity C.desire D.trouble4.A.Besides B.Further C.Instead D.Otherwise5.A.complained B.ordered C.rejected D.declared6.A.arranging B.bearing C.enjoying D.advertising7.A.amused B.equipped C.prepared D.showered8.A.putup B.madeup C.brokeup D.summedup9.A.souls B.leader’s C.instructors D.colleagues10.A.boring B.annoying C.simple D.significant【答案】1.B2.A3.A4.C5.D6.B7.D8.D9.A10.C【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述小男孩Wolfy对垃圾车和收集垃圾的人很着迷，他认为他们就是超级英雄，收集垃圾的人也对Wolfy的热情给予了很大回应，并且在他生日的那天给了他特殊的礼物和庆祝方式。【1题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他所痴迷的是什么？垃圾车和开垃圾车装垃圾的人。A.clean打扫；B.load装载；C.repair修理；D.collect收集。根据下文“HisfavoritedayoftheweekwasFriday—trashcollectionday”可知，Wolfy痴迷于开着垃圾车装垃圾的人。故选B项。【2题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫急切地等待着他心爱的垃圾车在他的街道上行驶。A.eagerly急切地；B.hesitantly犹豫地；C.patiently耐心地；D.naturally自然地。根据上文“HisfavoritedayoftheweekwasFriday—trashcollectionday”可知，Wolfy最喜欢的是垃圾收集的那一天，因此他等待收垃圾车在街上行驶的心情是急切的。故选A项。【3题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在他父母的监督下，沃尔夫成为了垃圾收集者的乐趣。A.joy乐趣；B.pity遗憾；C.desire欲望；D.trouble麻烦。根据下文“Twoofthem,D.J.andDrew,becamehisparticularpals,earninghimandhistrashteamthenicknameofthe“Wolfpack.””可知，垃圾收集者们喜欢Wolfy，因此他成为他们的乐趣。故选A项。【4题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：相反，他们告诉他，他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。A.Besides此外；B.Further进一步地；C.Instead相反；D.Otherwise否则。前文的“Wolfy'sparentsknewtheyweren'tabletothrowhimabigbirthdayparty.”和下文的“theytoldhimhecouldinviteacoupleoffriendsoverforcake.”为转折关系，他的父母知道他们无法为他举办大的生日派对，但是他可以邀请几个朋友过来吃蛋糕。故选C项。【5题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫理想的宾客名单是显而易见的。“Drew和D.J.!”他宣称。A.complained抱怨；B.ordered命令；C.rejected拒绝；D.declared宣布。根据“Wolfy'sidealguestlistwasobvious.“DrewandD.J.!””可知，当父母说他可以邀请几个朋友来吃蛋糕时，他宣布了他的宾客名单。故选D项。【6题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：大伙儿带着礼物来了，在窗户外叫着，花时间和沃尔夫玩。A.arranging安排；B.bearing携带；C.enjoying享受；D.advertising广告。根据上文“rolledtheirwayupthestreettothedelightoftheecstaticbirthdayboyandhisstunnedfamily.”可知，Wolfy的朋友们来给他过生日，可以推断他们带着礼物。故选B项。【7题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：他们给小男孩送了很多垃圾相关的礼物，分享了蛋糕，玩了玩具卡车之后，沃尔夫的垃圾收集英雄们就开车去了其他指定的地方。A.amused娱乐；B.equipped装备；C.prepared准备；D.showered大量地给予。根据下文“thelittleboywithtrash-relatedgifts,sharedcake,andplayedwithtoytrucks,”可知，Wolfy的朋友们对他的生日很重视，因此给他送了很多礼物。故选D项。【8题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A.putup张贴；B.madeup弥补；C.brokeup打碎；D.summedup总结。根据下文“Thesearereallykindgentle___9___whoarefullofpositive,goodenergy.Thesemenareidealrolemodels.”可知，接下来是Wolfy的妈妈在这些人对Wolfy做了这么多事情之后的感受，属于总结性的话语。故选D项。【9题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：沃尔夫的妈妈非常感动，总结了她的感受，说：“这些是非常善良温柔的灵魂，充满了积极向上的能量。这些人是理想的榜样。”A.souls灵魂；B.leaders领导；C.instructors讲师；D.colleagues同事。根据下文“whoarefullofpositive,goodenergy.Thesemenareidealrolemodels.”可知，Wolfy的妈妈认为这些人充满正能量，所以他们是温柔善良的灵魂。故选A项。【10题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：他们是下一代人，所以看到他们对我们日常生活中所做的这么简单的事情充满热情，就意味着意义，也表明了每个人在社会中所做的事情的重要性。A.boring无聊的；B.annoying令人恼怒的；C.simple简单的；D.significant有意义的。根据前文“somethingeven”可知，收垃圾是如此的简单的事情，他们却对此充满着热情，这给了人们希望。故选C项。第二节语法填空(共10小题；每小题1.5分，共15分)A阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Alittlegirlrantoherbedroomandpulledoutherpiggybankfromasecretdrawerinhercloset.She___11___(break)thepiggybank，tookthechangeandcounteditcautiously.Threetimes，even.Thetotalhadtobeexactlyperfectasthereshouldn’tbeanychanceformistakehere.She____12____(careful)placedthecoinsinajar，twistedonthecapandthenslippedoutofthebackdoor.Shemadeherwaysixblockstoadrugstore.Shewaitedpatientlyforthepharmacist____13____(give)hersomeattentionbuthewastoobusyattendingothercustomersatthatmoment.____14____shetriedseveraltimestogethisattention，shewasn’tsuccessful.【答案】11.broke12.carefully13.togive14.Although/Though【解析】【分析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述一个小姑娘拿零花钱去买药的故事。【11题详解】考查时态。句意：她打破了储蓄罐，拿了零钱，仔细数了数。根据空后“tookthechangeandcounted…”可知，此处并列连词and连接并列的谓语动词，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时，表示过去发生的事情。故填broke。12题详解】考查副词。句意：她小心翼翼地把硬币放进一个罐子里，拧上盖子，然后从后门溜了出去。空处需用副词作状语修饰动词placed，careful的副词为carefully“小心地”。故填carefully。【13题详解】考查动词不定式。句意：她耐心地等待药剂师的注意，但药剂师此时正忙于照顾其他顾客。waitforsb.todosth.等待某人做某事，固定搭配，此处动词不定式作宾语补足语。故填togive。【14题详解】考查连词。句意：虽然她试了好几次想引起他的注意，但都没有成功。根据前后句意可知，空处需用从属连词although/though“虽然”引导让步状语从句，句首单词首字母需大写。故填Although/Though。B阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。Chimebells,biānzhōng,arethemostmajesticandholyancientinstrumentinChina.Asasymbolofpower,they____15____(use)forsacrificialceremoniesorothercrucialceremonies.Starting3,500yearsago,biānzhōng,werecomposedofbells____16____differentscales.Thebellsareplayedbymallets(木槌)andcreatethesoundsofsevenmusicalscales,muchlikethepiano.What'smoreamazingisthatonebellcangeneratetwonoteswhen____17____(strike)atdifferentspots.ItsexquisitecastandpuresoundrevealedthehighlevelofancientChinesecivilizationandwisdom.【答案】15.wereused16.in17.struck【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了古老乐器编钟的神奇之处。【15题详解】考查被动语态和主谓一致。句意：作为权力的象征，编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式。根据句意可知，此处表示过去编钟被用于祭祀仪式或其他重要的仪式，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/weredone，主语是复数they，所以be动词需用were。故填wereused。【16题详解】考查介词。句意：从3500年前开始，编钟由不同音阶的钟组成。此处表示以不同的音阶构成，所以空处需用介词in，indifferentscales以不同音阶，固定搭配。故填in。【17题详解】考查非谓语动词和省略。句意：更令人惊奇的是，一个钟在不同的地方敲击时能发出两个音符。分析句子结构可知，空处when引导的时间状语从句省略了主语onebell，此处表示被敲击，所以空处谓语动词需用一般过去时的被动语态：was/weredone，因为when从句的主语和主句一致，且含be动词，所以此处省略onebellwas，空处需用过去分词struck。故填struck。C阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。InthepaperPowerGetsYouHighbyGerbenVanKleef，heclaimsthathigh-powerindividualstendtoexperience____18____(few)socialrestrictionsandmoreresource-richenvironmentscomparedtotheirlowerpowercounterparts.Thismeansthatpeoplewithaperceivedhighlevelofpoweraremorelikelytodismissestablishedsocialconstructs.Whetherit'sintentionalornot，high-powerpeopleplace____19____(them)sociallyatadistanceandtendtoactontheirownconcepts，___20___theybelievewillhelpthemgaincontrolovervaluedresources.【答案】18.fewer19.themselves20.which【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章给我们解释了为何高权力者的社会限制较少。【18题详解】考查形容词的比较级。句意：在GerbenVanKleef的论文PowerGetsYouHigh中，他声称，与权力较低的人相比，权力较高的人往往经历较少的社会限制和资源丰富的环境。根据空后“moreresource-rich

…”可知，空处形容词few需用其比较级形式fewer，表示较少的社会限制。故填fewer。【19题详解】考查代词。句意：不管是有意还是无意，高权力者都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，倾向于按照自己的观念行事，他们相信这将帮助他们获得对宝贵资源的控制。此处指高权力者都把自己置身于一个远离社会的地方，所以空处需用them的反身代词themselves作宾语。故填themselves。【20题详解】考查定语从句。句意：同上。分析句子结构可知，空处需用关系词引导定语从句，先行词是concepts，指物，关系词在定语从句中作主语，此处theybelieve是插入成分，所以空处需用关系代词which引导非限制性定语从句。故填which。第二部分：阅读理解(共两节，38分)第一节(共14小题；每小题2分，共28分)阅读下列短文，从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。AConstantlyregretspendingtoomuchtimeonyourphonebutjustcannotstop?Youarenotalone.HerearefivetipsfromProf.MarkGriffiths，psychologistandbehavioraladdictionexpertatNottinghamTrentUniversitytohelpyoulivewellwithyourphone.StepitdowngraduallyTheurgetocheckyourphonecanbecomereflexiveandhabitual.Forsome，goingafewminuteswithoutcheckingtheirphoneisdifficult.Ifthissoundslikeyou，trytogo15minuteswithoutdoingit.Onceyourealizethisispossible，increasethelengthoftimeyouavoidcheckingto30minutes，anhour，andthenafewhours，oraday.MonitorusageDownloadanappthatwilltellyouhowmuchtimeyou'respendingonline.Thiscouldmakeyouawareofaproblem—thefirststeptoasolution.BuyanalarmclockDon’tuseyourphoneasanalarm，oryoumightbetempted(诱惑)tochecktextsandemailslastthingatnightandassoonasyouwakeup.Instead，banphonesfromthebedroom.Designatebedtimesandmealtimesassmartphone-freezones.Considerbuyingaclock，soyou'renolongertemptedbyemailsandtextswhenyoucheckthetime.SpringcleanyourcontactsHowmanyonlinefriendsdoyouactuallyspeakto?Reducealertsanddistractionsbyremovingcontactsonsocialnetworkingsites，deletingunusedapps，andunsubscribingfromgroupsthatofferlittlebenefit.Considerdeletinganygamesthataretakingupalotofyourtime.LearntowaitBemindfulofthebenefitsofnotregularlycheckingyourphone.Peoplewhoreacttomessagesastheyarrivetendtowritelongerresponsesthanthosewhowaitanddealwiththemallasablock.Waitingwillgainyoutimetospendonotheractivities.21.Accordingtothepassage，whichofthefollowingcanhelpbanphonesfromthebed?A.Monitoringusage. B.Usingaclock.C.Cleaningcontacts. D.Learningtowait.22.Itcanbelearntfromthepassagethat_________.A.gamestakeupmoretimethanotherappsB.reactingtomessagesintimeisimportantC.peopleareoftentemptedtousecellphonesD.peopleshouldn’tcheckemailsbycellphones23.Thepurposeofthearticleisto_________.A.introducewaystomanagephoneusagesB.emphasizetheharmofusingcellphonesC.persuadereaderstogetridofcellphonesD.explainmultiplefunctionsofcellphones【答案】21.B22.C23.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克·格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助我们更好地使用手机。【21题详解】细节理解题。根据文章Buyanalarmclock中的“Considerbuyingaclock，soyou'renolongertemptedbyemailsandtextswhenyoucheckthetime.(考虑买个时钟，这样当你查看时间的时候就不会被邮件和短信诱惑了。)”可知，使用闹钟有助于阻止你在床上使用手机。故选B。【22题详解】推理判断题题。根据文章第一段“Constantlyregretspendingtoomuchtimeonyourphonebutjustcannotstop?(总是后悔在手机上花了太多时间，又停不下来?)”、Stepitdowngradually中的“Theurgetocheckyourphonecanbecomereflexiveandhabitual.(查看手机的冲动会变成条件反射和习惯。)”和Springcleanyourcontacts中的“Reducealertsanddistractionsbyremovingcontactsonsocialnetworkingsites，deletingunusedapps，andunsubscribingfromgroupsthatofferlittlebenefit.Considerdeletinganygamesthataretakingupalotofyourtime.(删除社交网站上的联系人、删除不用的应用程序、取消订阅那些没什么好处的群组，可以减少提醒和干扰。考虑删除任何占用你大量时间的游戏。)”可推断，人们经常被诱惑使用手机。故选C。【23题详解】推理判断题。根据文章第一段“HerearefivetipsfromProf.MarkGriffiths，psychologistandbehavioraladdictionexpertatNottinghamTrentUniversitytohelpyoulivewellwithyourphone.(诺丁汉特伦特大学的心理学家和行为成瘾专家马克·格里菲斯教授给出了五条建议，帮助你更好地使用手机。)”及全文可推断，本文的目的是介绍管理电话使用的方法。故选A。BParalympianAnastasiaPagonis’remarkablesuccessstorybeganwhenshelosthervisionatage14.Granted,it’satoughageforanyteen,butdealingwithalife-changingdisabilitymadethingsevenmorechallenging.“Ittookmeabouteightmonthstoregroupmyself,”shetoldTODAY,“andthenIgotitinmyhead,‘Okay,I’mblind.NowwhatamIgoingtodowithmylife?”ALongIslandnative,Pagonispracticallygrewupinthewater.She’dtakenupcompetitivefreestyleswimmingjustafewmonthspriortogoingtotallyblind.Whilesheexcelledatthesportwithlimitedvision,an“abusiveteam”atmospherepromptedhertoquitcompetition.Aftermonthsoftherapy,however,thepersistentteenwasreadytogetbackintheswim-onlyswimmingwasn’tenoughforPagonis.Shewantedtocompete.Nowshewasfacedwithanotherdilemma.“Nobodywantedtotraintheblindgirl,”sherecalledinaninterviewwithTEAMUSA.“Iendedupafterabouteightmonthsfindinganamazingcoachwhowaswillingtotrainmeandactuallyputonblackoutgogglestotrytofigureoutawayformetoswim.”Bytheageof16,Pagoniswasearningareputationasafiercecompetitor,takingtwogoldmedalsattheWorldParaSwimmingWorldSeriesinAustralia.WhenPagonisrealizedherexperiencesandpositiveoutlookmightbeaboon(益处)toothers,sheeagerlysteppedupasarolemodel.“IwanttohelppeoplethewayIneededhelp,”PagonistoldTEAMUSA.“IstarteddoingInstagramandsocialmediaandwassoongettingabunchofrepliessaying,‘Wow!Youreallyhelpedmegetthroughbadthings,’or,‘Iwasgettingbulliedinschoolandyouhelpedmegetthroughthat,’or,‘YouletmeknowhowmuchIwasworth.’”Backinthewater,Pagoniswastrulyinherelement.“It’smyhappyplace,”shetoldTODAY.“It’stheplacewhereIfeellikeIdon’thaveadisabilityandIfeellikethat’stheonlyplacewhereIfeelfree.WhenIdiveinthewater,it’sjustmeinthepoolandIfeelsuchaconnectionwithit.Sometimesyouneedtotakealeapoffaithbecauseifyoudon’ttry,youdon’tknow.Alwaysfollowyourdreams.”24.WhatdifficultydidPagonisfaceaftershequitcompetition?A.Shehadtoweargoggles.B.ItwashardtofindheracoachC.Herskillsweren’tusefulindarkness.D.Shecouldn’tdothefreestyleanymore.25.ItcanbelearntfromthepassagethatPagonis___________.A.stoppedswimmingfortwoyearsB.improvedhervisionbyswimmingC.helpedmanypeoplethroughdifficultiesD.devotedherselftofightingagainstbullies26.Whatdoestheunderlinedphraseinherelementmean?A.Inaverygoodmood B.FullofConfusion.C.Confidentofwinning. D.Happytobespecial.27.Whatdoesthestorymainlytellus?A.Teamspiritisvitalforwinning-B.Rolemodelsmakeuswhoweare.C.Agoodteacheristhekeytosuccess.D.Disabilitydoesnotlimitone’ssuccess.【答案】24.B25.C26.A27.D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅·帕格尼丝14岁失明，但她身残志不残，最终通过不懈努力取得成功。【24题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第五段““Nobodywantedtotraintheblindgirl,”sherecalledinaninterviewwithTEAMUSA.(“没人想训练这个盲女，”她在接受“美国队”采访时回忆说。)”可知，帕格尼丝退出比赛后面临着很难找到教练的困难。故选B。【25题详解】细节理解题。根据文章第六段““IwanttohelppeoplethewayIneededhelp,”PagonistoldTEAMUSA.“IstarteddoingInstagramandsocialmediaandwassoongettingabunchofrepliessaying,‘Wow!Youreallyhelpedmegetthroughbadthings,’or,‘Iwasgettingbulliedinschoolandyouhelpedmegetthroughthat,’or,‘YouletmeknowhowmuchIwasworth.(“我想用我需要的方式帮助别人，”帕格尼丝告诉“美国队”。“我开始刷Instagram和社交媒体，很快就收到了很多回复，‘哇!你真的帮我度过了一些不好的事情，’或者‘我在学校被人欺负，是你帮我度过的’，或者‘你让我知道了我的价值’。)”可知，帕格尼丝帮助很多人度过难关。故选C。【26题详解】词义猜测题。根据文章最后一段划线词后句““It’smyhappyplace,”shetoldTODAY.(“这是（让）我快乐的地方，”她告诉《今日》杂志。)”可知，帕格尼丝回到水利心情很好。由此推知，inherelement为“心情愉悦”之意。故选A。【27题详解】主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“ParalympianAnastasiaPagonis’remarkablesuccessstorybeganwhenshelosthervisionatage14.(残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅·帕格尼丝非凡的成功故事始于她14岁失明时。)”及全文内容可知，文章主要介绍了残奥会选手阿纳斯塔西娅·帕格尼丝14岁失明，但她身残志不残，最终通过不懈努力取得成功，即文章告诉我们残疾并不会限制一个人的成功。故选D。CMoreoftenthanIcaretoadmit，I’llwalkfromoneroomtoanotherwithaclearvisioninmindofwhateverIneedtodoonceIgetthere,butthenIgetthereandcan'trememberwhylstarted.TheonlythingthathappenedbetweenmyfirstmovementandmylastisthatIwalkedthroughadoorway.SurelythathasnothingatalltodowithforgettingsomethingIknewjustmomentsbefore，right?Wrong，saysnewresearch.Asitturnsout,walkingthroughadoorwayexertsanimperceptibleinfluenceonmemory.Infact,merelyimaginingwalkingthroughadoorwaycanzap(影响)memory.Researchersinthelateststudytooktheircuefromanearlierstudyshowingthatpassingthroughadoorwayseemstoinsertamentaldividerintomemory,Ourbrainsrecordmemoriesinsegments,orepisodes,ratherthanasacontinuousevent.Walkingthroughadoorwaytriggersmemorysegmentation,likeavideoeditorinsertingamomentarypausebetweenscenes.Evenmorecuriousisthatimaginingwalkingthroughadoorwayhasasimilareffect.Theresearchteambroughttwogroupsofparticipantsintoalargerroom,Onegroupexperiencedtheroomasacontinuousspace；theotherwalkedthroughitafterdividercurtainsweresetuptosimulateadoorway.Thegroupswerethenshownapictureofanunusuallyshapedobjectbeforeclosingtheireyesandimaginingwalkingacrosstheroomthey'dseenearlier.Thefirstgroupimaginedtheroomasabigspacewithnophysicaldividers；theotherimaginedwalkingthroughthedrapeddoorway.Theywerethenaskedtojogtheirmemoriesandpickoutthepictureoftheobjectfromasetoftenimages.Aspredicted，thegroupthatimaginedwalkingthroughadoorwayperformedsignificantlyworseonthememorylestthantheothergroup.Andthisgetsevenweirder.IfrightnowIstartedtellingyouastoryaboutaboyandhisdog,goingonforafewparagraphsdetailingallthethingsthisboyandhisdogdotogether，andthenIsuddenlyinsertedaphraselike“Afewhourslater...”——doyouthinkyourrecallofwhatIjusttoldyouabouttheboyandhisdogmightbebetterorworse?Worse!Researchhasdemonstratedthatphraseswhichinsertatemporalboundarybetweeneventsinanarrativeplacethesamesortofmentaldividerintomemoryasadoorway.Whatallofthistellsusisthatourbrainsoperatewithcertainmechanicaldynamicsthatwegenerallyonlyglimpsewhentheyhiccup.Sothenexttimeyoucan'trememberwhyyouwalkedfromoneroomtoanother，don’tbealarmed.Justremindyourselfthatyourbrainsimplymisconstruedinstructionsfromyourenvironmentandthoughtthatdoorwaymeantyouneededamemorydivider.28Whatisparagraph3mainlyabout?A.Researchsubjects. B.Researchfindings.C.Researchprocess. D.Researchsignificance.29.Itcanbelearntfromthepassagethat____________.A.animaginarydoorwayharmsthebrainB.certainverballanguageinfluencesmemoryC.brainsrecordmemoriesasacontinuousevent.D.goingbacktoadoorwayhelpsregainIlostmemory.30.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?A.Approachestoimprovememory.B.Factorsthatcausepeople'smemoryloss.C.Waystohandlememorylossregardingdoorways.D.Reasonswhypeopleforgetwhileenteringadoorway.【答案】28.C29.B30.D【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了人们进门忘事的原因——大脑误解了来自环境的指令。【28题详解】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Theresearchteambroughttwogroupsofparticipantsintoalargeroom，Onegroupexperiencedtheroomasacontinuousspace；theotherwalkedthroughitafterdividercurtainsweresetuptosimulateadoorway.”（研究小组让两组参与者进入一个大的房间，一组体验的房间是一个连续的空间；另一组在设置了分隔窗帘模拟门口后穿过房间。）可知，本段是在介绍实验的过程。故选C项。【29题详解】推理判断题。倒数第二段“Researchhasdemonstratedthatphraseswhichinsertatemporalboundarybetweeneventsinanarrativeplacethesamesortofmentaldividerintomemoryasadoorway.”（研究表明，在叙述的地方，在事件之间插入时间边界的短语，就像一道门一样，在记忆中划分了精神分界线。）可推断，某些语言会影响记忆。故选B项。【30题详解】主旨大意题。根据第二段“Researchersinthelateststudytooktheircuefromanearlierstudyshowingthatpassingthroughadoorwayseemstoinsertamentaldividerintomemory，Ourbrainsrecordmemoriesinsegments，orepisodes，ratherthanasacontinuousevent.”（这项最新研究的研究人员从一项早期研究中得到了线索，该研究表明，穿过一扇门似乎在记忆中插入了一个精神分割器，我们的大脑以片段或情节来记录记忆，而不是以连续的事件来记录。）以及最后一段“Sothenexttimeyoucan'trememberwhyyouwalkedfromoneroomtoanother，don’tbealarmed.Justremindyourselfthatyourbrainsimplymisconstruedinstructionsfromyourenvironmentandthoughtthatdoorwaymeantyouneededamemorydivider.”（因此，下次当你记不起为什么从一个房间走到另一个房间时，不要惊慌。只需提醒自己，你的大脑只是误解了来自环境的指令，认为门口意味着你需要一个记忆分隔器。）及全文可知，本文主要是讲述了我们进门忘事的原因。故选D项。DEmpathycangivepurposetoourlivesandtrulycomfortpeopleindistress,hutitcanalsodogreatharm.Whileshowinganempatheticresponsetothetragedyandtraumaofotherscanbehelpful,itcanalso,ifmisdirected,turnusintowhatProfessorJamesDaweshascalled“emotionalparasites.”Empathycanmakepeopleangry—perhapsdangerouslyso—iftheymistakenlyperceivethatanotherpersonisthreateningapersontheycarefor.Forexample,whileatapublicgathering,younoticeaheavyset,casuallydressedmanwhoyouthinkis“staring”atyourpre-teenagedaughter.Whilethemanhasremainedexpressionlessandhasnotmovedfromhisspot,yourempatheticunderstandingofwhathe“might”bethinkingofdoingtoyourdaughterdrivesyouintoastateofrage.Whiletherewasnothingintheman'sexpressionorbodylanguagethatshouldhaveledyoutobelieveheintendedtoharmyourdaughter,yourempatheticunderstandingofwhatwasProbably“goingoninsidehishead”tookyouthere,DanishfamilytherapistJesperJuulhasreferredtoempathyandaggression(攻击性)as“existentialtwins.”Foryears,psychologistshavereportedcasesofoverlyempatheticpatientsendangeringthewell-beingofthemselvesandtheirfamiliesbygivingawaytheirlifesavingstorandomneedyindividuals.Suchoverlyempatheticpeoplewhofeeltheyaresomehowresponsibleforthedistressofothershavedevelopedanempathy-basedguilt.Thebetter-knownconditionof“survivorguilt”isaformofempathy-basedguiltinwhichanempatheticpersonincorrectlyfeelsthathisorherownhappinesshascomeatthecostormayhaveevencausedanotherperson'smiseryAccordingtopsychologistLynnO’Connor,personswhoregularlyactoutofempathy-basedguilt,tendtodevelopmilddepressioninlater-life.Psychologistswarnthatempathyshouldneverbeconfusedwithlove.Whilelovecanmakeanyrelationship-goodorbad—better,empathycannotandcanevenhastentheendofastrainedrelationship.Essentially,lovecancure,empathycannot.RehabilitationandtraumacounselorMarkStebnickicoinedtheterm“empathyfatigue”torefertoastateofphysicalexhaustionresultingfromrepeatedorprolongedpersonalinvolvementinthechronicillness,disability,trauma,grief,andlossofothers.Whilemorecommonamongmentalhealthcounselors,anyoverlyempatheticpersoncanexperience“empathyfatigue”.AccordingtoStebnicki,“hightouch”professionalslikedoctors,nurses,lawyers,andteacherstendtosufferfromempathyfatigue,PaulBloom,Ph.D.,professorofpsychologyandcognitivescienceatYaleUniversity,goessofarastosuggestthatduetoitsinherentdangers,peopleneedlessempathyratherthanmore.31.Empathyandaggressionareregardedas“existentialtwins”because___________.A.empathycanmakepeopleangryBempathycanbeeasilymisunderstoodC.aggressivepeopleoftenshowmoreempathyD.empathyandaggressionalwayscometogether32.Accordingtothepassage,whatmightbeanexampleofempathy-basedguilt?A.PeoplegiveawaytheirsavingstocharityBOnefeelssorryfornotpayingoffthedebt.C.Onefeelsguiltyforhis/herownhappiness.D.Patientsfeelbadforhavingtobeattended.33.Whatmightbetheauthor’sattitudetowardsshowingempathy?A.Approving. B.Neutral.C.Optimistic. D.Critical.34.Whichofthefollowingwouldtheauthormostlikelyagreewith?A.Itmightbebetterifweshowlessempathy.B.Empathyandlovebothhelpboosthappiness.C.Empathyfatigueleadstoillnessanddisability.D.Well-meantempathywon'tdamagearelationship.【答案】31.A32.C33.D34.A【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了同理心带来的危害以及由同理心衍生出来的一些心理问题。【31题详解】细节理解题。根据第二段“Empathycanmakepeopleangry—perhapsdangerouslyso—iftheymistakenlyperceivethatanotherpersonisthreateningapersontheycarefor.(同理心会让人生气——也许是危险的——如果他们错误地认为另一个人正在威胁他们关心的人)”可知，同理心和攻击性被认为是“存在双胞胎”因为同理心会让人生气。故选A项。【32题详解】细节理解题。根据第五段“Thebetter-knownconditionof“survivorguilt”isaformofempathy-basedguiltinwhichanempatheticpersonincorrectlyfeelsthathisorherownhappinesshascomeatthecostormayhaveevencausedanotherperson’smisery.(众所周知的“幸存者内疚感”是一种基于同理心的内疚感，在这种情况下，有同理心的人错误地认为自己的幸福是以牺牲或甚至可能导致他人的痛苦为代价的)”可知，同理心负罪感的一个例子是一个人为自己的幸福感到内疚。故选C项。【33题详解】推理判断题。根据倒数第三段“Essentially,lovecancure,empathycannot.(从本质上说，爱可以治愈，同理心不能)”以及最后一段“duetoitsinherentdangers,peopleneedlessempathyratherthanmore.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可推知，作者对于表现同理心是批评的态度。故选D项。【34题详解】细节理解题。根据最后一段“duetoitsinherentdangers,peopleneedlessempathyratherthanmore.(由于其内在的危险，人们需要的是更少而不是更多的同理心)”可知，我们应该少点同理心。故选A项。第二节(共5小题；每小题2分，共10分)根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。TheFlynnEffectTheFlynneffect，firstdescribedinthe1980sbyresearcherJamesFlynn，referstothefindingthatscoresonIQtestshaveincreasedinthepastcentury.Oneresearchpaper，publishedbypsychologistLisaTrahanandhercolleagues，combinedtheresultsofotherpublishedstudiesandfoundthatIQscoreshaveindeedincreasedsincethe1950s.___35___Trahanandhercolleaguesobserved，“TheexistenceoftheFlynneffectisrarelydisputed.”____36____Oneexplanationhastodowithimprovementsinhealthandnutrition.Forexample，thepastcenturyhasseenadecreaseinsmokingandalcoholuseinpregnancy，improvementsinthepreventionandtreatmentofinfectiousdiseases，andimprovementsinnutrition.AsScottBarryKaufmanwritesforPsychologyToday，“TheFlynneffectservesasareminderthatwhenwegivepeoplemoreopportunitiestoprosper，morepeopledoprosper.”____37____InaTEDtalk，Flynnexplainsthattheworldtodayis“aworldwherewe'vehadtodevelopnewmentalhabits，newhabitsofmind.”FlynnhasfoundthatIQscoreshaveincreasedthemostrapidlyonquestionsthataskustofindsimilaritiesbetweendifferentthings，andmoreabstracttypesofproblemsolving，bothofwhicharethingsthatweneedtodomoreofinthemodemworld.SeveralideashavebeenbroughtuptoexplainwhymodernsocietymightleadtohigherscoresonIQtests.Forexample，today，manymoreo