2023-年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语二真题考研英语二

2023年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(二)试题SectionIUseofEnglishDirections:Razdthe仞lowingtext.Choosethebestword(s)foreachnumberedblankcmdmarkA,8,CorDcmtheANSWERSHEET.(10Doims)Here'sacommonscenariothatanynumberofentrepreneursfacetoday:you'retheCEOofasmallbusiness,andthoughyou'remakinganice1,youneedtofindawaytotakeittothenextlevel.Whatyouneedtodois2growthbyestablishingagrowthteam.Agrowthteamismadeupofmembersfromdifferentdepartmentswithinyourcompany,anditharnessesthepowerofcollaborationtofbcus_3onfindingwaystogrow.Let'slookatareal-world4.Priortoformingagrowthteam,thesoftwarecompanyBitTorrenthad50employeesworkinginthe5departmentsofengineering,marketingandproductdevelopment.Thisbroughtthemgoodresultsuntil2012,whentheirgrowthplateaued.The_6wasthattoomanycustomerswereusingthebasic,freeversionoftheirproduct.AndJ7improvementstothepremium,paidversion,fewpeopleweremakingtheupgrade.Thingschanged,8,whenaninnovativeproject-marketingmanagercameaboard,9agrowthteamandsparkedthekindof10perspectivetheyneeded.Bylookingatengineeringissuesfromamarketingpointofviewjtbecameclearthatthe11ofupgradeswasn'tduetoaqualityissue.Mostcustomersweresimplyunawareofthepremiumversionandwhatitoffered.Armedwiththis12,themarketingandengineeringteamsjoinedforcestoraiseawarenessbyprominently13thepremiumversiontousersofthefreeversion14,upgradesskyrocketed,andrevenueincreasedby92percent.Butinorderforyourgrowthteamtosucceed,itneedstohaveastrongleader.Itneedssomeonewhocan15theinterdisciplinaryteamandkeepthemoncourseforimprovement.Thisleaderwill16thetargetarea,setcleargoalsandestablishatimeframefbrthe17ofthesegoals.Thegrowthleaderisalso18fbrkeepingtheteamfocusedonmovingforwardandsteeringthemclearofdistractions.19attractivenewideascanbedistracting,theteamleadermustrecognizewhentheseideasdon't20thecurrentgoalandneedtobeputonthebackburner.[A]purchase[B]profit[C]connection[D]bet[A]define[B]predict[C]prioritize[D]appreciate[A]exclusively[B]temporarily[C]potentially[D]initially[A]experiment[B]proposal[C]debate[D]example[A]identical[B]marginal[C]provisional[D]traditional6.[A]rumor[B]secret[C]myth[D]problem[A]despite[B]unlike[C]through[D]besides[A]moreover[B]however[C]therefore[D]again[A]inspected[B]created[C]expanded[D]reformed1().[Alcultural[BJobjective[Clfresh[Dlpersonal11.[A]end[B]burden[C]lack[D]decrease12・fA]policy[B]suggestion[C]puq?osefD]insight13・[A]contributing[B]allocating[C]promoting[D]transferring[A]Asaresult[B]Atanyrate[C]Bytheway[D]Inasense[A]unite[B]finance[C]follow[D]choose[A]share[B]identify[C]divide[D]broaden[A]announcement[B]assessment[C]adjustment[D]accomplishment[A]famous[B]responsible[C]available[D]respectable[A]Before[B]Once[C]While[D]Unless[A]serve[B]limitrC]summarizefD]alterSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfaurtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(40points)Text1Inthequestfortheperfectlawn,homeownersacrossthecountryaretakingashortcut-anditistheenvironmentthatispayingtheprice.Abouteightmillionsquaremetresofplasticgrassissoldeachyearbutoppositionhasnowspreadtothehighestgardeningcircles.TheChelseaFlowerShowhasbannedfakegrassfromthisyear'sevent,declaringittobenotpartofitsethos.TheRoyalHorticulturalSociety(RHS),whichrunstheannualshowinwestLondon,saysithasintroducedthebanbecauseofthedamageplasticgrassdoestotheenvironmentandbiodiversity.EdHorne,oftheRHS,said:"Welaunchedoursustainabilitystrategylastyearandfakegrassisjustnotinlinewithourethosandviewsonplastic.Werecommendusingrealgrassbecauseofitsenvironmentalbenefits.whichincludesupportingwildlife.alleviatingfloodingandcoolingtheenvironment.”TheRHS'sdecisioncomesascampaignerstrytoraiseawarenessoftheproblemsfakegrasscauses.ATwitteraccount,whichclaimsto4icutthroughthegreen-wash"ofartificialgrass,alreadyhasmorethan20,000followers.ltistryingtoencouragepeopletosigntwopetitions,onecallingforabanonthesaleofplasticgrassandanothercallingforanfcfcecologicaldamage^taxonsuchlawns.Theyhavegathered7,276and11,282signaturesHowever,supportersoffakegrasspointoutthatthereisalsoanenvironmentalimpactwithnaturallawns,whichneedmowingandthereforeusuallyconsumeelectricityorpetrol.Theindustryalsopointsoutthatrealgrassrequiresconsiderableamountsofwater,weedkillerorothertreatmentsandthatpeoplewholayfakegrasstendtousetheirgardenmore.Theindustryalsoclaimsthatpeoplewholayfakegrassspendanaverageof£50()ontreesorshrubsfortheirgarden,whichprovideshabitatforinsects.Inresponsetoanotherpetitionlastyearaboutbanningfakelawns,whichgathered30,000signatures,thegovernmentrespondedthatithast4noplanstobantheuseofartificialgrass.Itadded:"Weprefertohelppeopleandorganizationsmaketherightchoiceratherthanlegislatingonsuchmatters,Howevertheuseofartificialgrassmustcomplywiththelegalandpolicysafeguardsinplacetoprotectbiodiversityandensuresustainabledrainage,whilemeasuressuchasthestrengthenedbiodiversitydutyshouldservetoencouragepublicauthoritiestoconsidersustainablealternatives.,,2l.TheRHSthinksthatplasticgrass .[AJisharmfultotheenvironment[BJisahottopicingardeningcircles[C]isoverpraisedintheannualshow[DJisruiningtheviewofwestLondon22.ThepetitionsmentionedinParagraph3revealthecampaigners' .[A]disappointmentwiththeRHS[BJresistancetofakegrassuseangerovertheproposedtaxconcemaboutrealgrasssupply23.InParagraph4,supportersoffakegrasspointout .thenecessitytolowerthecostsoffakegrassthedisadvantagesofgrowingrealgrassthewaytotakecareofartificiallawnsthechallengesofinsecthabitatprotection24.Whatwouldthegovernmentdowithregardtoartificialgrass?lJrgelegislationtorestrictitsuse.Takemeasurestoguaranteeitsquality.ReminditsuserstoobeyexistingrulesIDJReplaceitwithsustainablealternatives.25.ltcanbelearnedfromthetextthatfakegrass .isbeingimprovedcontinuouslyhasseenamarketsharedeclineisbecomingincreasinglyaffordable|DJhasbeenacontroversialproductText2It'seasytodismissasabsurdthefederalgovernment'sideasfbrpluggingthechronicfundinggapofournationalparks.Cananyonereallythinkit'sagoodideatoallowAmazondeliveriestoyourtentinYosemiteorfoodtruckstolineupundertheredwoodtreesatSequoiaNationalPark?Butthegovernmentisrightaboutonething:U.S.nationalparksareincrisis.Collectively,theyhaveamaintenancebacklogofmorethan$12billion.Roads,trails,restrooms,visitorcentersandotherinfrastructurearecrumbling.Butprivatizingandcommercializingthecampgroundswouldnotbeacure-all.Campgroundsareatinyportionoftheoverallinfrastructurebacklog,andbusinessesintheparkshandover,onaverage,onlyabout5%oftheirrevenuestotheNationalParkService.Moreover,increasedprivatizationwouldcertainlyundercutoneofthemajorreasonswhy300millionvisitorscometotheparkseachyear:toenjoynatureandgetabreakfromthecommercialdrumbeatthatoverwhelmsdailylife.Therealproblemisthattheparkshavebeenchronicallystarvedoffunding.Aneconomicsurveyof700U.S.taxpayersfoundthatpeoplewouldbewillingtopayasignificantamountofmoneytomakesuretheparksandtheirprogramsarekeptintact.Some81%ofrespondentssaidtheywouldbewillingtopayadditionaltaxesfbrthenext10yearstoavoidanycutstothenationalparks.ThenationalparksprovidegreatvaluetoU.S.residentsbothasplacestoescapeandassymbolsofnature.Ontopofthis,theyproducevaluefromtheirextensiveeducationalprograms,theirpositiveimpactontheclimatethroughcarbonsequestration,theircontributiontoourculturalandartisticlife,andofcoursethroughtourism.TheparksalsohelpkeepAmerica'spastalive,workingwiththousandsoflocaljurisdictionsaroundthecountrytoprotecthistoricalsitesandtobringthestoriesoftheseplacestolife.Theparksdoallthisonashoestring.Congressallocatesonly$3billionayeartothenationalparksystem-anamountthathasbeenflatsince2001(ininflation-adjusteddollars)withtheexceptionofaonetimeboostin2009.Meanwhile,thenumberofannualvisitorshasincreasedbymorethan50%since1980,andnowstandsat330millionvisitorsperyear.26.whatproblemareU.S.nationalparksfacedwith?DeclineofbusinessprofitsInadequatecommercializationLackoftransportationservicespoorlymaintainedinfrastructure27.Increasedprivatizationofthecampgroundsmay .[AJspoilvisitorexperiencehelppreservenaturebringoperationalpressureboostvisitstoparks28.Accordingtoparagraph5mostrespondentsinthesurveywouldgotothenationalparksonaregularbasis|B]advocateabiggerbudgetforthenationalparksagreetopayextraforthenationalparkssupportthenationalparks'receivereformsText3TheInternetmaybechangingmerelywhatweremember,notourcapacitytodoso,suggestsColumbiaUniversitypsychologyprofessorBetsySparrow.In2011,Sparrowledastudyinwhichparticipantswereaskedtorecord40factoidsinacomputer(44anostrich'seyeisbiggerthanitsbrain,"forexample).Halfoftheparticipantsweretoldtheinformationwouldbeerased,whiletheotherhalfweretolditwouldbesaved.Guesswhat?Thelattergroupmadenoefforttorecalltheinformationwhenquizzedonitlater,becausetheyknewtheycouldfinditontheircomputers.Inthesamestudy,agroupwasaskedtorememberboththeinformationandthefoldersitwasstoredin.Theydidn'tremembertheinformation,buttheyrememberedhowtofindthefolders.Inotherwords,humanmemoryisnotdeterioratingbuf4adoptingtonewcommunicationstechnology,,,Sparrowsays.Inaverypracticalway,theInternetisbecominganexternalharddriveforourmemories,aprocessknownas44cognitiveoffloading/'Traditionally,thisrolewasfulfilledbydatabanks,libraries,andotherhumans.Yourfathermayneverrememberbirthdaysbecauseyourmotherdoes,forinstance.Someworrythatthisishavingadestructiveeffectonsociety,butSparrowseesanupside.Perhaps,shesuggests,thetrendwillchangeourapproachtolearningfromafocusonindividualfactsandmemorizationtoanemphasisonmoreconceptualthinkingsomethingthatisnotavailableontheInternet.uIpersonallyhaveneverseenallthatmuchintellectualvalueinmemorizingthings/'Sparrowsays,addingthatwehaven'tlostourabilitytodoit.Stillotherexpertssayit'stoosoontounderstandhowtheInternetaffectsourbrains.Thereisnoexperimentalevidenceshowingthatitinterfereswithourabilitytofocus,forinstance,wrotepsychologistsChristopherChabrisandDaniel.J.Simons.Andsurfingthewebexercisedthebrainmorethanreadingdidamongcomputer-savvyolderadultsina2008studyinvolving24participantsattheSemelInstituteforNeuroscienceandHumanBehaviorattheUniversityofCalifornia,LosAngeles.TheremaybecostsassociatedwithourincreasedrelianceontheInternet,butI'dhavetoimaginethatoverallthebenefitsaregoingtooutweighthosecosts,MobservespsychologyprofessorBenjaminStorm."Itseemsprettyclearthatmemoryischanging,butisitchangingforthebetter?Atthispoint,wedon'tknow."31.Sparrow'sstudyshowsthatwiththeInternet,thehumanbrainwillanalyzeinformationindetailcollectinformationefficientlyswitchitsfocusofmemoryextenditsmemorydurationTheprocessof'cognitiveoffloading" .helpsusidentifyfalseinformationkeepsourmemoryfromfailingEnablesustoclassifytrivialfacts[DJlessensourmemoryburdensWhichofthefollowingwouldSparrowsupportabouttheInternet?[A]ItmayreformourlearningapproachItmayimpactoursocietynegativelyItmayenhanceouradaptabilitytotechnologyItmayinterferewithourconceptualthinking34.ItisindicatedinParagraph3thathowtheInternetaffectsourbrains[AJrequiresfurtheracademicresearchismoststudiedinolderadultsisreflectedinourreadingspeed[DJdependsonourweb-surfinghabitsNeitherSparrownorStormwouldagreethat .ourrelianceontheInternetwillbecostlytheInternetisweakeningourmemorymemoryexerciseisamustforourbrainsourabilitytofocusdeclineswithageText4AccordingtoParagraph,chiIdrengrowingintoadolescencetendtodevelopoppositepersonalitytraits|B]seethewordinanunreasonablewayhavefondmemoriesoftheirpastshowaffectionfortheirparents37.ltcanbelearnedfrom2thatCrone'sstudy .[A]exploresteenagers'socialresponsibilities[B]examinesteenagers'emotionalproblems[C]providesanewinsightintoadolescence[D]highlightsnegativeadolescentbehavior38.Whatdoescrone'sstudyfindaboutprosocialbehavior?[AJItresultsfromthewishtocooperateItiscultivatedthrougheducationItissubjecttofamilyinfluenceIttendstopeakinadolescence39.Itcanbelearnedfromthelasttwoparagraphsthatteenagers .[A]over-stresstheirinfluenceonothers|B]carealotaboutsocialrecognition[CJBecomeanxiousabouttheirfuture[D]Endeavortoliveajoyfullife40.Whatisthetextmainlyabout .[A]Whyteenagersareself-contradictory.[B]Whyteenagersarerisk-sensitive.[CJHowteenagersdevelopprosociality.|DJHowteenagersbecomeindependent.PartBDirections:Readthefollowingtextandmatcheachofthenumbereditemsintheleftcolumntoitscorrespondinginformationintherightcolumn.Therearetwoextrachoicesintherightcolumn.MarkyouranswersontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)Net-zerorulessettosendcostofnewhomesandextensionssoaringNewbuildingregulationsaimedatimprovingenergyefficiencyaresettoincreasethepriceofnewhomes,aswellasthoseofextensionsandloftconversionsonexistingones.Therules,whichcameintoeffectonWednesdayinEngland,arepartofgovernmentplanstoreducetheUK'scarbonemissionstonetzeroby2050.Theysetnewstandardsforventilation,energyefficiencyandheating,andstatethatnewresidentialbuildingsmusthavechargingpointsforelectricvehicles.Themovesarethemostsignificantchangetobuildingregulationsinyears,andindustryexpertssaytheywillinevitablyleadtohigherpricesatatimewhenashortageofmaterialsandhighlabourcostsarealreadydrivingupbills.BrianBerry,chiefexecutiveoftheFederationofMasterBuilders,saysthemeasureswillrequirenewmaterials,testingmethods,productsandsystemstobeinstalled/4Allthiscomesatanincreasedcostduringatimewhenpricesarealreadyskyhigh.Inevitably,consumerswillhavetopaymore,"hesays.GarethBelsham,ofsurveyorsNaismiths,sayspeoplewhoareupgrading,orextendingtheirhome,willbedirectlyaffected/'Thebiggestchangesrelatetoheatingandinsulation/'heexplains."Therearenewrulesconcerningtheamountofglazingusedinextensions,andanynewwindowsordoorsmustbehighlyinsulated.,,Windowsanddoorswillhavetoadheretohigherstandards,whiletherearenewlimitsontheamountofglazingyoucanhavetoreduceunwantedheatfromthesun.ThomasGoodman,ofMyJobQuote,saysthiswillbringinnewrestrictionsforextensions.''Glazingonwindows,doorsandrooflightsmustcovernomorethan25%ofthefloorareatopreventheatloss,"hesays.AstherulescameintoeffectlastWednesday,propertydeveloperswererushingtofileplansjustbeforethedeadline.Anyplanssubmittedbeforethatdateareconsideredtobeunderthepreviousrules,andcangoaheadaslongasworkstartsbefore15Junenextyear.Builderswhichhavecostedprojects,buthavenotfiledthepaperwork,mayneedtogobackandsubmitfreshestimates,saysMarcusJeffordofBuildAviator.Materialspricesarealreadyup25%inthelasttwoyears.Howmuchoverallpriceswillincreaseasaresultoftherulechangesisnotclear."Whilstadmirableintheirintentions,theywilladdtothecostofhousebuildingatatimewhenmanyalreadyfeelthattheyarepricedoutofhomeownership,"saysJonathanRolandeoftheNationalAssociationofPropertyBuyers/4Anaverageextensionwillprobablyseearound£3,()()()additionalcostthankstothenewregs."JohnKelly,aconstructionlawyeratFreethslawfirm,believespriceswilleventuallycomedown.Butnotintheimmediatefuture."Asthemarketplaceadaptstothenewrequirements,andthetechnologiesthatsupportthem,thescalingupofthesetechnologieswilleventuallybringcostsdown,butintheshortterm,wewillallhavetopaythepriceofthenecessarytransition."hesays.However,thelong-termeffectsofthechangeswillbemorecomfortableandenergy-efficienthomes,addsAndre