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DC-IELTS

HowtogetandorganiseideasforIELTSessays

ThisisalessontoshowyouwaystogetandorganiseideasforIELTSessays.Mybeliefisthatithelpstoseewordsandideasareconnected.Thismeansthatoneofthebestwaytofindideasistothinkofwords.Soifyouwantideas,trythinkingofwordsfirstandviceversa.

words↔ideas

Ialsobelieveithelpsnottothinkofideasingeneralbuttypesofideas–i.e.reasonsandexamplesandexnations.Thisispartlybecauseyoudon’tneed“ideas”inIELTSessays:youneedreasons,examplesandexnations.Andit’spartlybecauseit’sjusteasierthisway.

Anotherkeyisthatideasarenotenoughbythemselvesforanessay.Theyneedtobeorganised.ThatiswhyIreallydothink10minutesspentnningcanbetherightapproach.

Howtogetideas–askquestions

Asimpleandpracticalwaytogetideasistoaskyourselfquestions.WhatdoImean?BelowItakethebasicquestionswords(how/who/what/why/when/where)andaskmyselfquestions.Theanswerstothosequestionsgivemeideasaboutwhattosay.Mytoptipistotryandaskyourselfasmanydifferenttypesofquestionsaspossible–i.e.thewhenandwherequestionseveniftheymaynotbeobviouscangiveyoumoreideas.SeehowbelowIgettheideaof“long-term”byasking“when?”

Howbigaproblemisglobalwarming?⇒severe

Whoshoulddealwithit?⇒ ernmentsandinternationalbodies

Whatisthereason?⇒CO2emissions/fossilfuels

Whyisitaproblem?⇒risingsealevels/flood/famine/droughtWhenshouldasolutionhappen?⇒now/immediaynotlong-termWhereisitaproblem?⇒it’sglobal

Anythingelse?⇒ers–public

Notetoothe“anythingelse”attheend.Ifyouthinkofsomethingelse–writeitdownevenifyoudon’tknowwhereitfits.Youmightgettouseitlater.

Howtogetideas–startwithwords

Anotherwaythatcanworkistostartwithwords–thisisatypeofbrainstormexercise.Tomakeitwork,youprobablywanttoworkquicklyandnotthinktoohard–letyourbrainrunandjustmakeassociations.Someofthewordsmayberubbish–thatdoesn’tmatterasyoucanalwaysdeletethem.Othersmaybeveryhelpful.HereiswhatIdidin1minute.Itisn’tperfect–it’snotmeanttobe.Butnow–after1minute–Ihavenotjustsomewordsbutideasformyessay.

Mytoptiphereisdon’torganiseyourbrainstormtoocarefully–thatwillslowyoudownandyou’llendupwithfewerwordsandideas.Youcanalwayscomebacktoitlaterandorganiseitthenandaddinmoreideas/words.

Organiseyourideas–choose2/3mainideas

Youressayshouldhavenomore3bodyparagraphs.Aparagraphisanideaexined.Soyouwantnomorethan2/3mainideas.Alotofessaysgowrongbecausetheytryandincludetoomanyideas!Learntodelete–thisisIELTS.

Howdoyouchoosethemainideas?

Makesurethattheidearelatesexactlytothequestion

Chooseanideathatyoucanexinwithreasonsandexamples–evenifitisn’tyourbestidea

Ialsosuggestyoukeepthemainideasclearandsimple.Youareundertimepressureandneedtogetitrightfirsttime.Asimpleideacanstillimpressifyoudevelopitwellwithreasonsandexamples

HereisanexampleofamainideathatcanworkverywellinanIELTSessay.Don’tworryifitlookssimple–it’sclearandwe’regoingtodevelopitsoon.

Internationalbodiesandernmentsshouldtakeactiononglobalwarmingimmediay.

Organiseyourideas–decideiftheyaremainideasorsupportingdetail

Thisobviouslyrelatestothepointabove.Alotofessaysgowrongbecauseitishardtolwhatthemainpointsare.Theideasgetconfused.Isthisanexample?Isitareason?Sobeforeyoustartwritingyoumustdecidewhattypeofideasyouhave.

Thisisasimplemethod–perhapstoosimple–butitcanworkandisagoodstartingpoint.Youusethesecategoriesforyourideas.Theycomefromthewritinginstructionswhichlyou:

Discuss[thiswordchangesfromquestiontoquestionbutthisisyourmainpoint]

GivereasonsIncludeexamples

Takealookatmycompleteparagraphtoseehowthiscanwork.

MAINIDEAInternationalbodiesandernmentsshouldtakeactiononglobalwarmingimmediay.REASONThisisbecauseithasbeenshownthatthereisaclearconnectionbetweenCO2emissionsandburningfossilfuelsandclimatechange.REASONFurthermore,researchfromscientistsshowsthatthenumberofnaturaldisastersEXAMPLEsuchasdroughtandfamineisguaranteedtoincreaseunlessstepsaretakennow.REASONIndeed,thescaleoftheproblemmeansthataglobalsolutionmustbefoundandthatitisnotenoughforafewcountriestoEXAMPLEinvestinrenewableformsofenergysuchaswindfarms.

BeforeIstartedwritingIdecidedthatCO2emissionswasareasonnaturaldisasterswereareason

thesizeoftheproblemwasareasonIalsodecidedthat

droughtandfaminewereexamplesofnaturaldisasters

investinginwindfarmswasanexampleofwhatsomecountriesdo

Advertising

Advertisingvocabularyandexercises

Advert,advertisementorad?

AlltheseformsofthewordsarecorrectbutadismostlyusedinspokenEnglishonly.Youshouldalsobeawareofacommonpronunciationproblem:

advert

advertise

advertisement

Thismeansthatyoumakean“iss”soundwhensayadvertisement.Thisisaverycommonmistakeandonewaytoavoiditistosayandwriteadvert.

Differentformsofadvertising

word

example

evisioncommercial

TheBBCisperhapsuniquefornotcarryinganycommercials.

radiospot

Radiostationsmakemostoftheirrevenuebysellingairtimeintheformofradiospots.

billboard

Mostmajorhighwaysnowhavebillboardsbytheroadsideadvertisingeverythingfromsoaptogas.

flyer

Itcanbeveryeffectivetohandoutflyers.

smallads/alads

Notalladvertisingiscommercial,manynewspaperscarrysmalladsforalservices.

trailer

Thetrailer,asoftenasnot,isactuallybetterthanthefilmitself.

productcement

Wearenotalwaysawarethatwearebeing¨sold¨aproduct;forinstance,whenproductsarecedinfi .

promotion

Thetwoforthepriceofonepromotioncanoftenbeverymisleading.

endorsement

Manysportsstarsearthemajorityoftheir efromendorsingvariousproducts.

sponsorship

Itisunarguablethattobaccofirmsshouldnotbeallowedtosponsorsportsevents.

Adjectivestodescribeadvertising

adjective

example

witty/humorous

Theideaisthatifyoucanmakesomeonelaughwithawittyadvert,thentheywellbemorelikelytobuytheproduct.

memorable

Almostallthebestadvertsarememorableinsomeway.

persuasive

Someadsareextremelypersuasiveandwefindwebuyproductswedonotreallyneed.

misleading

Althoughthereareregulationsagainstthis,manyadvertsarestillmisleading.

adjective

example

word-of-mouth

Itisfrequentlysaidthatthemosteffectiveformofadvertisingisword-of-mouthadvertising.

Otherrelatedwords

word

example

regulation

Mostpeoplewouldacceptthattheadvertisingindustryneedssomeformofregulation.

advertisingagency

Advertisingagenciesfrequentlydoextensivemarketresearchtodiscoverwhatattractsconsumers.

target

Thedifficultycomeswhenadvertstargetyoungchildrenwhoaretooeasilyinfluencedbythem.

consumers

Itcanalsobearguedthatconsumersareabletodecideforthemselveswhattobuy.

brandawareness

Advertisingisessentialforcompaniesthatneedtobuildtheirbrandawareness.

Exercises

words

testyourvocabularyandspelling–acrosswordexerciseonsomeofthemostcommonadvertisingwords

paragraphs

Thesearemodelparagraphsthatshouldgiveyouideasforwritingorspeakingaboutadvertising

childrenandadvertisingChildrennowadaysareexposedtomoreandmoreadvertsonevision.Manypeoplebelievethatthisrepresentsaproblembecauseyoungpeopleare

easilyinfluencedbyevisioncommercials.Onedangerthispresentsisthatchildrenwillactuallybelieveintheexaggeratedclaimsfrequentlymadeinadvertisements.Thisisparticularlyseriousinthecaseofadvertsforproductssuchasjunkfoodthatareactivelyunhealthy.

formsofadvertisingInthemodernworld,weareinundatedwithadvertisinginmanydifferentforms.Thereare,ofcourse,theobviousexamplessuchasevisioncommercials,radiospots,billboardsbytheroadsideandtheneonsignsthatlightupthecitiesatnight.Inadditiontothese,however,thereareotherlessevidentwaysinwhichcompaniesattempttopromotetheirproducts.Forexample,whenyousitdowntowatchafootballmatch,youwillseethelogosandslogansofcompaniesthatsponsortheshirtsor

evennowadaysthestadium.Productcementworksinmuchthesamewayinthecinema.Youthinkyouaresittingdowntowatchafilm,butadvertisingagencieswillmakesurethattheir s'latestproductsareondisytoo.

howadvertisingworksAdvertisingworksinmanydifferentways,butitissafetosaythatmostsuccessfuladvertisementsareinsomewaymemorable.Unlesswecanrememberwhattheadvertwasaboutit,itfailed.Likewise,manyadvertstrytomaketheproductorserviceseemglamorous:thismaybeachievedbygettingastarfromtheworldofentertainmenttoendorsetheproduct.TheideaisthatifBradPittsaysthatheusesthisshavinggel,thenmenallaroundtheworldwillfollowsuit.Finally,thereisthecategoryof

thewittyorhumorousadvert-acleveradvertcanmaketheproductitselfseem"inligent",evenwhenitisnomorethanawashing-upliquid.

theregulationofadvertisingThereislittledoubtthatthereshouldbesomeregulationofadvertising,butitisunclearwhoshouldberesponsibleforthisandhowtheregulationsshouldapply.Oneonelevel,inthemarket,companiesshouldbeallowedtopromotetheirproductsandservicesastheyseefit.However,therearesurelysomeinstanceswhenitwouldbeinappropriatefortheretobenorestrictionsonadvertising.Forexample,tobaccoandalcoholcompaniesshouldnotbeallowedtobuyadvertisingtimeonevisionandradio.

anessay

gapfillessay

Intoday’smaterialworld,weareinundatedwithvariousformsofadvertising.Inmyview,thiscanbedangerousasitencouragesustospendwithoutthinkingandyoungpeople,inparticular,needsomeprotectionfromit.

Thefirstpointtomakeisthatadvertisingdoesmakeusspendmoneywedonotneedto.Therearenowadayssomanydifferentwayscompaniespromotetheirproductsandservices,rangingfromevisioncommercialstosimpleflyersthatwecannotescapeit.If,forexample,youwatchafootballmatchonevision,youwillseethelogosofthetournamentsponsors.Likewise,ifyouwatchthelatestblockbustermovie,veryprobablyyouwillseeaproductcedinthefilmbysomeadvertisingagency.Thevolumeofthisadvertisingmeansthatwe,asconsumers,tendtobeprofoundlyinfluencedbyitandbuywithoutthinking.

Itisnoteasytodecidehowtoregulateadvertising.Clearly,ernmentsoughttorestrictadvertisementsforharmfulproductssuchasalcoholandtobacco.Theydonothavethepower,however,tocontrolotherformsofadvertising.Thismeansweneedtouseourcommonsensewhenwegototheshops,andaskourselveswhetherwereallyneedtomakethatpurchase.Parentsshould,however,ensurethatyoungpeopleareprotectedfromtoomuchexposuretoadvertising.ThiscanmeansimplyexiningthatitisnotinfactnecessarytobuythenewestXbox,orsimplyturningtheevisionoff.

Myconclusionisthatwhilewecannotescapeadvertisingoritseffectsinthemodernworld,childrenshouldbeencouragednottopaytoomuchattentiontoit.

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Art

Thisisatoughtopic.Thegoodnewsisthatyouonlyneedafairlylimitedrangeofartvocabulary.Thereisnoneedtolearnthetechnicalwords,justthegeneralwordsthataneducatedshouldknow.Ifyouareascientist,theideaisthatyouneedtoknowtheequivalenttermfor“internalcombustionengine”,youdon’thavetosayhowitworks!

Whatisart?

Thisisabig,bigquestion.Herearesomebasicdistinctionsyoumaywanttoconsider.

Thefinearts

Thefineartsarewhatmostpeoplemeanwhentheyjustsay“art”.Theseincludeicdisciplinessuchaspaintingandsculpture.Typically,theyareobjectscreatedtobe“beautiful”.

Artsandcrafts

Acraftisasimilar,relatedconceptandwedousethetermartsandcrafts.Inartsandcrafts,objectsarecreatedbyhand.Agoodexamplewouldbetapestry.

Thevisualarts

Thesearetheoneswelookatandincludepaintings,drawingsandphotographs.Doescinemacount?Forsomepeople,yes.evision?

Thesticarts

Thesearetheoneswecantouch.Asculptureandapieceofpotteryareexamples.

Performanceart

Thisiswhenyouseesomeoneperformingandwhattheydo/produceisapieceofart.Theatrecanbecalledaformofperformanceart,perhapsabetterexampleisjuggling.Wenormallyusethistermforartthatis“different”.Thereisalsoarelativelynewphenomenonofthestreet .

Pictures

Therearemanytypesofpictures.Ifitispictureofsomebody,itisgenerallyaportrait.ifitisapictureoface,itisgenerallyalandscape.Whileapictureofanobjectbyitselfisastilllife.Threegenresofpicturepossiblyworthknowingareawatercolourwhichispaintedontopaper,anoilpaintingwhichisnormallypaintedontocanvas(atentlikematerial)andasketchwhichisnormallyapreparatorydrawing.

Philosophiesofart

Arthaschangedgreatlyovertheages.Youcertainlydon’tneedtobeabletotalkaboutthedifferencesbetweenRenaissanceart,Mannerism,theBaroque,thePre-Raphaelites,ImpressionismandCubism–ifyoudid,youwouldprobablyscareyourIELTSexaminer.Itmighthelptohavethismuchknowledgethough:

figurative/representationalart:thisiswherethepainting/objectlookslikesomethingfromlife

art:thisiswhereyouseesquares,circlesandothershapesandyoucannot(immediay)lwhatthepaintingisabout

contemporaryart:thisistheartofnow.It’sdangeroustousetheword“modern”because

“modernism”inartactuallyhappenedquitealongtimeago(the1930swasprobablyitsheyday).

Wheredoyouseeart?

Younormallyfindartinanartgallery.Youwalkaroundandadmiretheexhibitsinanexhibition,whilediscussingwhetherthecuratorhasgotthelightingrightandwhetherthatpictureshouldreallybehungnexttothatone.

Sometimesyoumightalsofindartinmuseums,butthatismuchlesscommon.Forexample,theBritishMuseumhasartefactsfromBritain’spast,whiletheNationalGalleryisacollectionofart.

Wouldyoubuyit?

Arttendstobeexpensive.AmasterpiecebyVanGoghcouldbesaidtobepriceless–that’ssoexpensivethatnoonehasthemoneytoaffordit.Alotofartformspartofanation’sheritageandtheernmentprotectsitfromsaleabroad.

Peopleandart

Noteveryonelikesart.Peoplewholiketospendalotoftimeadmiringartareoftentermedculturevultures(afairlyidiomaticterm),whiletheidiomforpeoplewhodislikeartisphilistines.

Thereisofcourseartandart.Peoplewhoappreciatethemoreelitistformsofartmaybesaidtohavehighbrowtastes,whilethosewhopreferthelessinlectualartformsmayhavelowbrowtastes.

Whatmakesartspecial?

Anotherbigquestion.Somepeoplethinkthatitisimportantforaworkofarttobeoriginalor

creative.Otherswouldsaythatwhatmattersishowitappealstoourimagination.

Oneortwoidioms

showsthedepthofapicture–howmanydimensionsyousee.Ifyouhave/keepasenseof ,thenyouseeaproblem/issueforwhatitis–oftenmeaningthatitisnotasseriousasitseems.

Ifyoudescribesomeoneasbeingnooilpainting,becareful.Thismeansthattheyareugly.

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Climatechange

Belowyou’llfindplentyofclimatechangevocabularyandideas.Theseareorganisedunderheadings:

TalkingaboutthescaleoftheproblemNegativeeffects

Causes

PossiblesolutionsWaysoftakingaction

Howindividualscanhelp

Theideainngthisistoshowyouthatideasneedtobeorganisedifyouusethem.Also,ifyouareoneofthosepeoplewhobelievesthatglobalwarmingisnotcausedbyhumanactivity,youarenotjustonthewrongpage–youarewrong!

extremeweatherrisingsealevelsfoodshortagessolarpanelswindfarmsfossilfuelsillegalloggingcarbonfootprintpowerstationsheatinsulation

Talkingaboutthesizeoftheproblem

Animportantgroupofclimatevocabularyandideasistosayhowlargetheproblemis:

crisis:Climatechangeisacrisisthatcannotbeignoredbyernments.

recordlevels/amount:Despitetheclaimsofsomescientists,wearenowproducingrecordlevelsofCO2andthereisnodisputeabouttheconnectionbetweenthisandglobalwarming.

disaster/disastrous:Itisnotanexaggerationtosaythattheeffectsofglobalwarmingare

disastrous.

global:Althoughsomeareasarerelativelyunaffectednow,climatechangeisaglobalproblem.

irreversible:Themajorconcernisthattheeffectsofouractionsontheclimatewillbe

irreversible.

long-term:Theeffectsofouruseoffossilfuelstodaymaylastforgenerationsanditisalmostcertaintohavelong-termconsequencesforhumanity.

NegativeEffects

Thisgroupofclimatechangevocabularygivesyoulanguagetoexinwhattheeffectsare.AsyoureadthroughtheexamplesnotethedifferentlanguageIuseforeffectsandprobability.

ill-health:Itsometimesgoesunnoticedthatthereisaclearconnectionbetweenclimatechangeandill-health.

floods/rainstorms:Oneresultoftherisingtemperaturesisthatfloodsandrainstormsarenowafrequentoccurrence.

thePolaricecap:OnemajorconcernisthatrisingtemperaturesintheArcticarecausingthePolaricecaptomelt,whichinturnisleadingtorisingsealevels.

heatwavesanddroughts:Mostexpertsagreethatthereisanincreasedriskofheatwavesandotherextremeweatherconditions.

thenaturalworld:Climatechangewillnotonlyhaveasevereimpactonpeople,butalso

devastatethenaturalworldandleadtotheextinctionofimportantspecies.

foodshortages:Wearealreadyseeinginmanypartsoftheworldthatclimatechangeisleadingtofoodshortagesasadirectconsequenceofextremeweatherconditions.

housing/homelessness:Oneside-effectofrisingsealevelsisthatmoreandmorepeoplewholivebythecoastwill ehomeless.

s/wars:Ifnoactionistakenonclimatechange,thenitislikelythattherewillbemore

sbetweennations,especiallyoverwaters.

cost:Ithasbeenshownthatanydelayinmakingemissioncutswillincreasethecostofreducingcarbondioxidebyalmost50%.

Causes

Youmayalsoneedtodiscussthecausesofclimatechangetoo.Youdon’tneedanyverytechnicalknowledgeandthisvocabularyshouldbeenough.Again,notethecauselanguage.

humanactivity:Itisnolongerpossibletosaythathumanactivitydoesnotaffectweatherconditions.

greenhousegasemissions:Ifwearetohaltclimatechange,weneedtomakesubstantialreductionsingreenhousegasemissions.

powerstations:Oneoftheleadingcausesofclimatechangeisthenumberofdirtypowerstationsusingfossilfuels.

carbonemissions:Carbonemissionsarestillrisingyearbyyearandareatrecordlevels.

illegallogginganddeation:ItshouldnotbeforgottenthatillegalloggingintheAmazonBasinisstillamajorfactorinclimatechange.

burningfossilfuels:Individualscanmakeasmallcontributionbynotburningwoodandotherfossilfuels.

CO2:TherootcauseofmuchglobalwarmingistheamountofCO2intheatmosphere.

Possiblesolutions

Thesewordsandphrasesshowdifferentkindsofsolutions.Someshowwhatshouldbedone(usemorerenewableenergyandinvestmoney),othersshowhowitshouldbedone(quicklyandtogether).

windandsolarpower:Anobvioussolutionistodeploymuchmorewindandsolarpower.

renewableenergy:WindfarmsandothersourcesofrenewableenergywillhelptoreduceCo2emissionstoanacceptablelevel.

internationalaction/cooperation:Internationalactiononclimatechangecouldhaveasignificantimpact.

quick/immediateaction:Anyactionshouldbeimmediatebecausethisisnotaproblemthatcanbedelayed.

investment:Thereshouldbegreaterincentivestoinvestinrenewablesandtoreducethecurrentrelianceonfossilfuels.

missionpowerstations:Itgoeswithoutsayingthatcoal-fuelledpowerstationsshouldbe missioned.

/ n:Individualscanhelp ernmentstoactbytakingpartinlegalsagainstthecontinuinguseoffossilfuels.

energyefficiencyandwaste:Agreateremphasisonenergyefficiencyandreducingwaste

wouldundoubtedlymeanthatlessfuelwasconsumed.

Waysoftakingaction

Climatechangeisaproblem–thatalmosteveryonecanagreeon.Whenyouhaveaproblem,youneedtotakeaction.Thesewordsandphrasesgiveyouavarietyofwaysofsayingthat.Notethedifferentstructuresusedwiththeseverbs.

cope:Itisclearthatnational ernmentsarenolongerabletocopebythemselveswiththeproblem.

tackle:Aglobalsolutionisnecessaryasonlyinternationalbodieswillbeabletotackleclimatechange.

avert:InvestmentinrenewableenergywillhelpaverttheimpactoftheCO2emissions.prevent:Theonlywaytopreventadisasteristoreducetheseemissionstozero.act/takeaction:ernmentsshouldtakedecisiveactiontohaltglobalwarming.

bat:Awayneedstobefoundtomakecombattingglobalwarmingthatisaffordable.

sustainableandaffordable:Thekeyistoensurethatallcountriesaroundtheworldhavethechancetoadoptenergy

Howindividualscanhelp

Youmaybeaskedwhatweasindividualscandoaboutclimatechange.Herearesomeideas–thereareplentyofthem:

lobbyMPs:IfenoughofuslobbiedourMPsandotherelectedrepresentativesthentheywouldhavetobringinlegislation.

participateinpeacefuls:Anotherpossibilityistotakepartinmarchesandotherpeacefulstoapplypressureonernmentsandraiseawarenessoftheissue..

communityprojects:Insomeareastherearesmall-scalecommunityprojectstoencourage

localresidentstoinstallsolarpanelsand,insomeces,helppayforthem.

sharetransport:Wealsohavetheresponsibilitytoconsiderhowwecontributetoglobalwarmingbymakingunnecessarycarjourneys.Wecanalwayscycletowork,haveajointschoolrunwithotherparentsandevenshareacaronthedailycommutetowork.

dietandourcarbonfootprint:Reducingfoodwastageisperhapsthewayindividualscan

minimisetheircarbonfootprintandsohelpglobalwarming.

energy-efficientlightbulbs:Anothersmallwayinwhichwecanuselessenergyistoswitchtoenergyefficientlightbulbs.

solarpanels:Thereareanincreasingnumberofsolarpanelsonthemarketandthesecannotonlyreduceenergybillsbutalsomeanthatlesscarbonfuelisconsumed.

heatinsulation:Likewise,itisimportantthatpeopleinsulatetheirhouseswellsothatlessgasandelectricityisconsumed.

Anotherwaytogetclimatechangevocabularyandideas

Oneverysmartthingtodoistoput“Climatechange”or“Globalwarming”or“Greenhouseeffect”intoandthenclickNEWS–thatwayyougetmuchmuchbetterresults.Youcanlearnalotbyjustreadingwhatyouseeonthesearchpage–withoutgoingintothenewsarticles.

Othercestolookforclimatechangevocabularyandideas

BBClearningEnglishEducationScotlandOceanLink

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Crime

OneofthecoretopicsforIELTSiscrimeandjustice.Itisatrickyareaasthereareanumberofquitetechnicalwordsthatneedtobelearnt.Sowhatyouwillfindhereisnotsomuchasalistofwords,butmoreusefulphrasesthatyoucanuseincontext.Youwillalsofindlanguagenotesandexercisestohelpyouusethiscrimevocabulary.

Typesofcrime

Ratherthanlearnlistsofveryspecificwordsfornamesofindividualcrimes,itisalmostcertainlymoreusefultolearnphrasesthatdescribedifferentcategoriesofcrime:

typesofcrime

exnation/example

pettycrime

lessseriouscrimessuchasshopliftingandpickpocketing

seriouscrime

whenthesuminvolvedislargeortheconsequencesmoreserious

violentcrime

includesassault,muggingandarmedrobbery

white-collarcrime

crimescommittedby¨officeworkers¨,forexamplefraud

organisedcrime

largescalecrimebycrimeorganisationssuchastheMafia,forexamplesmuggling

crimeagainstproperty

includesvandalismandtheft

Anotherkeywordhereis“offence”whichisaclosesynonymforcrime.Itisaslightlybroaderwordasitincludesbehaviourthatisnotnecessarilycriminal.Youcanalsousethephrase“criminalbehaviour“.

Punishments

Punishment

exnation/example

prison

notetheverb¨toimprison¨andthephrase¨tosendtoprison¨

serveaprisonsentence/custodialsentence

e.g.¨Seriousoffendersshoulddtoseveralatleasta3-yearprisonsentence.¨

communityservice(order)

Theoffenderhastodoworkthathelpsthecommunityrathertangotoprison.

afine

e.g.¨Peoplewhocommitsomepettycrimesorroadtrafficoffensesshouldpayafine.¨

(receive)acaution

Iftheoffenceislessseriousthentheoffendermaybeletoffwithacaution.

(beput)onprobation

Sometimesfirst-timeoffendersarenotimprisonedbutarecedundersupervisionforasetperiodoftimetoensuretheirgoodbehaviour.

aban

Somedrivingoffensessuchas¨drinkdriving¨arepunishedwithaban

/ideas

Thereisacommonsayingthat“thepunishmentshouldfitthecrime“.Ifyouwishtopractisethisvocabulary,astandardexerciseistolookatthecrimesanddecidewhatpunishmentyouthinktheyshouldreceive.

Insomecountries,thereisstillcapitalpunishment/thedeathpenalty,whilethisisbannedinothercountries.AnoccasionalIELTSessaytopicistodiscussthemeritsofcapitalpunishment.Whataretheargumentsforandagainstit?

Anothertopicyouneedtoconsideriscrimeprevention.Isitmoreeffectivetosendsomeonetoprisonortopreventthecrimeinthefirstce?Linkedintothisideaiswhetherprisonsentencesactasadeterrenttocriminals.

Thejusticeprocess

Thedetailsofthiswillvaryfromthecountrytocountry,butherearesomeofthemainideas:

thejusticesystem

ex

passalaw/legislateagainst

thisistheroleofernment

enthelaw

analternativephrasehereis¨lawenment¨:thisinvolvesthecourtsandthe

investigateacrime

thefirststepinthecriminalprocess

arresta

beforethetrialheis¨a¨,duringthetrialheisa¨defendant¨ad,ifconvicted,heisthen¨acriminal¨

punishanoffender

¨offender¨isanotherusefulwordfor¨criminal¨

passasentence

normally