【课件】Unit+4+Discovering+Useful+Structures+课件-高中英语人教版（2019）必修第三册

Unit4SpaceExplorationDiscoveringUsefulStructuresInfinitives非谓语动词

动词不定式todo现在分词（doing)过去分词(done)动名词(doing)

主动语态被动语态用法一般式进行式完成式todo

to

do

to

be

done

tobe

doing

tohavedone

tohave

beendone

表示动作将要发生或者于谓语动作同时发生。

表示谓语动作发生时，不定式动作正在进行。

表示动作发生在谓语动作之前。

否定式：nottodo

not

not

not

not

not

FunctionsofinfinitivesToliveabroadisnoteasy.Sheplannedtovisitherparentsnextweek.Thequestionishowtogetthere.ThefirstpersontocomeisMr.Brown.HewenttoFrancetolearnFrench.Hisfatherencouragedhimtofindanewjob.主语宾语表语定语宾补状语点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本一.todo不定式作主语翻译句子：学好英语不容易。动词不定式作主语时，一般可用it作形式主语，而将动词不定式置于句末。e.g.TolearnEnglishwellisnoteasy.=It’snoteasytolearnEnglishwell.不定式的逻辑主语有时用“of/for+名词或代词宾格”构成。结构：It’s+adjfor/ofsbtodosth.of/for?It’sdifficult_____metoworkoutthemathsproblem.

forIt’skind______youtohelpme.nice,kind,good,silly,clever,wrong,honesy…修饰人easy;hard;difficult;interesting;excitingboring;…修饰物或事

ofItisnousecrying

overspiltmilk.Itisoflittlegoodstayinguptoolateeveryday.但在下列句型中常用-ing形式作主语。Itis/wasnouse/gooduseless

nofun/pleasureawasteoftime+doingsth.点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本二.todo不定式作表语翻译句子：提高你英语的最佳方式是加入一个英语俱乐部。动词不定式作表语用来表示主语的身份,状态和特征等。可与系动词构成系表结构.ThebestwaytoimproveyourEnglishistojoinanEnglishclub.注意、不定式做表语时，如果主语里含有实义动词do的各种形式，那么不定式的to要省略。TheonlythingIcandois

inbed.

我现在唯一能做的就是努力学习。

Herwishis

apopsinger.

lietobecome

WhatIcandonowisstudyhard.

注意若主语和表语都是非谓语动词,应保持形式上的一致。Seeing

is

believing.

Tosee

is

tobelieve.眼见为实。点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本三.todo不定式作宾语单句填空：Thelittleboydecided_________(plant)atreeinhisschool.宾语表示主语所做动作的承受者,一般跟在及物动词后面.e.g.Weneedtofinishthetaskaheadoftime.toplant接动词不定式作宾语常见的几个动词：1.需要做______todo2.决定做______todo3.想要做______todo4.希望做______todo5.开始做______todo6.拒绝做______todo7.学习做______todo8.更愿意做______todo9.做某事失败______todo10.假装做______todo......考考你needdecidewanthopebeginrefuselearnpreferfailpretend【要点精讲】接todo/doing意义不同的动词：

frogshmt青蛙聪明forget,remember/regret,goon,stop,can’thelp,mean,try。forgettodo忘记要去做某事（未做）forgetdoing忘记已经做过某事（已做）remembertodo记得将要做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得已经做过某事（已做）forgettodo

忘记要去做某事（未做）forgetdoing

忘记已经做过某事（已做）remembertodo记得将要做某事（未做）rememberdoing

记得已经做过某事（已做）regrettodo

遗憾去做某事（未做）regretdoing后悔做过某事（已做）goontodo继续做另一件事

（对象变了）goondoing继续做正在做的事（对象不变）forgettodo忘记要去做某事（未做）forgetdoing忘记已经做过某事（已做）remembertodo记得将要做某事（未做）rememberdoing记得已经做过某事（已做）stoptodo停下来去做另一件事（对象变了）stopdoing停止做某事

（对象不变）can’thelptodo

不能帮助做某事can’thelpdoing

情不自禁做某事meantodo

打算做某事（未做）meandoing意味着做某事（解释作用）trytodo努力做某事（不一定成功）trydoing尝试做某事（强调尝试和行动）【即时训练】8.Ifyouthinkthattreatingawomanwellmeansalways________(get)herpermissionforthings,thinkagain.9.--Look!Thewindowisopen.--I’msorry.Iforgot____________(close)it.10.Iremembered_________(lock)thedoorbeforeIlefttheoffice,butforgottoturnoffthelights.11.Susanwantedtobeindependentofherparents.Shetried_________(live)alone,butshedidn’tlikeitandmovedbackhome.gettingtoclosetolockliving注意1：

不定式后有adj./n.做宾补时，常把不定式todo放后面，其位置用it代替。think/

find/

feel/

consider/

make/

regard…+

it

+adj./n.

+

todo

They

find

it

pleasant

to

work

with

him.ittoworkI

think

it

my

honor

to

be

invited

to

speak

here.

ittobeinvited注意2（难点拓展）不定式用在介词but,except后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.1.Ihavenochoicebut_______（take)risks.2.Hedidnothingthereexcept_____(watch)TVforthewholenight.totakewatch点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本四.todo不定式作宾语补足语单句填空：Thepoliceorderedusnot___________(approach)theburningcar.不定式作宾补，常用于以下结构：V+sb/sth+todotoapproach接动词不定式作宾补常见的几个动词：1.说服_________sbtodo2.允许_______sbtodo3.鼓励_________sbtodo4.期望_______sbtodo5.说服_________sbtodo6.提醒_______sbtodo7.使\让_______sbtodo8.建议_______sbtodo9.邀请_______sbtodo10.命令_______sbtodo

......考考你persuadeallowencourageexpectpersuaderemindaskadviseinviteorder注意、不带to的不定式作宾补三使

let

makehave

二听

listento

hear一感:

feel四看

watchsee

observe

noticeIheardthemsing

apopsong.Theteachermademe

answerthequestion.Wewatchedthemplayfootball.◆如果上述结构变为被动语态,不定式就由原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语,此时动词(let,have无被动语态)后原来不带to的不定式要加to。Hewas

seentogoupstairs.Hewasmadetodo

hiswork.

点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本五.todo不定式作状语1.动词不定式作目的状语。Tomakehimselfheard，heraisedhisvoice.为了被听清楚，他提高了嗓门。（作目的状语）Heransofastastocatchthefirstbus.他飞快地跑以便赶上第一班车。（作目的状语）Shehadnooptionbuttoquitherjobinordertotakecareofherchild.为了照顾孩子，她别无选择，只好辞职。1.动词不定式作目的状语。【注意】为了强调，我们可以在不定式前加上inorder或soas。如：Shegotupearlierthenextdaysoastocatchthefirstbus.第二天她起得更早了，为的是赶上第一班车。Inordertocatchthetrain，shehurriedthroughherwork.为了赶火车，她匆匆做完了她的工作。2．作结果状语TheCalifornianshiparrivedtoolate

to

savemorepeople．加利福尼亚号来得太晚，没能挽救更多的人。Theboyisoldenough

to

take

care

ofhimself．这个男孩够大了，能照顾他自己了。Hehurriedtotheagencyonly

to

findthemanagerhadleft．他匆忙赶到代理处，却发现经理已经离开了。Sheis(so)proudas

to

look

down

uponothers．她太骄傲了，

看不起别人。常与only,enough或too连用,

用于“too...to”；“enoughto...”；“onlytodo”以及

so/such...asto...句型中。【注意】too+adj.+todosth.结构除表示否定意义外，还可以表示结果有肯定意思。这时too后面常常跟表示心情、态度或倾向性方面的形容词，主要有anxious，eager，easy，glad，happy，pleased，ready，willing等，此时too的意思是“十分;非常;很”等。如：Theyweretooanxioustoleave.（=veryanxioustoleave）他们急于要离开。Heistoogladtogothere.（=verygladtogothere）他非常高兴去那儿。【点津】

动词不定式与动词-ing形式作结果状语的区别：(1)动词不定式作结果状语强调的是一种意想不到的结果。Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only

to

finditdidn'tfit．她焦急地从包裹中取出裙子，

然后试穿了一下，

结果发现它不合身。(2)动词-ing形式作结果状语强调的是一种顺承的、必然造成的结果。Hefailedhisexam,making

his

fatherangry．他考试不及格，使他父亲很生气。4．独立的动词不定式多用作插入语，

表示说话人的心理状态或对事情的看法。To

make

matters

worse,e-dictionariesmeanmorepollutionthanpaperdictionaries．更糟糕的是，

电子词典比传统纸质词典污染更严重。tobefranktobehonesttotellyouthetruth3单句语法填空①________(learn)moreaboutChineseculture,JackhasdecidedtotakeChinesefolkmusicasanelectivecourse．②WetravelonDay2tonorthernFrance_______(visit)theWorldWarⅠbattlefields．③WhenthegorillasandIfrightenedeachother,Iwasjustglad______(find)themalive．④Wouldyoubesokindas________(spare)sometimetocomeandjoinus?Tolearntovisittofindtospare3.动词不定式作原因状语。(1)常用语“主语(人)+系动词+形容词(过去分词)+todo”结构中。形容词或过去分词作表语时，后接不定式作原因状语，用以说明产生这种情绪的原因或所表示的情况，常用于这类结构中的形容词和过去分词有sorry,surprised,disappointed,excited,glad,happy,anxious,delighted,pleased,foolish等。Wewereastonishedtofindthetemplestillinitsoriginalcondition.令我们吃惊的是，这座寺庙仍然保持着最初的样子。3.动词不定式作原因状语。(2)常用于“主语(物)+系动词+形容词+todo”结构中。这类形容词有：easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive,fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous等，表示主语特征或性质，不定式和句子主语之间存在动宾关系，常用主动形式表示被动含义。Themorningairissogoodtobreaththathegetsupearlyeveryday.早上的空气呼吸器来很清新，因此他每天都起得很早。4.动词不定式作条件状语。Howcanyoucatchthetraintostartsolate？要是这么晚动身，你怎么能赶得上火车呢？（表示条件）Hemustbeafooltosayso.他那么说可能是个傻瓜。Youwilldowelltospeakmorecarefully.要是说得详细的话，你会做得很好的。点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本六.todo不定式作定语动词不定式作定语，

修饰名词或代词，

动词不定式和它所修饰的词之间有逻辑上的动宾关系、主谓关系、动状关系或同位关系。动词不定式通常要放在这些被修饰词的后面。常指________的动作。1.

Ihavenodesire

towrite.2.

TheSmithswerethefirst

toarrive.3.Therewasnothing

tobedone.4.

Ihavealottosay.5.

Ihavenoidea

wheretogo.6.TheconferencetotakeplaceinShanghainextweekisofgreatimportance.尚未发生只能用动词不定式做定语的情况1.当修饰的名词是抽象名词

ability,ambition,attempt,chance,courage,desire,decision,effort,way,failure,moment,promise,right,time,wish…（一些表示企图、努力、愿望、打算、能力等意义的名词）JanisAdkinshastheabilityanddesire

to

dousefulwork．詹尼斯·阿德金斯有能力和愿望去做有用的工作。Thankstoyourencouragement,Ifinallygotthecourage

to

facethechallenge．多亏了你的鼓励，我最终有了迎接挑战的勇气。Thiscanbeusefulforbusinessessuchasrestaurantsandstoresbecauseitoffersanewway

to

attractcustomers．这对饭店和商店这样的生意很有用，

因为它提供了新的吸引顾客的方法。只能用动词不定式做定语的情况2.当修饰的名词前有theonly,thenext,thebest,thefirst,thelast,以及由序数词或形容词最高级修饰的名词常常用不定式作定语。Shewasthefirstwomanto

winthegoldmedalintheOlympicGames．她是第一位在奥运会上获得金牌的女性。只能用动词不定式做定语的情况例：1.Doyouhaveanything

tosay?2.Thereisnothing

toworry

about.3.Iwanttogetsomething

todrink.3.当修饰的词为something,nothing,anything等不定代词时。4.当定语表示未来的还没做的动作时。例：Thelettertobewrittenistomyfather.Themattertobediscussedisimportant.

注意：一、不定式作后置定语时，与它所修饰的词有三种关系:1）不定式与所修饰的词是主谓关系.Heistheonlypersontoknowthetruth.Sheisalwaysthefirst(person)tocomeandthelasttoleave.2）不定式与所修饰的词是动宾关系.Wehavesomething

todiscuss.（thepersonknowsthetruth.主谓关系）（discusssomething.动宾关系）（thepersoncomesandleaves.主谓关系）Ihaveameeting

（attend）.

不定式作后置定语，与被修饰词是动宾关系，且不定式和句子的主语是主谓关系，则不定式用主动表被动。Ihavealotofclothes

（wash）.Ihavealotofclothes

（wash）bymymother.*不定式todo作定语，如果句子主语是人，并且是todo动作的发出者，用主动形式。（自己洗）（妈妈洗）1）toattendthemeeting动宾关系2）Iattend主谓关系toattendto

washtobewashed

注意：二、如果不定式中的动词是不及物动词，其后要加相应的介词。Thelittlehasatoytoplay

.Hehasahouse

tolive

.3)不定式与所修饰的词是同位关系,解释说明所修饰词的内容，常见的这类词有plan,effort,ability,chance,decision,way,ambition...Imustkeep

thepromisetopaywithinamonth.

Hehas

anambitiontobecomeaworldchampion.inwithplaywithsb/sthliveinthehouse(promise与paywithinamonth是同位关系)(ambition与becomeaworldchampion是同位关系)2单句语法填空①InmanyhomesintheUK,thefirstperson_______(wake)uphastomaketeaforthefamily．②Theairport______________(complete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea．③Thebestway__________(improve)yourEnglishistojoinanEnglishclub．④Carolwashappythatshehadthechance_____________(experience)thelifeinthecity．⑤Thesecoursesofferusopportunities__________(improve)ourabilitiestoappreciateart．towaketobecompletedtoimprovetoexperiencetoimprove点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本点击添加文本七.todo不定式疑问词+不定式

动词不定式可以和疑问词构成短语。如：Wedon’tknowhowtousethemachine.Whileseetingaschedule,weshoulddealwithproblemofwhere__________(arrange)ouraccommodation.toarrange不定式与疑问词who,which,when,how,what等连用，在句中起名词作用，可充当主语、表语、宾语等。Hedidn’tknowwhattosay.他不知道说什么。(宾语)Howtosolvetheproblemisveryimportant.如何解决这个问题很重要。(主语)Myquestioniswhentostart.我的问题是什么时候开始。(表语)注意：在与why连用时，只用于why或whynot开头的简短疑问句中，后面紧跟的动词不定式不带to。

Whynothavearest?八、不定式的省略1.不定式中的动词上文已出现过,下文要省略该动词。---Wouldyouliketogowithme?---I’dliketo.2.不定式是tobe/tohavedone结构,be/have不可省。---Wouldyouliketobeateacher?---I’dliketobe.e.g.Imadehimdohiswork.Hewasmadetodohiswork(byme).3.help后面的“to”可省去e.g.Theyoftenhelpthegrandma(to)carrywater.4.see,hear,watch,feel,notice,lookat等表示感觉和let,make,have等表示使役的动词后面，不定式作宾语时要省“to”（注：被动语态不省to）5.不定式用在介词but,except后时,如果这些介词前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么介词后的不定式不带to,相反则带to.(1).Shecoulddonothingbutcry.(2).Ihavenochoicebuttogo.【要点精讲】下列句型常省略to：mayaswelldosth最好还是做……hadbetterdo最好做某事donothingbutdosth别无选择只好做某事can’thelpbutdosth.禁不住做某事Whynotdosth?何不做某事？prefertodo…ratherthandosth,宁愿做……而不愿做……wouldratherdo…thando…宁愿做……而不愿做……【即时训练】42.Ratherthan______(ride)onacrowdedbus,healwaysprefers_______(ride)abicycle.43.---Iusuallygotherebytrain.---Whynot____________(try,go)byboatforachange?44.IlostmykeysintheofficesoIcoulddonothingbuttowaitformymother.改错ridetoridetrygoing去掉to注意：不定式的主动形式表被动意义1.用于

be+性质adj.+todo结构中，这一结构中用不定式的主动形式表达被动意义。用于此结构的形容词有：easy,difficult,important,nice,pleasant,hard,dangerous,comfortable等；且不定式和句子的主语是动宾关系Thesongishard

（sing）.Thequestioniseasy

（understand）.Ourmonitoriseasy

（get）alongwith.Theproblemisverydifficult

（solve）.toget

tosolve

tounderstandtosing(sing

thesong)(understandthequestion)(getalongwiththeourmonitor)(solvetheproblem)2.betoblame/letExercises2:rewritethesentencesusing“inorderto/soasto+do”.Changetheitalicized(斜体)partsaccordingly.[TextbookP422.(2)(4)(5)(6)]2.Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywatersothatitcanberecycledforlateruse.Inspace,astronautscollectalldirtywatersoastorecycleitforlateruse.4.Astronauts'bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity,sotheyneedtoexerciseeveryday,whichwillhelpthemstayhealthy.Astronauts'bonesandmusclescangetveryweakinspaceduetothelackofgravity,sotheyneedtoexerciseeverydayto/inorderto/soastostayhealthy.5.Astronautshavetousetapestostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspacebecauseeverythingwouldfloatoffotherwise.Astronautshavetousetapestostickeverythingdownwhileworkinginspaceto/inorderto/soastokeepeverythingfromfloatingoff.6.Duringaspacewalk,astronautshavetomoveslowlysothattheycankeeptheirbodiesundercontrol.Duringaspacewalk,astronautshavetomoveslowlyto/inorderto/soastokeeptheirbodiesundercontrol.3.Completethepassagewiththecorrectformsoftheverbsinbrackets.Sendingpeopletootherplanetsorevenbeyondthesolarsystemisnotaneasygoal_________(achieve).Oneoftheproblemsisthatthetripwouldtakeaverylongtime.Forexample,_______(use)currenttechnology,itwouldtakeovertwoyears_____(get)totheclosestplanet,Mars,andback.Althoughlightisthefastestthing______(know)intheuniverse,itcouldtakemorethanfouryearstoreachtheneareststarsystem.Willscientistsfigureoutaway________(store)sufficientfoodandwaterforthelongjourney?Isitpossibletotravelfasterthanlight?Nooneknowstheanswersyet.However,spacescientistsnevergiveup.Theyareexperimentingwithgrowingcropsinspacesoas_______(help)astronautsgetenoughfoodonlongerjourneysthroughspace.toachieveusingtogetknowntostoretohelp1.Theairport______________(complete)nextyearwillhelppromotetourisminthisarea.

2.Wearehavingameetinginhalfanhour.Thedecision_________(make)atthemeetingwillinfluencethefutureofourcompany.3.Volunteeringgivesyouachance_________(change)lives,includingyourown.4.Thestudentsarelookingforwardtohavinganopportunity_________(explore)societyofreal-lifeexperience.5.Ihavealotofbooks__________(read).tobecompletedtobemadetochangetoexploretoreadExercise6.Theplay______________(produce)nextmonthaimsmainlytoreflectthelocalculture.7.Theability_________(express)anideaisasimportantastheideaitself.

8.It’simportantforthefigures____________(update)regularly.9.Birds’singingisawarningtootherbirds______(stay)away.10.It’sstandardpracticeforacompanylikethisone_________(employ)asecurityofficer.tobeproducedtoexpresstostaytobeupdatedtoemploy11.________(make)iteasiertogetintouchwithus,you’dbetterkeepthiscardathand.12.Anxiously,shetookthedressoutofthepackageandtriediton,only_______(find)itdidn’tfit.13.Groupactivitieswillbeorganisedafterclass_________(help)childrendevelopteamspirit.14.Georgereturnedafterthewar,only__________(tell)thathiswifehadlefthim.15.Thismachineis