2023年考研考博-考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考试历年真题摘选含答案解析

2023年考研考博-考博英语-煤炭科学研究总院考试历年真题摘选含答案解析第1卷一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题Thediscussionquickly（）intoanangryargument.问题1选项A.deterioratedB.aggravatedC.increaseD.declined2.单选题Soilonthemountainslopesisverysusceptible（）erosion.问题1选项A.ofB.toC.withD.by3.单选题Thenewpolicieswill（）ratherthanhelppoorfamilies.问题1选项A.hideB.hinderC.hintD.hind4.单选题Withallthewars,fightingandsadnessintheworldtoday,it'snotonlynecessary,butalsoessentialtohaveagoodsenseofhumorjusttohelpusgetthrougheachandeverydayofourlives.Puttingasmileonsomeone'sfacewhenyouknowtheyarefeelingdowninthedumps,asthesayinggoes,makesmefeelgoodandwarmsmyheart.Howwouldyoufeelifyoucouldnotjokearoundwithyourwife,husband,child,co-worker,neighbor,closefriend,orevenjustsomeonethatyouarestandinginlinewithatyourcornerstore?Iamalwayssayingthingsthatmakeotherssmileorlaugh,evenifIdon'tknowthepersonI'mjokingaroundwith.MyGrandmaalwaysfoundhumorineverythingshedid,evenifitwasthehardestjobanyonecouldimagine.Thisnotonlyrelievesstressinanysituation,butalsoiscommoncourtesytospeaktoothersthatarearoundyou.Iknowofafewpeoplethatdon'thaveafunnyboneintheirbodies,astheysay.Everyonearoundthemcouldberollingonthefloorafterhearingagreatjokeandtheywouldsittherewithouttheslightestsmileontheirface.Theydon'tgetthejokethatmakesotherslaugh.Iambustingagutwhiletheyjustsitthere,lookingatmeasifIwerefromouterspace.Howcanpeoplenotgetareallyfunnyjoke?Laughingisessentialtokeepyourstresslevelsundercontrol.Withouthumorwewouldfindourselveswithalotofpsychologicalproblems,oronalotofmedicationstokeepusfromgoingcrazy.Thereistoomuchsadnessinthispresentworld.Itdrivespeoplecrazy.Weallneedtofindawaytobypassthesadnessandbringalittlelightintoourlives.So,Ibelieveourbestmedicineistogettogetherandtellsomejokesandhavesomefunlaughingtogether.1.Accordingtotheauthor,humorisusefulintheaspectthat（）.2.TheauthoranswersthequestioninParagraph2with（）.3.Thephrase“bustingagut”inParagraph3canbereplacedby（）.4.Whichisnotmentionedasafunctionhumorplaysinlife?5.Inwritingthepassage,theauthormainlyintendsto（）.问题1选项A.itmakespeoplemoreconfidentB.itcanpickuppeople'sspiritsC.itcanhelpgetridofthecrueltyintheworldD.itcanhelppeoplegetonwellwithothers问题2选项A.factsanddescriptionsB.evidenceandargumentC.examplesandconclusionD.storiesandpersuasion问题3选项A.explainingcarefullyB.speakingloudC.keepingsilentD.laughinghard问题4选项A.Humorcanreducestress.B.Humorhelpstolandajoboffer.C.Humorcandrivesadnessaway.D.Humorcanmakeyourfamilyhappy.问题5选项A.talkabouthisownunderstandingofhumorB.encouragepeopletobehumorousindailylifeC.introduceapracticalwaytogetthroughdailylifeD.convincepeopleofthepowerofbeingoptimisticaboutlife5.单选题Alcoholscanalso（）judgmenttotheextentthatyoumaynotmakethebestorbrightestdecisionsinacoldweatheremergency.问题1选项A.impartB.impactC.impairD.impose6.写作题Directions:“Publishorperish”iswell-knownintheacademicworld.Doyouagreeordisagreewiththisviewpoints.Pleaseexpressyouropinioninabout150words.7.单选题Thelawcan（）fatherstomakeregularpaymentsfortheirchildren.问题1选项A.compelB.complyC.complainD.combine8.单选题Holdersofdeferredshareshavenorightstovoteatgeneralmeetingsorreceiveany（）.问题1选项A.divisiveB.divideC.dividendD.division9.单选题Whenitworks,itcanbefantastic,butcanveryeasily（）intoanightmareofthemostseriousproportions.问题1选项A.backwashB.backdateC.backlashD.backfire10.翻译题国家统计局（NBS）周五发布的《2018年全国睡觉时间使用情况调查报告》揭示了中国人平均每天的时间分配情况。这包括了他们的工作、睡觉、家务、休闲娱乐等不同活动。这项调查显示，低收入人群平均看电视的时间为每天1小时50分钟。这比中等收入人群多15分钟，比较高收入组多32分钟，比高收入人群多46分钟。国家统计局高级统计员金红表示，2008年和2018年的时间使用情况调查显示，中国人均生活质量有所改善。SectionBTranslatethefollowingpassageintoEnglish.11.单选题Somethingssimplycannotbealteredand（）peopleacceptthis,notwastingenergyontryingtodotheimpossible.问题1选项A.roughB.plasticC.harshD.resilient12.单选题PresidentCoolidge'sstatement,“ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness,”stillpointstoanimportanttruthtodaythatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment.Whydobusinessinstitutionspossessthisgreatprestige?OnereasonisthatAmericansviewbusinessasbeingmorefirmlybasedontheidealofcompetitionthanotherinstitutionsinsociety.SincecompetitionisseenasthemajorsourceofprogressandprosperitybymostAmericans,competitivebusinessinstitutionsarerespected.Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself;itisthemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.Competitionprotectsthefreedomoftheindividualbyensuringthatthereisnomonopolyofpower.Incontrasttoone,all-powerfulgovernment,manybusinessescompeteagainsteachotherforprofits.Theoretically,ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.Wheremanybusinessescompeteforthecustomers'dollar,theycannotaffordtotreatthemlikeinferiorsorslaves.Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.Becausebusinessiscompetitive,manyAmericansbelievethatitismoresupportiveoffreedomthangovernment,eventhoughgovernmentleadersareelectedbythepeopleandbusinessleadersarenot.ManyAmericansbelieve,then,thatcompetitionisasimportantas,orevenmoreimportantthan,democracyinpreservingfreedom.Competitioninbusinessisalsobelievedtostrengthentheideaofequalityofopportunity.Competitionisseenasanopenandfairracewheresuccessgoestotheswiftestpersonregardlessofhisorhersocialclassbackground.CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.Businessisthereforeviewedasanexpressionoftheideaofequalityofopportunityratherthanthearistocraticideaofinheritedprivilege.1.Thestatement“ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness”probablymeans“（）”.2.Americansbelievethattheycanrealizetheirpersonalvaluesonly（）.3.Whocanbenefitfrombusinesscompetition?4.Governmentisbelievedtodifferstrikinglyfrombusinessinthatgovernmentischaracterizedby（）.5.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheauthorbelieves（）.问题1选项A.ThebusinessinstitutionsinAmericaareconcernedwithcommerceB.BusinessproblemsareofgreatimportancetotheAmericangovernmentC.BusinessisofprimaryconcerntoAmericansD.Americaisagreatpowerinworldbusiness问题2选项A.whengivenequalityofopportunityB.throughdoingbusinessC.byprotectingtheirindividualfreedomD.bywayofcompetition问题3选项A.HonestbusinessmenB.BothbusinessmenandtheircustomersC.PeoplewithidealsofequalityandfreedomD.Bothbusinessinstitutionsandgovernment问题4选项A.itsabsolutecontrolofpowerB.itsfunctioninpreservingpersonalfreedomC.itsroleinprotectingbasicAmericanvaluesD.itsdemocraticwayofexercisingleadership问题5选项A.AmericansaremoreambitiousthanpeopleinothercountriesB.inmanycountriessuccessoftendependsonone'ssocialstatusC.AmericanbusinessesaremoredemocraticthanthoseinothercountriesD.businessesinothercountriesarenotascompetitiveasthoseinAmerica13.单选题Justasthereareteacherswhosimplygothroughthemotionsanddragusthroughthematerialinordertocompletearequiredcourse,therearecompaniesandjobsandbossesthatdothesame.Thatdoesn'tmeanyouhavetolivewithit.Avoidthosefear-runworkplaces.Quitthosejobs.Askyourfriendsaboutwheretheywork,oraboutcompaniesthey'vereadaboutorheardaboutwherepassion,excitement,andhumanenergyarevaluedaboveallelse.Inthoseplaces,youwillfindthatfearisnotprimarymotivatorforgettingtoresults.AlthoughI'vefoundthatmostorganizationsdonotfocusontheirculture,therearealsoasignificantnumberofcompanieswhoarequiteclearaboutwhattheyaretryingtoachieve.Thosecompanieshaveamissionandapurposeinwhattheydo.Thepeoplewhoworktherearefocusednotonthemselves,butonthosetheyserve.Theyareworkingonsomethingmuchbiggerthanthemselves.Ilearnedtolovemyjobbyconnectingittojoy:joyforourcustomers,joyfortheendusersofourproducts,joyformyteam,andpersonaljoyinwhatweweredoing.Manybelievethiskindofmissionfocuscanonlyoccurinthenon-profitworld.Thiscouldn'tbefurtherfromthetruth.Therearesuccessfulpurpose-drivenprivateandpubliccorporations,largeandsmall.Theyarestillrare,though,soitwon'tnecessarilybeeasytofindthem,butitisworthyourtimetopursuethissearch.SomeofyouwillbeinclinedtodowhatIultimatelydidandstartyourownfirm,withitsownmissionandpurpose.Entrepreneurshipformewastheenablerofanobleyetselfishpursuit:IwantedtocreateacompanythatIloved.Icreatedmyownfulfillingjob,butitwouldonlybefulfillingtomeifitwerealsorewardingforthosewhoworkedaroundme.Tolearntoloveyourjob,it'simportanttofindajobwherelearningisarequirementtosuccess.Learningproducesjoy,regardlessoftheindustryyou'rein.Becomeastudentagain.Readbooks,studyorganizations,andstretchyourselftotrynewthings.Ifyouareinatechnicalorasupportrole,volunteerforsalessupportassignmentsandwatchhowyourcompanyinteractswithitscustomers.Signupfortradeshowboothdutyandlearnwhatothersintheworldareseekingfromfirmslikeyours.Learntopresentinfrontofothers.Signuptospeakatconferences,andthengolistentootherspeakers.Findtheideas,thepeopleandthecompaniesthatinspireyou.1.Theauthor'spurposeinusingteachersasanexampleisto（）.2.Theauthorfavorscompaniesthat（）.3.By“Thiscouldn'tbefurtherfromthetruth”(Line1,Para.3),theauthormeanshethinks（）.4.Whatdowelearnabouttheauthor'sjoyforhisjob?5.Whatsuggestiondoestheauthormakeattheendofthepassage?问题1选项A.emphasizethevalueofcommitmentB.showconcernforbadworkperformanceC.pointouttheimportanceofjobtrainingD.argueagainstfear-runworkplaces问题2选项A.arebigandambitiousB.arecustomer-orientedC.motivateemployeeswithrewardsD.focusontheirself-image问题3选项A.thenon-profitworldhashiddenrulesB.amissiontellstruthaboutacompanyC.thestatementisabsolutelyfalseD.acompanytrulygoesafterprofits问题4选项A.Itdependslargelyonhisfreewillandselfishpursuit.B.Itcomesfromthesatisfactionofpeopleinhiscompany.C.Itenableshimtoinspirepeopleworkingaroundhim.D.Itisbasedonhisownfirmbeliefinhisbusinessskills.问题5选项A.Seizeopportunitiestolearnonthejob.B.Playavarietyofrolestobesuccessful.C.Keepagoodrelationshipwithcustomers.D.Seekotherfirmsthatneedyourskills.14.单选题Apieceofglasswasembedded（）herhand.问题1选项A.withB.withinC.inD.inside15.单选题Theproducersrefusedtoeventalkaboutresiduals.Theyputforthasimpleand（）question:Whyshouldanyemployeebepaidmorethanonceforthesamejob?问题1选项A.compellingB.componentC.competentD.compulsive第1卷参考答案一.综合题1.【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项deteriorate“恶化”，B项aggravate“加重、激怒”，C项increase“提高”，D项decline“拒绝”；句意：这场讨论迅速演变成愤怒的争吵。因此A选项正确。2.【答案】B【解析】考查介词辨析及搭配。A项of“……的”，B项to“到、朝、对于”，C项with“和……”，D项by“由、被、到……之前”；句意：山坡上的土壤很容易被侵蚀。besusceptibleto“易受……的影响”；因此B选项正确。3.【答案】B【解析】考查形近词辨析。A项动词hide“隐藏”，B项动词hinder“阻碍、打扰”，C项动词hint“暗示、示意”，D项形容词hind“后部的”；句意：新政策将阻碍而不是帮助贫困家庭。因此B选项正确。4.【答案】第1题:B第2题:C第3题:D第4题:B第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“幽默的有用之处在于（）?”。第一段第一句butalsoessentialtohaveagoodsenseofhumorjusttohelpusgetthrougheachandeverydayofourlives.（拥有良好的幽默感也是必要的，只是为了帮助我们度过生活的每一天），可以看出，保持幽默可以打起人们的精神；A项“使人更自信”，文中只提到幽默可以解压；C项“帮助人们摆脱残酷的世界”，这是作者引用了奶奶的例子，主要是用来说明幽默能让自己在残酷生活中缓解压力；D项“帮助人们与人友好相处”，文中只是提到幽默也是一种人与人之间的礼貌，着重点还是在于幽默可以解压。因此B项“打起/鼓舞人们的精神”正确。2.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“作者第二段回答问题用的是什么?”。第二段的问题是Howwouldyoufeelifyoucouldnotjoke…orevenjustsomeonethatyouarestandinginlinewithatyourcornerstore?（如果你不能和你的妻子，丈夫，孩子，同事，邻居，亲密的朋友，甚至只是一个和你一起在街角商店排队的人开玩笑，你会有什么感觉?）；后面作者用奶奶的例子来回答这个问题并且做出了结论，因此该题C选项“例子和结论”正确。3.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“第三段中的短语‘bustingagut’可以用哪个词替代?”。根据第三段第二句Everyonearoundthemcouldberollingonthefloorafterhearingagreatjokeandtheywouldsittherewithouttheslightestsmileontheirface.（他们周围的人听了这个笑话可能会在地板上打滚，但他们会坐在那里，脸上没有一丝笑容。）结合后面Iambustingagutwhiletheyjustsitthere可以推断出，当他们坐在那里的时候，“我”是和他们周围的人一样笑得在地板上打滚。因此，可以猜出bustingagut在这里是“大笑”的意思，因此D选项“努力地大笑”正确。4.【试题解析】细节判断题。题干意思是“下列关于幽默在生活中发挥的作用哪一项没有描述？”。最后一段提到Laughingisessentialtokeepyourstresslevelsundercontrol（笑对于控制心理压力的水平是很重要的），因此A项“幽默可以减少压力”正确；倒数第二句提到Weallneedtofindawaytobypassthesadnessandbringalittlelightintoourlives.（我们都需要找到一种方法来绕过悲伤，为我们的生活带来一点光明），因此C项“幽默可以驱散悲伤”正确；最后一句提到Ibelieveourbestmedicineistogettogetherandtellsomejokesandhavesomefunlaughingtogether.（我相信最好的药方是聚在一起，讲一些笑话，一起开怀大笑），推断出“幽默是可以令家人开心的”，因此D项正确；B项“幽默帮助获得工作机会”文中没有提到，因此该题选B。5.【试题解析】主旨大意题。题干意思是“作者写这篇文章的主要意图是什么？”。全文主要在论述一个观点，那就是拥有良好的幽默感可以帮助我们度过生活的每一天，缓解生活中的压力；可以推断出作者是鼓励/建议大家变得幽默，只有B选项“鼓励人们日常生活中变得幽默”符合题意。A项“谈论自己对幽默的理解”，文中作者有发表自己的见解，但通篇都在论述幽默对生活有帮助；C项“介绍一种实用方法来度过日常生活”，最后一段提到Weallneedtofindawaytobypassthesadnessandbringalittlelightintoourlives.（我们都需要找到一个方式来绕过悲伤给生活带来一点光），这句话是鼓励我们保持幽默，因为幽默可以缓解压力，但文章主旨不是介绍实用的方式，而是论述幽默的好处；D项“让人们相信乐观对待生活的力量”，文中讲的是幽默，不是乐观。因此B项正确。5.【答案】B【解析】考查动词辨析。A项impart“传授”，B项impact“影响”，C项impair“损害、削弱”，D项impose“利用”；句意：酒精也会影响你的判断力，让你在寒冷天气的紧急情况下无法做出最佳或最明智的决定。因此B选项正确。6.【答案】略7.【答案】A【解析】考查动词辨析。A项compel“强迫、迫使”，B项comply“遵守、顺从”，C项complain“抱怨”，D项combine“联合、结合”；句意：这项法律可强制父亲定期支付子女的费用。因此A选项正确。8.【答案】C【解析】考查形近词辨析。A项形容词divisive“分裂的、区分的”，B项动词divide“分开”，C项名词dividend“红利、股息”，D项名词division“除法、分割”；句意：递延股票的持有者在股东大会上没有投票权，也不能获得任何股息。因此C选项正确。9.【答案】D【解析】考查词义辨析。A项backwash“回流、反响”，B项backdate“回溯”，C项backlash“强烈反对”，D项backfire“产生出乎意料及事与愿违的结果”；句意：当它发挥作用时，可能是非常奇妙的，但也很容易事与愿违，变成最严重的噩梦。因此D选项正确。10.【答案】

The2018NationalSurveyReportontheUtilizationofBedtime,releasedbytheNationalBureauofStatistics(NBS)onFriday,revealedhowChinesepeopletoallocatetheirdaily'stimeaveragely.Thisincludeswork,sleep,housework,recreationandotherdifferentactivities.Accordingtothesurvey,theaveragetimeoflow-incomegroupwatchingTVis1hourand50minutesaday,whichis15minutesmorethanmedium-incomegroup,32minutesmorethanthehigh-incomegroupand46minutesmorethanthehigh-incomegroup.Jinhong,aseniorstatisticianattheNBS,saidthatthequalityoflifepercapitainChinahadimproved,whichwasshowedbythesurveyonsituationoftimeutilizationin2008and2018.11.【答案】D【解析】考查形容词辨析。A项rough“粗糙的”，B项plastic“塑料的”，C项harsh“严厉的、刺耳的”，D项resilient“可迅速恢复的、坚韧的”；句意：有些东西根本无法改变，有韧性的人能接受这一点，不会浪费精力来做不可能的事。因此D选项正确。12.【答案】第1题:C第2题:D第3题:B第4题:A第5题:B【解析】1.【试题解析】语义推测题。题干意思是“句子‘ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness’可能是什么意思？”。第一段truthtodaythatbusinessinstitutionshavemoreprestigeinAmericansocietythananyotherkindoforganization,includingthegovernment.（真相就是在美国社会商业机构比包括政府在内的其他任何类型的组织有更多的威望）说明美国人很关注商业。因此ThebusinessofAmericaisbusiness表达的意思是“商业是美国人第一关心的”。A选项“美国商业机构关注的是商业”，这个选项逻辑没问题，但是比较片面；B项“商业问题对美国政府很重要”和D项“美国是全球商业的强国”没提到。故该题选C。2.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“美国人相信他们只有怎样才能实现他们的个人价值？”。第二段最后一句Competitionisnotonlygoodinitself;itisthemeansbywhichotherbasicAmericanvaluessuchasindividualfreedom,equalityofopportunity,andhardworkareprotected.（竞争不仅本身是良好的，它还是一种保护手段，其他基本的美国人价值观都是受它的保护，如个人自由、机会均等和努力工作等），由此可知美国人是可以通过竞争实现他们的个人价值。B项“通过做生意”没有提到，A项“给予平等的机会”和C项“保护个人自由”都是包括在竞争的保护机制里面，最终还是通过竞争才能实现自己的价值。因此D选项正确。3.【试题解析】细节事实题。题干意思是“商业竞争对谁有利？”。第三段第三句ifonebusinesstriestotakeunfairadvantageofitscustomers,itwilllosetocompetingbusinesswhichtreatsitscustomersmorefairly.（如果一个商业机构试图不公平地利用它的顾客，它就会输给那些对待顾客更公平的竞争对手），由此推断出竞争不仅有利于顾客的利益，也有利于公平对待客户的商业机构。A项“诚实的商人”不够全面；C项“拥有平等和自由理想的人们”和D项“商业机构和政府”中的政府均未提及。因此B选项“商人和顾客”正确。4.【试题解析】判断推理题。题干意思是“人们认为政府与商业有显著的不同，因为政府的特点是什么？”。第四段第一句Acontrastisoftenmadebetweenbusiness,whichiscompetitive,andgovernment,whichisamonopoly.（竞争的商业和政府的垄断总是经常拿来对比），可以推断出政府和商业竞争相比，政府的垄断是权利上的操控，B项“保护个人自由的功能”这是竞争的特点；C项“保护美国基本价值观方面的作用”没有提到；D项“行使领导的民主方式”，只提到了政府的垄断，没有提到民主。因此A选项“对权利的绝对控制”正确。5.【试题解析】推理判断题。题干意思是“从这篇文章可以推断出作者相信什么？”。最后一段第三句CompetitivesuccessiscommonlyseenastheAmericanalternativetosocialrankbasedonfamilybackground.（竞争的成功被美国人视为基于家庭背景而产生的社会地位的替代），即美国是不依靠家庭背景决定社会地位，从而推断出，相反其他国家就要依靠社会地位。A项“美国人比其他国家的人更具野心”、C项“美国商业比其他国家更民主”和D项“其他国家的商业不像美国商业一样有竞争性”没有提到。因此B选项“许多国家的成功取决于一个人的社会地位”正确。13.【答案】第1题:D第2题:B第3题:C第4题:B第5题:A【解析】1.【试题解析】观点态度题。题干意思是“作者使用教师的例子是为了……？”。第一段陈述的例子是“有些老师只是走过场敷衍的讲完授课的内容，以便完成一项规定的课程”，然后第三句提到Avoidthosefear-funworkplace.（避开那些让人恐惧得想跑的公司），由此看出作者是想用例子来表达他对这种公司的反对态度。A选项“强调贡献的价值”，文中是强调快乐的工作，不是贡献就会快乐；B选项“对不好的工作表现的关注”，文中关注的是如何快乐工作；C选项“指出工作培训的重要性”文中没有提到。