大学英语六级改革适用阅读-试卷220

大学英语六级改革适用（阅读）-试卷220（总分：60.00,做题时间：90分钟）一、ReadingComprehension（总题数：6，分数：60.00）PartIIIReadingComprehension（分数：10.00）解析：SectionC（分数：10.00）解析：Internationalgovernments,inactionconcerningsustainabledevelopmentisclearlyworryingbuttheproactive（主动出击的）approachesofsomeleading-edgecompaniesareencouraging.Toyota,Wal-Mart,DuPont,M&SandGeneralElectrichavemadetacklingenvironmentalwastesakeyeconomicdriver.DuPontcommitteditselftoa65%reductioningreenhousegasemissionsinthe10yearspriorto2010.By2007,DuPontwassaving$2.2billionayearthroughenergyefficiency,thesameasitstotaldeclaredprofitsthatyear.GeneralElectricaimstoreducetheenergyintensityofitsoperationsby50%by2015.Theyhaveinvestedheavilyinprojectsdesignedtochangethewayofusingandconservingenergy.CompanieslikeToyotaandWal-Martarenotcommittingtoenvironmentalgoalsoutofthegoodnessoftheirhearts.Thereasonfortheiractionsisasimpleyetpowerfulrealizationthattheenvironmentalandeconomicfootprintsfitwelltogether.WhenM&Slaunchedits"PlanA"sustainabilityprogrammein2007,itwasbelievedthatitwouldcostover£200millioninthefirstfiveyears.However,theinitiativehadgenerated105millionby2011/12.Whenwepreventphysicalwaste,increaseenergyefficiencyorimproveresourceproductivity,wesavemoney,improveprofitabilityandenhancecompetitiveness.Infact,thereareoftenhuge"quickwin"opportunities,thankstoyearsofneglect.However,thereisaconsiderablegapbetweenleading-edgecompaniesandtherestofthepack.Therearefartoomanycompaniesstilldelayingcreatingaleanandgreenbusinesssystem,arguingthatitwillcostmoneyorrequiresizablecapitalinvestments.Theyremainstuckinthe"environmentiscost"mentality.Beingenvironmentallyfriendlydoesnothavetocostmoney.Infact,goingbeyondcompliancesavescostatthesametimethatitgeneratescash,providedthatmanagementadoptsthenewleanandgreenmodel.Leanmeansdoingmorewithless.Nonetheless,inmostcompanies,economicandenvironmentalcontinuousimprovementisviewedasbeinginconflictwitheachother.Thisisoneofthebiggestopportunitiesmissedacrossmostindustries.Thesizeoftheopportunityisenormous.The3%ReportrecentlypublishedbyWorldWildlifeFundandCDPshowsthattheeconomicprizeforcurbingcarbonemissionsintheUSeconomyis$780billionbetweennowand2020.Itsuggeststhatoneofthebiggestleversfordeliveringthisopportunityis"increasedefficiencythroughmanagementandbehavioralchange"inotherwords,leanandgreenmanagement.Some50studiesshowthatcompaniesthatcommittosuchaspirationalgoalsaszerowaste,zeroharmfulemissionsandzerouseofnon-renewableresourcesarefinanciallyoutperformingtheircompetitors.Conversely,itwasfoundthatclimatedisruptionisalreadycosting$1.2trillionannually,cuttingglobalGDPby1.6%.Unaddressed,thiswilldoubleby2030.（分数：10.00）（1）.Whatdoestheauthorsayaboutsomeleading-edgecompanies?（分数：2.00）A.Theyoperateinaccordancewithgovernmentpolicies.B.Theytakeinitiativesinhandlingenvironmentalwastes.VC.Theyarekeydriversintheirnations,economicgrowth.D.Theyaremajorcontributorstoenvironmentalproblems.解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的leading-edgecompanies定位到文章第一段第一句。该句指出一些尖端公司主动出击的方法令人鼓舞。接着下一句具体指出这种做法是使处理环境废物成为一个关键的经济驱动力。由此可知选项B）是对原文的同义互换，所以是正确答案。.WhatmotivatesToyotaandWal-Marttomakecommitmentstoenvironmentalprotection?（分数：2.00）A.Thegoodnessoftheirhearts.B.Astrongsenseofresponsibility.C.Thedesiretogenerateprofits.VD.Pressurefromenvironmentalists.解析：解析：推断题。由题干中的commitmentstoenvironmentalprotection以及题文同序的原则定位到第三段。该段首句指出丰田和沃尔玛这样的公司并非出于善意而对环境目标做出承诺。接着第二句指出其真正的原因，它们认为环境和经济足迹要相适合。接着运用马莎百货的“A计划”来证明这一观点。由此可知丰田和沃尔玛这样的公司对环境目标做出承诺的原因是为了盈利，所以正确答案是C）。.Whyaresomanycompaniesreluctanttocreateanenvironment-friendlybusinesssystem?分数：2.00）A.Theyarebentonmakingquickmoney.B.Theydonothavethecapitalfortheinvestment.C.Theybelievebuildingsuchasystemistoocostly.VD.Theylacktheincentivetochangebusinesspractices.解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的manycompanies定位到文章倒数第三段第二句。该句指出有很多公司仍然延迟创建精益和绿色的商业系统，认为这需要花费金钱或需要相当大的资本投资。由此可知许多公司不愿意建立环境友好的商业体系是因为要花钱，需要大量资本投入。选项C）是对该句话的同义互换，costly替换了costmanyorrequiresizablecapitalinvestments,所以正确答案是C）。.Whatissaidabouttheleanandgreenmodelofbusiness?（分数：2.00）A.Ithelpsbusinessestosaveandgainatthesametime.VB.Itisaffordableonlyforafewleading-edgecompanies.C.Itislikelytostartanewroundofintensecompetition.D.Itwilltakealongtimeforallcompaniestoembraceit.解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的theleanandgreenmodelofbusiness定位到文章倒数第三段。该段最后一句提到事实上，如果在管理上采用新的精益和绿色模式，超越合规要求在节省成本的同时还可以产生现金。由此可知这种类型的模式不仅能节省成本，而且会盈利，所以正确答案是A）。.Whatisthefindingofthestudiesaboutcompaniescommittedtoenvironmentalgoals?（分数：2.00）A.Theyhavegreatlyenhancedtheirsenseofsocialresponsibility.B.Theydomuchbetterthantheircounterpartsintermsofrevenues.VC.Theyhaveabandonedalltheoutdatedequipmentandtechnology.D.Theymakegreatercontributionstohumanprogressthantheirrivals解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的studies定位到文章最后一段第一句。该句指出约50份研究表明公司承诺诸如零浪费、有害物零排放和不可再生资源零使用等理想目标的企业在经济上优于其竞争对手。由此可知正确答案是B）,它是对该句的同义互换，其中用revenues代替了financially,用domuchbetter代替了outperform,用counterparts代替了competitors。Ifyouaskedmetodescribetherisingphilosophyoftheday,I,dsayitisdata-ism.Wenowhavetheabilitytogatherhugeamountsofdata.Thisabilityseemstocarrywithitcertainculturalassumptions一thateverythingthatcanbemeasuredshouldbemeasured;thatdataisatransparentandreliablelensthatallowsustofilteroutemotionalismandideology;thatdatawillhelpusdoremarkablethings一likeforetellthefuture.Overthenextyear,I,mhopingtogetabettergriponsomeofthequestionsraisedbythedatarevolution:inwhatsituationsshouldwerelyonintuitivepatternrecognitionandinwhichsituationsshouldweignoreintuitionandfollowthedata?Whatkindsofeventsarepredictableusingstatisticalanalysisandwhatsortsofeventsarenot?IconfessIenterthisinaskepticalframeofmind,believingthatwetendtogetcarriedawayinourdesiretoreduceeverythingtothequantifiable.Butattheoutsetletmecelebratetwothingsdatadoesreallywell.First,it,sreallygoodatexposingwhenourintuitiveviewofrealityiswrong.Forexample,nearlyeverypersonwhorunsforpoliticalofficehasanintuitivesensethattheycanpowerfullyinfluencetheiroddsofwinningtheelectioniftheycanjustraiseandspendmoremoney.Butthisislargelywrong.Afterthe2006election,ScanTrendeconstructedagraphcomparingtheincumbent（在任者的）campaignspendingadvantageswiththeireventualmarginsofvictory.Therewasbarelyanyrelationshipbetweenmorespendingandabiggervictory.Likewise,manyteachershaveanintuitivesensethatdifferentstudentshavedifferentlearningstyles:someareverbalandsomearevisual;somearelinear,someareholistic（整体的）.Teachersimaginetheywillimproveoutcomesiftheytailortheirpresentationstoeachstudent.Butthere'snoevidencetosupportthiseither.Second,datacanilluminatepatternsofbehaviorwehaven'tyetnoticed.Forexample,I'vealwaysassumedpeoplewhofrequentlyusewordslike"I,""me,"and"mine"areprobablymoreself-centeredthanpeoplewhodon't.ButasJamesPennebakerftheUniversityofTexasnotesinhisbook,TheSecretLifeofPronouns,whenpeoplearefeelingconfident,theyarefocusedonthetaskathand,notonthemselves.High-status,confidentpeopleusefewer"I"words,notmore.Ourbrainsoftendon'tnoticesubtleverbalpatterns,butPennebaker'scomputerscan.Youngerwritersusemorenegativeandpast-tensewordsthanolderwriterswhousemorepositiveandfuture-tensewords.Insum,thedatarevolutionisgivinguswonderfulwaystounderstandthepresentandthepast.Willittransformourabilitytopredictandmakedecisionsaboutthefuture?We'llsee.（分数：10.00）.Whatdodata-istsassumetheycando?（分数：2.00）A.Transformpeople'sculturalidentity.B.Changethewayfutureeventsunfold.C.Getafirmgriponthemostimportantissues.D.Eliminateemotionalandideologicalbias.V解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的data-ist和as-sume定位到文章第一段第二句话。该句话指出数据主义是由某些特定的文化假设推动的一一切可以测量的东西应该予以测量；数据是一种透明、可靠的透视镜，使我们能够过滤掉情感主义和意识形态；这些数据将帮助我们做许多非凡的事情一一比如预测未来。由此可以确定本题的正确答案是D）,其他均未提到。.Whatdopeoplerunningforpoliticalofficethinktheycando?（分数：2.00）A.Usedataanalysistopredicttheelectionresult.B.Wintheelectioniftheycanraiseenoughfunds.VC.Manipulatepublicopinionwithfavorabledata.D.Increasethechancesofwinningbyfoulmeans.解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的runningforpoliticaloffice定位到文章第四段第二句。该句提到几乎每一个竞选政治职务的人都有一个直观的感觉，如果他们能够凑集和花更多的钱，他们就可以有力地影响他们赢得选举的机会。换句话说，他们认为如果有足够的钱，他们就能够赢得选举。由此确定B）为本题的正确答案。.Whydomanyteachersfavortheideaoftailoringtheirpresentationstodifferentstudents?（分数：2.00）A.Theythinkstudentspreferflexibleteachingmethods.B.Theywillbeabletotrydifferentapproaches.C.Theybelievestudents'learningstylesvary.VD.Theycanaccommodatestudentswithspecialneeds.解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的teachers和tailor定位到文章倒数第四段倒数第二句。该句指出老师想象如果将他们的演讲改善到适合每个学生将会提高效果，他们的这种认为是基于上一句话的，即：他们认为不同学生的学习风格不同。由此可知C）为本题的正确答案。.WhatdoesJamesPennebakerrevealinTheSecretLifeofPronouns'!（分数：2.00）A.Theimportanceofusingpronounsproperly.B.Repeateduseoffirst-personpronounsbyself-centeredpeople.C.Frequentuseofpronounsandfuturetensebyyoungpeople.D.Apatterninconfidentpeople,suseofpronouns.V解析：解析：推断题。由题干中的TheSecretLifeofPronouns定位到文章倒数第三段最后两句话。这两句话指出詹姆斯•佩尼贝克在他的《代词的秘密》中写到当人们感到自信时，他们会专注于手头的任务，而不是他们自己，而且地位高、自信的人很少使用“我”字，几乎不用。由此可知他的书是关于代词的使用和人的自信的关系的，所以正确答案为D）。.Whyistheauthorskepticalofthedatarevolution?（分数：2.00）A.Datamaynotbeeasilyaccessible.B.Errorsmayoccurwithlargedatasamples.C.Datacannotalwaysdowhatweimagineitcan.VD.Somedatamayturnouttobeoutdated.解析：解析：细节题。由题干中的skeptical定位到文章第三段第一句。该句提到作者对数字革命持怀疑态度，是因为他认为我们会激动地渴望将一切都量化。由此可知作者认为数字革命不可能解决一切问题，所以C）为本题的正确答案。Textinghaslongbeenbemoaned（哀叹）asthedownfallofthewrittenword,"penmanshipforilliterates,"asonecriticcalledit.TowhichtheproperresponseisLOL.Textingproperlyisn'twritingatall.It,sa"spoken"languagethatisgettingricherandmorecomplexbytheyear.First,somehistoricalperspective.Writingwasonlyinvented5,500yearsago,whereaslanguageprobablytracesbackatleast80,000years.Thustalkingcamefirst;writingisjustacraftthatcamealonglater.Assuch,thefirstwritingwasbasedonthewaypeopletalk,withshortsentences.However,whiletalkingislargelysubconsciousandrapid,writingisdeliberateandslow.Overtime,writerstookadvantageofthisandstartedcraftinglong-windedsentencessuchasthisone:"Thewholeengagementlastedabove12hours,tillthegradualretreatofthePersianswaschangedintoadisorderlyflight,ofwhichtheshamefulexamplewasgivenbytheprincipalleadersand..."Noonetalkslikethatcasually一orshould.Butitisnaturaltodesiretodosoforspecialoccasions.Intheolddays,wedidn'tmuchwriteliketalkingbecausetherewasnomechanismtoreproducethespeedofconversation.Buttextingandinstantmessaging-andarevolutionhasbegun.Itinvolvesthecrudemechanicsofwriting,butinitseconomy,spontaneityandevenvulgarity,textingisactuallyanewkindoftalking,withitsownkindofgrammarandconventions.TakeLOL.Itdoesn'tactuallymean"laughingoutloud"inaliteralsenseanymore.LOLhasevolvedintosomethingmuchsubtlerandsophisticatedandisusedevenwhennothingisremotelyamusing.Jocelyntexts"Wherehaveyoubeen?"andAnnabelletextsback"LOLatthelibrarystudyingfortwohours."LOLsignalsbasicempathy（同感）betweentexters,easingtensionandcreatingasenseofequality.Insteadofhavingaliteralmeaning,itdoessomething—conveyinganattitude—justlikethe-edendingconveyspasttenseratherthan"meaning"anything.LOL,ofallthings,isgrammar.Ofcoursenoonethinksaboutthatconsciously.Butthenmostofcommunicationoperateswithoutbeingnoticed.Overtime,themeaningofawordoranexpressiondrifts—meatusedtomeananykindoffood,sillyusedtomean,believeitornot,blessed.Civilization,then,isfine—peoplebangingawayontheirsmartphonesarefluentlyusingacodeseparatefromtheonetheyuseinactualwriting,andthereisnoevidencethattextingisruiningcompositionskills.Worldwidepeoplespeakdifferentlyfromthewaytheywrite,andtexti—ngquick,casualandonlyintendedtobereadonce—isactuallyawayoftalkingwithyourfingers.（分数：10.00）（1）.Whatdocriticssayabouttexting?（分数：2.00）A.Itismainlyconfinedtoyoungsters.B.Itcompeteswithtraditionalwriting.C.Itwillruinthewrittenlanguage.VD.Itisoftenhardtounderstand.解析：解析：细节题。根据题干中的critics定位到文章的第一段第一句话：“Textinghaslongbeenbemoanedasthedownfallofthewrittenword，‘penmanshipforilliterates爷，asonecriticcalledit.“选项C是对这句话中的thedownfallofthewrittenword的同义互换，所以正确答案是Co.Inwhatwaydoestheauthorsaywritingisdifferentfromtalking?（分数：2.00）A.Itiscraftedwithspecificskills.B.Itexpressesideasmoreaccurately.VC.Itdoesnothaveaslongahistory.D.Itisnotaseasytocomprehend.解析：解析：细节题。根据题干中的writingisdifferentfromtalking定位到第二段第五句话：“However,whiletalkingislargelysubconsciousandrapid,writingisdeliberateandslow.“此句明确指出两者的不同点：说话大部分是潜意识的、快速的，写作则是精心的、缓慢的。由此可知B选项中的accurately与deliberate最接近，所以正确答案是B。.WhyisLOLmuchusedintexting?（分数：2.00）A.Itbringstextersclosertoeachother.VB.Itshowsthetexter,ssophistication.C.Itisatrendywaytocommunicate.D.Itaddstothehumorofthetext.解析：解析：细节题。根据题干中的LOL我们定位到文章中第四段第五句话：“LOLsignalbasicempathybetweentexters,easingtensionandcreatingasenseofequality.“这句话的意思是：LOL代表了发信息人之间基本的同感，缓和紧张气氛并创造公平的感觉。A选项中的“closertoeachother”与“empathy”意义相同，所以正确答案为A。.Exampleslikemeatandsillyarecitedtoshow.（分数：2.00）A.thedifferencebetweenwritingandtalkingB.howdifferentlywordsareusedintextingC.whypeopleusethewordsthewaytheydoD.thegradualchangeofwordmeaningV解析：解析：例证题。把握解答例证题的核心在于例子是为证明观点服务的。根据题干中的meatandsilly定位到第五段第二句话：“Overtime,themeaningofawordoranexpressiondriftsmeatusedtomeananykindoffood,sillyusedtomean,believeitornot,blessed.“结合该句话的形式和内容可知该例子是证明其前面的“themeaningofawordoranexpressiondrifts”这个观点的，即：词汇或表达方式的意思在变化。D选项中的change与原文中的drift意义相近，所以正确答案是D。.Whatdoestheauthorthinkoftexting?（分数：2.00）A.Itfacilitatesexchangeofideasamongpeople.B.Itisanewformofverbalcommunication.VC.Itdeterioratespeople,scompositionskills.D.Ithastensthedeclineofthewrittenword.解析：解析：主旨题。主旨题的答案一般出现在首段或结尾段的核心句。根据文章第一段最后一句话：“It'sa'spoken’languagethatisgettingricherandmorecomplexbytheyear.“以及最后一段最后一句话：“Worldwidepeoplespeakdifferentlyfromthewaytheywrite,andtexting一quick,casualandonlyintendedtobereadonce—isactuallyawayoftalkingwithyourfingers.“这两句话都处于文章表达观点的段落，是对整篇文章的内容的概括总结。由此可知B选项与此意义相近，所以正确答案是BoIt,spossibletoadmireOprahWinfreyandstillwishHarvardhadn,tawardedheranhonorarydoctoroflawdegreeandthecommencement（毕业典礼）speakerspotatyesterday,sgraduation.There'snoquestionOprah,sachievementsplaceherinthetempleofAmericansuccessstories.Talent,charm,andanexceptionalworkethichaverarelyhurledanyoneasfarastheyhavethisformerabusedteenagemotherfromruralMississippiwhobecameoneoftheworld,smostsuccessfulentertainmenticonsandthefirstAfrican-Americanfemalebillionaire.Honorarydegreesareoftenconferredonnon-academicleadersinthearts,business,andpolitics.Harvard,slistinrecentyearshasincludedKofiAnnan,BillGates,MerylStreep,andDavidSouter.ButOprah,sparticularbrandofcelebrityisnotagoodfitforthevaluesofauniversitywhosemotto（座右铭），Veritas,meanstruth.Oprah,spassionateadvocacyextends,unfortunately,toaheartyembraceoffakescience.Mostnotoriously,Oprah,svalidationofJennyMcCarthy,sclaimthatvaccinescauseautism（自闭症）hasnodoubtcontributedtomuchharmthroughthefoolishavoidanceofvaccines.Famouspeopleareentitledtoafewfailings,liketherestofus,andthechoiceofcommencementspeakersoftenreflectsabalanceofinstitutionalprioritiesandaspirations.Judgingfromourconversationswithmanystudents,Oprahwasawidelypopularchoice.ButthisvoteofconfidenceinOprahsendsatroublingmessageatpreciselythetimewhenAmericanuniversitiesneedtodomoretoadvancethecauseofreason.AsformerDeanofHarvardCollege,HarryLewis,notedinablogpostabouthisobjections,“ItseemsveryoddforHarvardtohonorsuchahighprofilepopularizeroftheirrational...atatimewhenpoliticalandreligiousnonsensesojeopardizetheruleofreasoninthisallegedlyenlighteneddemocracyandaroundtheworld."AsAmerica'soldestandmostvisibleuniversity,Harvardhasaspecialopportunitytoconveyitsrespectforsciencenotonlythroughitsresearchandteachingprogramsbutalsoinitspublicaffirmationofevidence-basedinquiry.Unfortunately,manyAmericanuniversitiesseemawfullybusyprotectingtheirbrandnameandnotnearlybusyenoughprotectingthepursuitofknowledge.ArecentarticleinTheHarvardCrimsonnotedtheshockinggrowthofHarvard,spublicrelationsarminthelastfiveyearsanditquestionedwhetherafocusonriskmanagementandavoidingcontroversywasreallythebestoutward-lookingfaceofthisgreatinstitution.AsAmericanresearchuniversitiesbegintoresembleprofitcentersandentertainmentcomplexes,it,seasytolosesightoftheirprimarymission:toproduceandspreadknowledge.Thismissiondependsontraditionsofrationaldiscourseandvigorousdefenseofthescientificmethod.OprahWinfrey,shonorarydoctoratewasastepinthewrongdirection.（分数：10.00）.WhatdowelearnaboutOprahWinfreyfromthepassage?（分数：2.00）A.ShewasadistinguishedgraduateofHarvardSchoolofLaw.B.Sheworkedherwaytosuccessintheentertainmentindustry.VC.Sheusedtoabuseherchildrenwhenshewasayoungmother.D.Sheachievedherfamethroughpersistentadvocacyoffakescience.解析：解析：推断题。由题干可知此题是关于奥普拉•温弗瑞的情况的，可以根据选项逐一