四级词汇综合讲义学生版

第一讲（完型AnearthquakehitKashmironOct.8.2005.Ittooksome75.000lives,67130,000andleftnearly3.5millionwithoutfood,jobsorhomes.68overnight,scoresoftentvillagesbloomedacrosstheregion,tendedbyinternationalaidorganizations,military70andaidgroupswork¬ingdayandnighttoshelterthesurvivorsbeforewinterset71.Mercifully,theseasonwasmild.Butwiththe72ofspring,therefugeeswillbemovedagain.Campsthat73healthcare,foodandshelterfor150,000survivorshavebeguntocloseastheywereneverintendedtobepermanent.67.A)B)C)D)C)D)70.A)B)C)D)71.A)B)C)D)72.A)B)C)D)73.A)小结：搭配B)C)D)一句话是否通顺被理解而不产生歧义关键就是看其各成分之间否搭配得当，尤其是 之间的搭配；PART2:（一）Whileathirdsaidtheeywouldnotbeableto enoughemployeeswiththerightA-levelskills.（2011.12）A. B. C. D.Itcausedthemtothinkabouthowtheymightcontroltheexperiencesofchildrento85 responsibleandproductiveadults.(2008.12)A. B. C. D.Moststudentsattendauniversitymainlyto75 theknowledgeneededfortheirchosenprofession.(2008.6) B) C) D)Manyanimalscan69.(2006.12 Thedemandforpeoplewithhigh-qualityskillsandqualificationswill77.（2011.12A. B. C. D.Theyare79 freshfruit.(2007.6 B) C) D)Thekey72inthefactthattheunitsofmeaning,words,canbestrungtogetherindifferentways.(2006.12) Thedifference inthedetails.(2010.6 B) C) D)（二）Spouseswhoaremoreforgivingshowhighermarital overtime.(2012.6 B) C) D)Sudareflectsaworrisome inJapan;theauto islosingitsemotionalappeal,particularlyamongtheyoung,whoprefertospendtheirmoneyonthelatestelectronic（2009.6 B) C) D)Inmanyvillages,electrical havenotbeenrepaired,norhaveroads.(2007.6 B) C) D)Thisbeliefthatthesocial influenceda’soveralldevelopmentwasveryencouragingtopeopleinterestedinprogressandreformintheUnitedStates.(2008.12A. B. C. D.Heshouldbepreparedtomakesacrificestostudyhischosen indepth.(2008.6 B) C) D)Encouragemoreyoungpeopletostudysciencerelated80.(2011.12 B) C) D)AofBButwiththe72ofspring,therefugeeswillbemovedagain.(2007.6 B) C) D)Hemustusethesoundsofspeechtoidentifythewordsspoken,understandthepattern ofthewords(sentences),andfinallyinterpretthemeaning.(2006.12 B) C) D)f.名词前有介词（考虑介词和名词构成固定搭配in withthelatestdevelopmentsintheirsubjects.(2008.6 B) C) D)Inaddition,advertisingcaninfluenceconsumers'moodswhich,in86,arecapableofinfluencingconsumer'reactionstoproducts.(2007.12) B） C） D）（三）形容Heshouldhaveanambitiontomakesome contributiontoman'sknowledge.(2008.6 B) C) D)Whenourfriendsarehappyand“up”,thattrendstoinfluenceuspositively,butwhentheyare“down”,thatcanhavea75 impactonus.(2007.12) Inthepastweusedtobelievethat68 amountsofindividualnutrients营养物质werethekeytogoodhealth.(2011.6) B) C) D)Butmostexpertsagreethatsomeresearchactivityis73 tokeepthestaffandtheirstudentsintouchwiththelatestdevelopmentsintheirsubjects.（2008.6） B)essential C)functional D)optional23）Second,becauseanddisagreementsarean80 partofcloserelationships,peopleneedtobeabletoapologizetotheirpartnerforwrongngsand81forgivenessfromtheirpartnerfortheirownacts. B) C) D) B) C) D)IftheUSpatentofficegrantsapatent,itisconfirmingthattheinlectualpropertyis68 B) C) D)（四）Moodsappeartobe82 influencedbymarketingtechniques.(2007.12) In1993,fewcorporationshadawebpage,and80 ahandfulallowedonetoorderproductsorservicesonline. B) C) D)（五）Theyalsocarryoutresearchworkaimed extendingman'sknowledgeofthese B) C) D)区别：aim aimtodo71 onesense,theeffectofaconsumer'smoodcanbethoughtofinmuchthesamewayascanourreactionstothebehaviorofourfriends.(2007.6) Tosolvetheirproblemsatearlystages,whichcanthenleadtoevengreaterproblems71.(2012.6 B) C) D)Inline82 thisview,spouseswhoaremoreforgivingshowhighermaritalqualityovertime.(2012.6) B) C) Universitieshavealwaysaimedtoproducemenandwomen78 judgmentandwisdomaswellasknowledge.(2008.6) B) C) D)Familiesofasmanyas10peoplehavehadtoshelter77asingletentandsharecookstovesandbathingfacilitieswithneighbors.(2007.6) B) C) D)Scientistsnowfocusonthebroaderpictureofthebalanceoffoodeaten74 severaldaysoraweekratherthanonthenumberofmilligrams(毫克)ofthisorthatconsumedateach B) C) D)Professorshavemanyotherduties teaching,suchasadministrativeorresearch B) C) D)（六）HeusedtoownToyota’sHiluxSurf,asportutilityvehicle.Butnowheusesmostlysubwaysandgrains.“It’snotinconvenientatall”hesays. ,“havingacarisso20thcentury.” B) C) D)Whenourfriendsarehappyand“up”,thattrendstoinfluenceuspositively,74 whentheyare“down”,thatcanhaveanegativeimpactonus.(2007.12) Somecouplesjustavoidanddenythepresenceofanyinarelationship.68,denyingtheexistenceofresultincouplesfailingtosolvetheirproblemsatearlystages.(2012.6) B) C) D)(七)空前后含有and\or\but\however等关Theircommunitiesdonothaveresourcestobuildand74sportsfieldsandA. B. C. D.Theywanttogetbacktotheirherdsandstart80again.(2007.6 B) C) D)ThefederationofBritishIndustrysurveyed694businessesandorganizationsacrossthepublicand72 sectors,whichtogetheremploy2.4millionpeople.(2011.12) B) C) D)Firmssayitisalreadyhardtofindpeoplewiththeright orengineeringskills.) B) C) D)PART3:总结四级完型解题方法：各种 形容词: 副词: 介词 连词重点PART4:

200912Olderpeoplemustbegivenmorechancestolearniftheyaretocontributetosocietyratherthanbeafinancialburden,accordingtoanewstudyonpopulationpublishedrecently.Thecurrentapproachwhich67onyoungerpeopleandonskillsforemploymentisnot68tomeetthechallengesofdemographic(人口结构的)change,itsays.Only1%oftheeducationbudgetis69spentontheoldestthirdofthepopulation.The70includethefactthatmostpeoplecanexpecttospendathirdoftheirlives,thattherearenowmorepeopleover59thanunder16andthat11.3millionpeoplestatepension“73needstocontinuethroughoutlife.Ourhistoricconcentrationofandresources74youngpeoplecannotmeetthenew75,”saysthereport’sauthor,ProfessorStephenThemajor76ofoureducationbudgetisspentonpeoplebelowtheageof25.77peoplearechangingtheirjobs,78,partnersandlifestylesmoreoftenthan79,theyneedopportunitiestolearnateveryage80,somepeoplearestartingnewcareersintheir50sandlater.Peopleneedopportunitiestomakea“midlifereview”to81tothelaterstageofemployedlife,andtonforthetransition(过渡)82retirement,whichmaynowhappen83atanypointfrom50toover90,saysAndthereshouldbemoremoney84tosupportpeopleinestablishinga85ofidentityandfindingconstructive86forthe“thirdage”,the20ormoreyearstheywillspendinhealthyretiredlife.67.A)B)C)D)68.A)B)C)D)69.A)B)C)D)70.A)B)C)D)71.A)B)C)D)72.A)B)C)D)73.A)B)C)D)74.A)B)C)D)75.A)B)C)D)76.A)B)C)D)77.A)B)C)D)78.A)B)C)D)79.A)B)C)D)80.A)ForB)ByC)InD)On81.A)B)C)D)82.A)B)C)D)83.A)B)C)D)84.A)B)C)D)85.A)B)C)D)86.A)B)C)D)201012Overhalftheworld’speoplenowliveincities.Thelatest“GlobalReportonHumanSettlements”saysasignificantchangetookcelastyear.Thereport67thisweekfromU.N.Habitat,aUnitedNationsagency.Acenturyago,68thanfivepercentofallpeoplelivedincities.69themiddleofthiscenturyitcouldbeseventypercent,or70sixandahalfbillionpeople.Alreadythree-sofpeoplein71countriesliveincities.Nowmosturban72isinthedeveloUrbanizationcan73tosocialandeconomicprogress,butalsoput74oncitiestoprovidehousingand75.Thenewreportsaysalmosttwohundredthousandpeoplemovecitiesandtownseachday.Itsaysworseninginequalities,77bysocialdivisionsanddifferencesin78,couldresultin andcrime79citiesnbetter.Anotherissueisurbansprawl无序扩展的城区Thisiswherecities80quicklyintoareas,sometimes81amuchfasterratethanurbanpopulationSprawlis82intheUnitedStates.Americansmovealot.Inarecentstudy,ArtHallattheUniversityofKansasfoundthatpeoplearemovingawayfromthe83citiestosmallerones.Heseesa84toward“de-urbanization”acrossthenation.85urbaneconomiesstillprovidemany86thatruralareasdo67.[A]came[B]came[C]came[D]came68.[A][B][C][D]69.[A][B][D]70.[A][B][C][D]71.[A][B][C][D]72.[A][B][C][D]73.[A][B][C][D]74.[A][B][C][D]75.[A][B][C][D]76.[A][B][C][D]77.[A][B][C][D]78.[A][B][C][D]79.[A][B][C][D]80.[A][B][C][D]81.[A][B][C][D]82.[A][B][C][D]83.[A][B][C][D]84.[A][B][C][D]85.[A][B][C][D]86.[A][B][C][D]20106月Theterm mercereferstoallcommercialtransactionsconductedovertheInternet,includingtransactionsbyconsumersandbusiness-to-businesstransactions.Conceptually, mercedoesnot67fromwell-knowncommercialofferingssuchasbankingbyphone,"mailorder"catalogs,orsendingapurchaseordertor68fax. mercefollowsthesamemodel69inotherbusinesstransactions;thedifference70inthedetails.Toaconsumer,themostvisibleformof merceconsists71onlineordering.Acustomerbeginswithacatalogofpossibleitems,72anitem,arrangesaformofpayment,73anorder.Insteadofaphysicalcatalog, mercearrangesforcatalogstobe74ontheInternet.Insteadofsendinganorderonpaperorbyephone, mercearrangesfororderstobesent75acomputernetwork.Finally,insteadofsendingapaperrepresentationofpaymentsuchasacheck, merce76onetosendpaymentinformationelectronically.Inthedecade 1993, mercegrewfroman novelty(新奇事物)toamainstreambusinessinfluence.In1993,few hadawebpage,and ahandfulonetoorderproductsorservicesonline.Tenyears81,bothlargeandsmallbusinesseshadwebpages,andmost82userswiththeopportunitytoceanorder.83,manybanksaddedonlineaccess,84onlinebankingandbillpayingbecame85.Moreimportantly,thevalueofgoodsandservices86overtheInternetgrewdramaticallyafter1997.67.A)B)C)D)68.A)B)C)D)69.A)B)C)D)70.A)B)C)D)71.A)B)C)D)72.A)B)C)D)73.A)sendsB)putsC)standsD)carries74.A)B)C)D)75.A)B)C)D)76.A)B)C)D)77.A)B)C)D)78.A)B)C)D)79.A)B)C)D)80.A)B)C)D)81.A) B)C)D)82.A)B)C)D)83.A)B)C)D)84.A)B)C)D)85.A)B)C)D)86.A)B)C)D)第二讲（选词填空PartA:一、各种词性的语1、动词：a.做谓语 例a:例2、名词：a.做主语 b.做宾语例a.例3、形容词：a.做表语 b.修饰名词例a.例4、副词：a.修饰动词 b.修饰形容词例a.例12320106月四级Whenwethinkofgreenbuildings,wetendtothinkofnewones–thekindofhigh-tech,solar-paneledmasterpiecesthatmakethecoversofarchitecturemagazines.ButtheU.S.hasmorethan100millionexistinghomes,anditwouldbe47wastefultotearthemalldownand48themwithgreenerversions.Anenormousamountofenergyandresourceswentintotheconstructionofthosehouses.Anditwouldtakeanaverageof65yearsforthe49carbonemissionsfromanewenergy-efficienthometomakeupfortheresourceslostbydestroyinganoldone.Sointhebroadest50,thegreenesthomeistheonethathasalreadybeenbuilt.Butatthesametime,nearlyhalfofU.S.carbonemissionscomefromheating,coolingand51ourhomes,officesandotherbuildings."Youcan'tdealwithclimatechangewithoutdealingwithexistingbuildings,"saysRichardMoe,theoftheNationalTrust.Withsome52,theoldesthomestendtobetheleastenergy-efficient.Housesbuiltbefore1939useabout50%moreenergypersquarefootthanthosebuiltafter2000,mainlyduetothetinycracksandgapsthat53overtimeandletinmoreoutsideair.Fortunay,therearea54numberofrelativelysimplechangesthatcangreenolderhomes,from55oneslikeLincoln'sCottagetoyourownpostwarhomeAndefficiencyupgrades(升级)cansavemorethanjusttheearth;theycanhelp56propertyownersfromrisingpower B)C)D)E)F)G)H)I)J)K)reL)M)N)O)201012月四级Whatdeterminesthekindof youare?Whatfactorsmakeyoumoreorlessbold,inligent,orabletoreadamap?Alloftheseareinfluencedbytheinctionofyourgenesandtheenvironmentinwhichyouwere47.Thestudyofhowgenesandenvironmentincttoinfluence48activityisknownasbehavioralgenetics.Behavioralgeneticshasmadeimportant49tothebiologicalrevolution,providinginformationabouttheextenttowhichbiologyinfluencesmind,brainandbehavior.Anyresearchthatsuggeststhat50toperformcertainbehaviorsarebasedinbiologyiscontroversial.Whowantstobetoldthattherearelimitationstowhatyoucan51basedonsomethingthatisbeyondyourcontrolsuchasyourgenesItiseasytoacceptthatgenescontrolphysicalcharacteristicssuchas,raceandeyecolor.Butcangenesalsodeterminewhetherpeoplewillgetdivorced,how52theyareorwhatcareertheyarelikelytochooseAconcernofpsychologicalscientistsisthe53towhichallofthesecharacteristicsareinfluencedbynatureandnurture（养育）bygeneticmakeupandtheenvironmentIncreasinglyscience54thatgeneslaythegroundworkformanyhumantraits.Fromthis,peopleareborn55likeundevelopedphotographs:Theimageisalreadycaptured,butthewayit56appearscanvarybasedonthedevelopmentprocessHoweverthebasicpictureistherefromthebeginning.A) B) C) D)comE) F)dis G) H)I)J)K)L)M)N)O)201112Withtheworld'spopulationestimatedtogrowfromsixtoninebillionby2050,researchers.businessesandernmentsarealreadydealingwiththeimpactthisincreasewillhaveoneverythingfromfoodandwatertoinfrastructure基础设施andjobs.Underlingallthis47willbethedemandforenergy,whichisexpectedtodoubleoverthenext40years.Findingtheresourcestomeetthisdemandina48.sustainablewayisthecornerstone(基石)ofournation'senergysecurityandwillbeoneofthemajor49ofthe21stcenturyAlternativeformsofenergy-bio-fuels,windandsolar,tonameafeware50beingfundedanddeveloped,andwillyagrowing51intheworld'senergysupply.Butexpertssaythatevenwhen52,alternativeenergysourceswilllikelymeetonlyabout30%oftheworld'senergyneedsby2050.Forexample,evenwith53investments,suchasthe$93millionforwindenergydevelopment54intheAmericanRecoveryandReinvestmentAct,importantalternativeenergysourcessuchaswindandbio-fuels55onlyabout1%ofthemarkettoday.Energyandsustainabilityexpertssaytheanswertoourfutureenergyneedswilllikelycomefromalotof56bothtraditionalandalternative.如单词clue和clewbi-和di-，因为b、d形似，二者都是一个意思，表示“两个。之所以有这些同源中词根的含义begin→began→begun（元音字母i→a→u）closeclus（man→male→-mas（n、l、s读音相似。比如：masculine：的（，只要辅音字母保留或者是转成了其相似的一些近亲读音，造出的词根closeclud（o→us、（，只要辅音字母保留或者是转成了其相似的一些近亲读音，造出的词根和原简单词含义相同，它们是同源词汇似辅音有哪些，词汇认知和就迎刃而解了。k（c与字母h有关：k（c）→hp→hs、t、mb、p、f、v、wt→v→bgh（fv→yw→r→l→下面我们就举例子来进一步证明和展示上述五组读音相似字母在单词上面1）第一组读音相似关系：k（c、g、w、b、p、f、v音（crank“ar-无实际意义单词rank和词根-range，首辅音r，尾辅音k、“k（c）、w音似：writescrib→-script：写；sw、c音似，尾辅音t、bg、w音似：gowent、goodwell、law→-leg（法律、worldglobal，这些都是g、w读音相似，二者含义相同的例子fromen"make"+gage"pledge,"fromwadiare"pledge"(showingthecommonevolutionofGermanic-w-toFrench-g-词根-gage原本写作wadiare，展示了w到g 其它辅音演变 ，在书最后的附录中我们会详细给出相似读音变化，供 的学习者参考g、b音似：goodbetter、goodbon（好）bene（好、bear（出生）→词根“-gen：出生、遗传g、b读音相似，含b、w音似：bewaswere、wellbene（好b、w的读音相似关系，单词含义也相同。p、f音似：finish：完成、抛光、润色、使完美→polish（辅音p、f读音音似，尾辅音均为n，-ish为动词后缀w、v音似：wininvincible（不可战胜的in表否定，由单词“win：胜利”→词根“-vinw、v音似，尾辅音均为n，二者同源，含义相同，-ible为形容词后缀，翻译成“可以…的”→f、v读音相似：life→live、wife→wives、give→gift：（即：给的西f→v再次强调之前（或单词都有可能是一个意思或者很相关。2)第二组读音相似关系：t、d、s（th、z、l、r、n、m音；subvertroadroute：路线（d、t音似，二者相关）l、r、n音似：manmale（n、l音似；flowerprosper（-er为后缀，词根部分第二个字母l、r音似；clear→in：清楚的、明白的（首辅音c、p音似，尾辅音r、n音似，二者同源，含义相同）d、l音似：goodwell（g、w音似，尾辅音d、l音似，二者同源，含义（首辅音l、d音似，尾辅音d、c、t音似，二者同源，含义相同d、r音似：dog→rabies：狂犬病（d、r音似，尾辅音g、b音似，ies为名d、n音似，二者同源，含义相同；-er为后缀，无实际意义s、r音似：world：世界、宇宙cosmic：宇宙的（w、c音似，第三个字母r、s音似，二者同源，含义相同；单词“ring：圈、环”→词根“-circ（r、c音似，此时c发“s”音，尾辅音g、c音似，此时c发“k”音，二者同源，含义相同）s、l音似：trace：、追踪→trail：、追踪（首辅音均为t，尾辅音c、读音相似，此时c发“s”音，二者同源，含义相同s、n音似：单词“bring：带、拿、取”→词根“-pris（b、p音似，第母n、s音似，g无意义。比如单词“enterprise：进取、进取心（enter：进入+prise：取→、进取心、企业）第三组相似读音与hh字母在英语中叫做“aspiratedsound （-些字母都可以和h字母构成发音组合“ch、ph、sh、th”h、k（c）音似：单词“heart：心→词根“-cord：心（c、h音似，尾辅音t、d音似，二者同源，含义相同）h、p音似：单词“hang：悬挂”→词根“-pend：悬挂（h、p音似，尾辅音d、g音似，二者同源，含义相同）harbor：港口、码头→port：港口、码头（首辅音h、p音似，尾辅b、t音似，二者同源、含义相同；or为名词后缀，无实际意义h、s音似：单词“half：半”→词根“-hemi、-semi：半（h、s音似，尾辅音m、f音似；holy：神圣的→sacred：神圣的（h、sl、r音似，-ed为形容词后缀，二者同源，含义相同）h、d音似：homedomestic：家里的、国内的（首辅音h、d音似，尾辅音m相同，二者同源、含义相同；stic为形容词后缀）h、thold：拿、持有、拥有→词根“-tain：持有、维持、拿（h、t音似，尾辅音d、n音似，二者同源，含义相同）m→b、p、f、v、wmerely：仅仅→barely：仅仅（m、b音似，后面基本相同moral：道德的→virtue：道德、美德（首辅音m、v音似，尾辅音均为r，二者同源，含义相同；-al是形容后缀，t无意义，-ue为名词后缀）march：行军、走路→walk：走路（m、wr、l音似，尾辅音ch、k音似，二者同源，含义相同）t、v、bd、gh（f）rid似，尾辅音d、ph音似；ph发“f”音）d、g（gv、yyear→ve n：老手、富有经验的人（单词year和词根“-vet：年y、v音似，尾辅音r、t音似，二者同源；所谓“老手就是经过“多年”历练的w、r、l、vwindowdoor（-win=wind：风；-dow=door：门；风进入的门→窗→（尾辅音l、r音似，三者同源，含义相同）上述只是简单举一些例子来说说明辅音相似的关系和其 难词方面的运用o、u、y依次往后找），但不绝对，因为有的时候也有往前找的情况。下面我们元音不变：man→male、lifelive、knowgnor（元音字母a→e→iclose→词根-clud、-clus（元音-ableebleible：形容词后缀（偶尔做名词后缀-ateiteute：动词或者形容词后缀（偶尔也可以做名词后缀-arer→-orur：名词后缀或形容词后缀（偶尔也可以做动词后缀-antent-aryery→-ory当然，后缀和详细例子请参看前缀和后缀表，比如：beginbegan（元音i→a；comecame（元音o→a；be→was（还有双元音组合在一起的时候，变化就更加复杂。但是，我们在复杂单词词根，去寻找其简单同源词汇进行理解和route“ flour 辅音m、r读音相似，-ish只是动词后缀，无需关注）在词根内部的r、l、m、n增减对于单词含义无影响r增减：tend：倾向trend：趋势、倾向（r增减无影响）l增减：large：大→词根-aug：大（如：augment：增大）n增减：bay：弯、海湾→bend：弯曲（n增减无影响）→（nm增减：one：一→词根-mono：一、单一（m增减无影响，元音e→o）order→-mand：命令（m增减无影响，er为后缀b、pb增减：brim：边缘→rim：边缘（b无意义→（b（pglimpse→glance：一瞥（p无意义3）k（c）字母有时在单词中无意义，增减无k增减 ：自由的、直率的→frank：直率的、直白的（k无意义→（c4）tsdg母出现“词根后面后缀前面一般无意义→（sg无意义，仅仅是为了衔接词根和后缀pleaplead：恳请、请求please：恳请、请求（d、s均无意义，仅仅是为了连接词根和后缀）词根“-pen：钱”→词根“-pens、-pend”均表示“钱（、d无意义5）s在单词开头，有时表示加强语气，无意→（sssh：泼、溅→sh：泼、溅（s表加强语气、无意义6）有时单词中间出现的“u、o、ul组合、ol组合无意义，仅仅是连一 名词词组和固定搭介词+名onaccountof由 inaddition另inadditionto除...之外(还) on(the/an)average按平均值,通常forthebetter好转,向好的方向发展 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