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主旨大意题解题指导
主旨大意题是中考阅读理解的主要题型之一,旨在考查考生对段落大意或者文章中心思
想的把握和归纳能力。该题也是中考阅读中的重点和难点,这类题往往针对段落或短文的
subject(主题)、mainidea(中心思想)、title(题目)或purpose(目的)来命题。因为词汇、句式、文
化背景等原因,有相当一部分同学对文章的理解会出现一定偏差,从而不能很好地解答这类
题目。
这类题的解题关键是采用快速阅读法浏览全文,寻找文章的关键词或中心句。关键词即
在文中频繁出现的词;中心句通常出现在文章的开头、结尾部分和各个段落的首尾。因为考
生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨,解答此类题时,不妨把它作为最后一道来做。主旨大意
题常见的提问方式有下列几种:
1.Whafsthetopicofthearticle?
2.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
3.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?
4.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?
5.Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthispassage?
6.Thewriter'spurposeinwritingthisstoryis.
7.Inthepassagetheauthorwantstotell.
那么如何解这类题呢?下面,结合今年中考试题以及多年的教学经验,提供一些基本的
方法来帮助大家。
一、设问方式有哪些?
大意类:
1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
2.Themainideaofthepassageis.
3.Thefirst/second/last...paragraphismainlyabout.
标题类:
1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?
2.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.
3.Thebestheadlineforthispassagecouldbe.
目的型:
1.Theauthor'smainpurposeisto.
2.Thepassageismeantto.
3.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto.
二、高分攻略看过来!
每篇文章都有它的写作结构,如果我们能抓住文章的结构,找到文章的主题句,就能轻
而易举地把握文章的中心大意,所以找准主题句,对于获取文章大意尤其重要。
1.寻找主题句
一般来说,文章的主题句有以下几种位置:
(1)atthebeginning(2)attheend
(3)atthebeginningandattheend(4)inthemiddleofthepassage
(5)nocleartopicsentence
2.排除干扰项
一般来说,干扰项有以下特点:
(1)主观臆测,并非作者的观点(2)范围过大,过于笼统
(3)范围过小,以偏概全(4)文中未提及,找不到出处
三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些?
1.段落大意类
【例1:内蒙古呼和浩特】
Forjust$38,youcanhelponepersonsee;for$380,10peoplecansee;$1,300helpstraina
doctornewskills;andfor$13,000youcanprovideatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorswho
canmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain.Yourlovecanhelpthemopentheireyestothe
world.
Thelastparagraphismainlyabout.
A.howmuchatrainingprogramfbragroupofdoctorscosts
B.whyORBISneedsyourhelptocontinuetheirwork
C.whocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain
D.whatyoucandotohelpblindpeopleopentheireyes
【解析】D。段落举出几个例子,说明不同的金钱额度可以为盲人做到的事情。A和C选
项分别是其中某一例子,不能概括全段。B选项的意思是ORBIS需要你的帮助,借此呼吁读
者,故B选项不正确。
【解题方法】提取关键词。关键词是在文章或段落中反复出现,甚至其它说明内容都为
之服务的词语。段落中重复出现的词语有you,can,help(以及provide,在此表达意义相近)。
找到关键词,我们就会发现,该段落的每一句话都站在读者“你”的角度,以“你能做某事
来帮助盲人”为句子中心,呼吁读者做出自己的贡献。然后再综合四个选项,只有D选项包
含了全部三个关键词。
【例2:山东烟台卷】
ThomasEdisonlituptheworldwithhisinventionoftheelectriclight.Withouthim,theworld
mightstillbeinthedark.However,theelectriclightwasnothisonlyinvention.Healsoinvented
themotionpicturecameraandover1,200otherthings.Abouteverytwoweekshecreated
somethingnew.
ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847.Heattendedschoolforonlythreemonths.Hismothertaught
himathome,butThomaswasmostlyself-educated.Hestartedexperimentingatayoungage.
Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob.Hebecameanewsboyonatrain.Hedid
experimentsonthetraininhissparetime.Unluckily,hisfirstworkexperiencedidnotendwell.
Theyfiredhimwhenheaccidentallysetfiretothefloorofthetrain.ThenEdisonworkedforfive
yearsasatelegraphoperator,buthecontinuedtospendmuchofhistimeinexperimentinghisfirst
patentin1868fbravoterecorderrunbyelectricity.
ThomasEdisonwastotallydeafinoneearandhardofhearingintheother,buthethoughtof
hisdeafnessasablessinginmanyways.Itkeptconversationsshort,sothathecouldhavemore
timeforwork.Healwaysworked16outofevery24hours.Sometimeshiswifehadtoremindhim
tosleepandeat.
ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84.Heleftagreatmanyinventionsthatgreatlyimprovedthe
qualityoflifeallovertheworld.
Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?
A.Thefunctionoftheelectriclight.B.Edisonandhisexperiments.
C.Theimportanceofinventions.D.ThewholelifeofEdison.
【解析】D。此题考查文章的大意。综观文章结构,它不属于上面所说的任何一种。但细
读文章能发现,每一段都有明确的时间:第2段ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847;第3段When
hewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob;第5段ThomasEdisondiedattheageof840由此可以
看出本文讲的是爱迪生的人生经历,所以答案选Do其他三个选项都是片面的,犯了以偏概
全的错误。A和C只在第一段中提到,而且没有指明是爱迪生的发明;B选项,只提出爱迪
生和他的实验,没有包括文章的主要内容一爱迪生的人生经历。
2.文章标题类
【例3:山东德州】
Greenisanimportantcolorinnature.Itis...Itis...
Sometimes,theword“green"meansyoung,freshandgrowing.Forexample...Inthe15th
century...Acenturylater...Bythe18thcentury...
Someonewhoisgoodatgrowingplantsissaidtohaveagreenthumb(大拇指).The
expression...Apersonwithagreenthumb...TheGreenRevolution(绿色革命)is.・・
Greenisalsothecolorusedtodescribethepowerfulfeeling.Jealousy(嫉妒).Thegreeneyed
monster...Itis...It...
Inmostplacesintheworld,agreenlightisasignal(信号)tomoveahead.Ineverydayspeech,
agreenlightmeansapproval(赞成)tocontinuewithaproject.
Whichwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?
A.Green,thecolorofgrassandtreesB.Thestoriesaboutthecolor“green”
C.Green,asignofapprovalD.Differentmeaningsof“green”
【解析】D。这篇文章讲述了绿色的许多意义。第一段开头引出绿色的重要性,第二段到
第四段分别说明绿色在不同语境不同环境的使用。A选项只说了绿色在自然界的意义;文章
没有讲述绿色的故事,只提到了不同地方绿色代表的不同含义,B选项错误;C选项是最后
一段的概括,以偏概全。
【解题方法】跳读。跳读方法之一:看句子主语。在第一段中有三个主语,两个主语都
是代词13很容易判断两个代词It指的是前文提到的Green,是进一步解释说明Green,属于
细节内容。第三段第二句的主语Theexpression,用了定冠词,实际上也是指前文提到的内容。
跳读方法之二:忽略举例词。第二段中forexample是举例说明的标志词,也就是说,后面的
内容举例,用来解释补充前面的观点。在把握主旨大意时,可以适当忽略。以此类推,我们
通过跳读,分析出每个段落的主题句。例如这篇文章中,段落的主题句是首句。综合段落大
意,每段讲了绿色的不同意义,从而总结出文章的最佳题目。
【例4:北京卷】
leenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned.Tobegin
buildingstructure,teensneedloveandtrust.Theyneedtoknowtheirparentsaretheretogivethem
neededloveandsupport(支持).Teenswanttobesurethatnothingcanpreventparentsfrom
shoulderingtheirresponsibilityforthem-nottheirgrowingmaturity(成熟),misbehavior,nor
angeratsomethingtheyhavedone.Teenswantparentstokeepcontrolwhileallowingthemto
makesomedecisions.
Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose...
Themostimportantthingstorememberare:talkwithyourteens,listentotheirworriesand
offersuggestionswhenneeded.Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife.
Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?
A.TrainingTeenstoBecomeResponsibleAdults.
B.HelpingTeenstoBuildReasonableStructure.
C.ImprovingtheRelationshipwithYourTeens.
D.SteppingintoYourTeens'SecretWorld.
【解析】B。观察文章结构,根据第一段中的Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeans
theywanttheirliveswell-planned可知,文章话题是关于well-plannedlife。根据第2段中的
Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose可知,下
面讲的是一些方法;根据最后一段中的Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife可
知,这句话是对以上内容的总结,所以,不难看出,这两句话是文章的主题句,所以答案选
Bo选项A的错误在于主观臆测,并非作者所表达的观点;C选项,范围过大,过于笼统;D
选项,走进青少年的秘密世界,文中未提及。
3.中心思想类
【例5:四川宜宾卷】
...orsomepeople,musicisnofunatall.About4%ofthepopulationiswhatscientistscall
“amusic".Peoplewhoareamusicarebomwithouttheabilitytoenjoymusicalnotes.Amusic
peopleoftencannottellthedifferencesbetweentwosongs.
Asaresult,songssoundlikenoisetoanamusic.Manyamusicscomparethesoundofmusicto
piecesofmetalhittingeachother.Lifecanbehardforamusics...BystudyingpeoplelikeMargaret,
scientistsarefinallylearninghowtoidentify(辨另U)thisunusualcondition.
Scientistssaythatthebrainsofamusicsaredifferentforthoseofpeoplewhocanenjoymusic.
Thedifferenceiscomplex(复杂的),anditisnotconnectedwithpoorhearing...Scientistscompare
amusicstopeoplewhojustcan'tseecertaincolors.
Manyamusicsarehappywhentheirconditionisfinallydiagnosed(诊断)...Thatmakesiteasier
forthemtoexplain...
Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?
A.Amusics9strangebehaviors.B.Musicalability.
C.Somepeople'sinabilitytoenjoymusic.D.Identificationandtreatmentofamusic.
【解析】Co整篇文章的关键词是amusic(无法欣赏音乐的人)。文章主要介绍了amusic
病症及其原因的简单探究。
【解题方法】抓住中心句。中心句是对文章内容的概括或总结,通常是段落首句或尾句。
另外,首尾句通常也有承上启下的作用。所以,重视首尾句更有助于我们把握文章内容。在
上面的这个例子中,每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第一段首句引出话题:amusic;第二段
讲了amusic的表现;第三段讲了amusic现象背后的科学依据;第四段说明了amusic的现状。
【例6:广西桂林卷】
Multitaskingisevenchangingtherelationshipbetweenfamilymembers.Asyoungpeoplegive
somuchattentiontotheirownworlds,theyseemtohavenotimetospendwiththeotherpeople
aroundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehouse,norcanthey
eatatthefamilytable.
InParagraph3,theauthorpointsoutthat.
A.familymembersdonotgreeteachother
B.familymembersdonoteatatthefamilytable
C.youngpeoplegetonwellwiththeirfamilies
D.youngpeoplehardlycommunicatewiththeirfamilymembers
【解析】D。选项A、B只是局部信息,不够全面。C选项是无关信息,文章并没有提到。
仔细阅读第三段,选择D。
4.写作意图类
【例7:天津卷】
VanuatuisanislandnationintheSouthPacific.Itisoneofthesmallestcountriesintheworld.
Butforthosewhoareinterestedinadventureandsport,thereisalottodo.Vanuatu'sislandsoffer
visitorstwoofthemostexcitinganddangerousactivitiesintheworld:volcano(火山)surfingand
landdiving.
VolcanoSurfing
OnTannaIsland,MountYasurrises300metersintothesky.Yasuris...Recently,peoplehave
alsostartedclimbingYasurtosurfthevolcano.Insomeways,volcanosurfingislikesurfinginthe
sea,butinotherwaysit'sverydifferent.Volcanosurferstryto...It'sfast,funanddangerous一the
perfectextremesport(极限运动).
LandDiving
...Amantiestreevines(树藤)tohislegs.Hethenjumpshead-firstfromahightowertotouch
theearthwiththetopofhishead-withoutbreakingthevine.Everyspring,islandnatives(men
only)stilltakepartinthisamazingactivity.
Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?
A.Totellpeoplenottododangeroussports.
B.Toexplainwhatvolcanosurfingandlanddivingare.
C.Totalkabouttheworld'sbestvolcanosurferandlanddiver.
D.TocompareactivitiesinVanuatuwithsportsinNewZealand.
【解析】B。本篇文章介绍了南太平洋岛国瓦努阿图上的两项极限运动:火山滑板和陆地
蹦极。第一段引入两项极限运动的话题;第二、三段分类介绍。
【解题方法】把握标题。有些文章有文章标题或段落标题。通过标题,我们就能了解文
章或段落的主要内容或中心思想。段落标题常出现在说明文或议论文中,并且有提纲挈领的
作用。这类文章通常采取总分总的形式,结构清晰。第一段通常引出话题;中间段落逐条介
绍;最后有时也有总结性的段落。
【例8:浙江杭州卷】
WhentheAudetfamilyturnsonthelightsatBlueFarm,theyareusingelectricitythatcomes
fromcows-cowwaste,tobespecific...
Whenfarmerscleantheirbams,theyputthewastesinabigheap,andspreadsomeofthemon
theirfieldsforfertilizer(月巴料).ButnowplaceslikeBlueFarmhaveanewwayofusingcow
wastes.Theyusethemtomakeelectricity...
Methanegas(甲烷、沼气)intheatmosphereisknownasa“greenhouse”gas...Itsgasiskept
andusedtopowerelectricgenerators(发电机).
AtBlueFarm,thegeneratorsmakeenoughelectricitytopower400homes.TheAudetfamily
sellstheextraelectricitytheycan'tusethemselves.
Whatisthemainpurposeforwritingthepassage?
A.tointroduceanewwayofmakingelectricity
B.toexplainhowanewenergyworksbetter
C.toshowanewrebuildingplanforabigfarm
D.toexplainthereasonsfbrgreenhouseeffect
【解析】A。快速浏览全文,不难找出文章的核心词electricity,通读全文可以推断作者的
写作目的是介绍使用牛的粪便发电。再看选项B,文章讲的是anewwayofusingcowwastes
而不是anewenergy;C、D与文章无关。
四、小结一下吧!
上面我们介绍了解答主旨大意题的几种方法:提取关键词、跳读、抓住中心句以及把握
标题。在解题时,为了获取有效信息,往往需要融合多种方法进行概括、判断和归纳。例如
通过跳读找出关键词或中心句,从中心句概括出全文主旨。同时,我们也可以从选项入手,
运用排除法排除干扰项,比如主观臆测、过于笼统或以偏概全的选项。在遇到标题类的题目
时,我们可以假设自己是作者,检验写作思路是否与原文相符。如果不符,可能就需要重新
考虑答案。
五、挑战相关练习
A
IgrewupinNewHampshire,asmalltowninSouthCanada,whereinmyfather^wordsfbr
theseasonswere“Spring,Summer,FairtimeandWinter!”Atthattime,aweek-longfairwasheldin
thetowneveryautumn.Thousandsofpeoplefromothertownscametosellandbuythings.Itwas
thebusiesttimeoftheyear.
When“Fairtime"came,mygrandmabecamethemost“useful“andbusiestpersonofthefamily.
Grandmawasakind,well-educatedoldlady.Shewasgoodatcooking.Allherrelativeslikedthe
foodshecooked.During"Fairtime”,theywouldcometoliveinherhouseandhavemealsthere.
Grandmawasalwayshappytolookafterthem.
Yearafteryear,manypeoplemovedtobigcities.Therewasnoloner“Fairtime”.Grandma
becameveryoldandwasgraduallygoingblind.MyparentsandImovedtolivewithGrandmain
herhouse.Wedidourbesttomakeherday-to-daylifeascomfortableaspossible.Iwasathigh
schoolthen.
WhatIoftendidathomewastohelpGrandmawiththedailynewspaper'scrosswordpuzzle.
However,shedidn9tlookhappy.Sheoftensatinherroomforhours,withoutsayingaword.
Toattractpeopletomoveback,theTownHalldecidedtoreopentheFair.Oneday,whenI
camebackfromschool,IsawGrandmawearingherglasses,washingthedishesinthekitchen.
Withabigsmileonherface,shelookedalotmuchyounger.Shetoldmethathertwonieceswould
come."TheysaidthefoodIcookedwasverydeliciousandtheywanttostayinmyhouseagain,“
Grandmasaidhappily."Theywillstayherefbroneweekandwecanhaveabigparty.Thatmustbe
thebusiestweekFvehadinyears!”
IsuddenlyrealizedthatGrandmadidn'twanttobelookedafter.Shewantedtobe“useful”,
appreciatedandhelpful.
Whafsthebesttitlefbrthepassage?
A.FairtimeB.My“Old”Grandma
C.ASmallTownD.Grandma\Family
B
It'sreportedthatacompanycalledMicroCHIPShasdevelopedawirelesslycontrolleddevice
(装置).Thedeviceisputundertheskinandcansupplyadrugdirectlyintothepatient'sbody.
Peoplegivethename“microchips"toit.
Microchipsbringgoodnewstopatientswithlong-term(长期的)illnesses,forexample,
Osteoporosis(骨质疏松症).PeoplewithOsteoporosishavetogetdailyinjections(注射)of
medicine.Onetypeoftreatmentrequiresinjectionsfbrtwoyears.Manypatientsstoptakingthe
medicinebecauseofthepainandstressoftheinfections.However,microchipscandealwithit.
Doctorswillprogramthedevicebeforeputtingitundertheskin,andthedevicehastheabilityto
release(释放)adose(齐!J量)atagiventime,everysingleday.Onemicrochipcanholdafullyear's
worthofmedicine.
Microchipsmayonedayfree(使摆月兑)peoplefromhavingtoremembertotaketheir
medicine,orgetinjections.Thedevicemayalsobeusefulintreatingotherlong-termdiseases,
includingheartdisease,cancerandevenAIDS.
Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?
A.ItintroducesthecompanyMicroCHIPS.
B.Itintroducesanewwirelesslycontrolleddevicecalled“microchips”.
C.Itintroducessomecommonlong-terndiseases.
D.It'sabouthowthedevicecalled“microchips“works.
C
Askanystudentwhichsubjectheorshehatesmost.Nineoutoftenstudentswillanswer
“math”.Nomatterwhichcountryyouvisit,nomatterwhichgradeyouarein,youmaynotlearnart,
geography,chemistryorChinese,butyoualwayslearnmath.Whyisthisso?Howcomesomany
studentshatemath,andyetcannotavoidlearningitinschool?
JennySanders,ahighschoolstudentinCalifornia,asks,"Whatgooddowegetfromlearning
math?Wecanusecomputerstocomputenumbers,andwecanusecomputerstostoreinformation.I
thinklearningmathatschoolisawasteoftime.”
However,thereismuchmoretomaththanjustlearningtoaddandsubtract(减)numbers.In
fact,mathisnotsomuchaboutcalculation(计算)asitisabout
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