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主旨大意题解题指导

主旨大意题是中考阅读理解的主要题型之一,旨在考查考生对段落大意或者文章中心思

想的把握和归纳能力。该题也是中考阅读中的重点和难点,这类题往往针对段落或短文的

subject(主题)、mainidea(中心思想)、title(题目)或purpose(目的)来命题。因为词汇、句式、文

化背景等原因,有相当一部分同学对文章的理解会出现一定偏差,从而不能很好地解答这类

题目。

这类题的解题关键是采用快速阅读法浏览全文,寻找文章的关键词或中心句。关键词即

在文中频繁出现的词;中心句通常出现在文章的开头、结尾部分和各个段落的首尾。因为考

生需要读完全文才能把握文章主旨,解答此类题时,不妨把它作为最后一道来做。主旨大意

题常见的提问方式有下列几种:

1.Whafsthetopicofthearticle?

2.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

3.What'sthemainideaofthepassage?

4.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

5.Whatisthebesttitle/headlineforthispassage?

6.Thewriter'spurposeinwritingthisstoryis.

7.Inthepassagetheauthorwantstotell.

那么如何解这类题呢?下面,结合今年中考试题以及多年的教学经验,提供一些基本的

方法来帮助大家。

一、设问方式有哪些?

大意类:

1.Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

2.Themainideaofthepassageis.

3.Thefirst/second/last...paragraphismainlyabout.

标题类:

1.Whatisthebesttitleforthepassage?

2.Thebesttitleforthispassagemightbe.

3.Thebestheadlineforthispassagecouldbe.

目的型:

1.Theauthor'smainpurposeisto.

2.Thepassageismeantto.

3.Thepurposeofthisarticleisto.

二、高分攻略看过来!

每篇文章都有它的写作结构,如果我们能抓住文章的结构,找到文章的主题句,就能轻

而易举地把握文章的中心大意,所以找准主题句,对于获取文章大意尤其重要。

1.寻找主题句

一般来说,文章的主题句有以下几种位置:

(1)atthebeginning(2)attheend

(3)atthebeginningandattheend(4)inthemiddleofthepassage

(5)nocleartopicsentence

2.排除干扰项

一般来说,干扰项有以下特点:

(1)主观臆测,并非作者的观点(2)范围过大,过于笼统

(3)范围过小,以偏概全(4)文中未提及,找不到出处

三、考查类型及解题技巧有哪些?

1.段落大意类

【例1:内蒙古呼和浩特】

Forjust$38,youcanhelponepersonsee;for$380,10peoplecansee;$1,300helpstraina

doctornewskills;andfor$13,000youcanprovideatrainingprogramforagroupofdoctorswho

canmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain.Yourlovecanhelpthemopentheireyestothe

world.

Thelastparagraphismainlyabout.

A.howmuchatrainingprogramfbragroupofdoctorscosts

B.whyORBISneedsyourhelptocontinuetheirwork

C.whocanmakethousandsofblindpeopleseeagain

D.whatyoucandotohelpblindpeopleopentheireyes

【解析】D。段落举出几个例子,说明不同的金钱额度可以为盲人做到的事情。A和C选

项分别是其中某一例子,不能概括全段。B选项的意思是ORBIS需要你的帮助,借此呼吁读

者,故B选项不正确。

【解题方法】提取关键词。关键词是在文章或段落中反复出现,甚至其它说明内容都为

之服务的词语。段落中重复出现的词语有you,can,help(以及provide,在此表达意义相近)。

找到关键词,我们就会发现,该段落的每一句话都站在读者“你”的角度,以“你能做某事

来帮助盲人”为句子中心,呼吁读者做出自己的贡献。然后再综合四个选项,只有D选项包

含了全部三个关键词。

【例2:山东烟台卷】

ThomasEdisonlituptheworldwithhisinventionoftheelectriclight.Withouthim,theworld

mightstillbeinthedark.However,theelectriclightwasnothisonlyinvention.Healsoinvented

themotionpicturecameraandover1,200otherthings.Abouteverytwoweekshecreated

somethingnew.

ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847.Heattendedschoolforonlythreemonths.Hismothertaught

himathome,butThomaswasmostlyself-educated.Hestartedexperimentingatayoungage.

Whenhewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob.Hebecameanewsboyonatrain.Hedid

experimentsonthetraininhissparetime.Unluckily,hisfirstworkexperiencedidnotendwell.

Theyfiredhimwhenheaccidentallysetfiretothefloorofthetrain.ThenEdisonworkedforfive

yearsasatelegraphoperator,buthecontinuedtospendmuchofhistimeinexperimentinghisfirst

patentin1868fbravoterecorderrunbyelectricity.

ThomasEdisonwastotallydeafinoneearandhardofhearingintheother,buthethoughtof

hisdeafnessasablessinginmanyways.Itkeptconversationsshort,sothathecouldhavemore

timeforwork.Healwaysworked16outofevery24hours.Sometimeshiswifehadtoremindhim

tosleepandeat.

ThomasEdisondiedattheageof84.Heleftagreatmanyinventionsthatgreatlyimprovedthe

qualityoflifeallovertheworld.

Whatdoesthepassagemainlytalkabout?

A.Thefunctionoftheelectriclight.B.Edisonandhisexperiments.

C.Theimportanceofinventions.D.ThewholelifeofEdison.

【解析】D。此题考查文章的大意。综观文章结构,它不属于上面所说的任何一种。但细

读文章能发现,每一段都有明确的时间:第2段ThomasEdisonwasbornin1847;第3段When

hewas12yearsold,hegothisfirstjob;第5段ThomasEdisondiedattheageof840由此可以

看出本文讲的是爱迪生的人生经历,所以答案选Do其他三个选项都是片面的,犯了以偏概

全的错误。A和C只在第一段中提到,而且没有指明是爱迪生的发明;B选项,只提出爱迪

生和他的实验,没有包括文章的主要内容一爱迪生的人生经历。

2.文章标题类

【例3:山东德州】

Greenisanimportantcolorinnature.Itis...Itis...

Sometimes,theword“green"meansyoung,freshandgrowing.Forexample...Inthe15th

century...Acenturylater...Bythe18thcentury...

Someonewhoisgoodatgrowingplantsissaidtohaveagreenthumb(大拇指).The

expression...Apersonwithagreenthumb...TheGreenRevolution(绿色革命)is.・・

Greenisalsothecolorusedtodescribethepowerfulfeeling.Jealousy(嫉妒).Thegreeneyed

monster...Itis...It...

Inmostplacesintheworld,agreenlightisasignal(信号)tomoveahead.Ineverydayspeech,

agreenlightmeansapproval(赞成)tocontinuewithaproject.

Whichwouldbethebesttitleofthepassage?

A.Green,thecolorofgrassandtreesB.Thestoriesaboutthecolor“green”

C.Green,asignofapprovalD.Differentmeaningsof“green”

【解析】D。这篇文章讲述了绿色的许多意义。第一段开头引出绿色的重要性,第二段到

第四段分别说明绿色在不同语境不同环境的使用。A选项只说了绿色在自然界的意义;文章

没有讲述绿色的故事,只提到了不同地方绿色代表的不同含义,B选项错误;C选项是最后

一段的概括,以偏概全。

【解题方法】跳读。跳读方法之一:看句子主语。在第一段中有三个主语,两个主语都

是代词13很容易判断两个代词It指的是前文提到的Green,是进一步解释说明Green,属于

细节内容。第三段第二句的主语Theexpression,用了定冠词,实际上也是指前文提到的内容。

跳读方法之二:忽略举例词。第二段中forexample是举例说明的标志词,也就是说,后面的

内容举例,用来解释补充前面的观点。在把握主旨大意时,可以适当忽略。以此类推,我们

通过跳读,分析出每个段落的主题句。例如这篇文章中,段落的主题句是首句。综合段落大

意,每段讲了绿色的不同意义,从而总结出文章的最佳题目。

【例4:北京卷】

leenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeanstheywanttheirliveswell-planned.Tobegin

buildingstructure,teensneedloveandtrust.Theyneedtoknowtheirparentsaretheretogivethem

neededloveandsupport(支持).Teenswanttobesurethatnothingcanpreventparentsfrom

shoulderingtheirresponsibilityforthem-nottheirgrowingmaturity(成熟),misbehavior,nor

angeratsomethingtheyhavedone.Teenswantparentstokeepcontrolwhileallowingthemto

makesomedecisions.

Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose...

Themostimportantthingstorememberare:talkwithyourteens,listentotheirworriesand

offersuggestionswhenneeded.Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife.

Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?

A.TrainingTeenstoBecomeResponsibleAdults.

B.HelpingTeenstoBuildReasonableStructure.

C.ImprovingtheRelationshipwithYourTeens.

D.SteppingintoYourTeens'SecretWorld.

【解析】B。观察文章结构,根据第一段中的Teenswantstructureintheirlives,whichmeans

theywanttheirliveswell-planned可知,文章话题是关于well-plannedlife。根据第2段中的

Therearesomewaysyoucanhelpyourteenscreatereasonablestructureandremainclose可知,下

面讲的是一些方法;根据最后一段中的Thiswillhelpyourteenstoliveawell-organizedlife可

知,这句话是对以上内容的总结,所以,不难看出,这两句话是文章的主题句,所以答案选

Bo选项A的错误在于主观臆测,并非作者所表达的观点;C选项,范围过大,过于笼统;D

选项,走进青少年的秘密世界,文中未提及。

3.中心思想类

【例5:四川宜宾卷】

...orsomepeople,musicisnofunatall.About4%ofthepopulationiswhatscientistscall

“amusic".Peoplewhoareamusicarebomwithouttheabilitytoenjoymusicalnotes.Amusic

peopleoftencannottellthedifferencesbetweentwosongs.

Asaresult,songssoundlikenoisetoanamusic.Manyamusicscomparethesoundofmusicto

piecesofmetalhittingeachother.Lifecanbehardforamusics...BystudyingpeoplelikeMargaret,

scientistsarefinallylearninghowtoidentify(辨另U)thisunusualcondition.

Scientistssaythatthebrainsofamusicsaredifferentforthoseofpeoplewhocanenjoymusic.

Thedifferenceiscomplex(复杂的),anditisnotconnectedwithpoorhearing...Scientistscompare

amusicstopeoplewhojustcan'tseecertaincolors.

Manyamusicsarehappywhentheirconditionisfinallydiagnosed(诊断)...Thatmakesiteasier

forthemtoexplain...

Whatisthemainideaofthepassage?

A.Amusics9strangebehaviors.B.Musicalability.

C.Somepeople'sinabilitytoenjoymusic.D.Identificationandtreatmentofamusic.

【解析】Co整篇文章的关键词是amusic(无法欣赏音乐的人)。文章主要介绍了amusic

病症及其原因的简单探究。

【解题方法】抓住中心句。中心句是对文章内容的概括或总结,通常是段落首句或尾句。

另外,首尾句通常也有承上启下的作用。所以,重视首尾句更有助于我们把握文章内容。在

上面的这个例子中,每段的首句就是段落的中心句。第一段首句引出话题:amusic;第二段

讲了amusic的表现;第三段讲了amusic现象背后的科学依据;第四段说明了amusic的现状。

【例6:广西桂林卷】

Multitaskingisevenchangingtherelationshipbetweenfamilymembers.Asyoungpeoplegive

somuchattentiontotheirownworlds,theyseemtohavenotimetospendwiththeotherpeople

aroundthem.Theycannolongergreetfamilymemberswhentheyenterthehouse,norcanthey

eatatthefamilytable.

InParagraph3,theauthorpointsoutthat.

A.familymembersdonotgreeteachother

B.familymembersdonoteatatthefamilytable

C.youngpeoplegetonwellwiththeirfamilies

D.youngpeoplehardlycommunicatewiththeirfamilymembers

【解析】D。选项A、B只是局部信息,不够全面。C选项是无关信息,文章并没有提到。

仔细阅读第三段,选择D。

4.写作意图类

【例7:天津卷】

VanuatuisanislandnationintheSouthPacific.Itisoneofthesmallestcountriesintheworld.

Butforthosewhoareinterestedinadventureandsport,thereisalottodo.Vanuatu'sislandsoffer

visitorstwoofthemostexcitinganddangerousactivitiesintheworld:volcano(火山)surfingand

landdiving.

VolcanoSurfing

OnTannaIsland,MountYasurrises300metersintothesky.Yasuris...Recently,peoplehave

alsostartedclimbingYasurtosurfthevolcano.Insomeways,volcanosurfingislikesurfinginthe

sea,butinotherwaysit'sverydifferent.Volcanosurferstryto...It'sfast,funanddangerous一the

perfectextremesport(极限运动).

LandDiving

...Amantiestreevines(树藤)tohislegs.Hethenjumpshead-firstfromahightowertotouch

theearthwiththetopofhishead-withoutbreakingthevine.Everyspring,islandnatives(men

only)stilltakepartinthisamazingactivity.

Whatisthepurposeofthepassage?

A.Totellpeoplenottododangeroussports.

B.Toexplainwhatvolcanosurfingandlanddivingare.

C.Totalkabouttheworld'sbestvolcanosurferandlanddiver.

D.TocompareactivitiesinVanuatuwithsportsinNewZealand.

【解析】B。本篇文章介绍了南太平洋岛国瓦努阿图上的两项极限运动:火山滑板和陆地

蹦极。第一段引入两项极限运动的话题;第二、三段分类介绍。

【解题方法】把握标题。有些文章有文章标题或段落标题。通过标题,我们就能了解文

章或段落的主要内容或中心思想。段落标题常出现在说明文或议论文中,并且有提纲挈领的

作用。这类文章通常采取总分总的形式,结构清晰。第一段通常引出话题;中间段落逐条介

绍;最后有时也有总结性的段落。

【例8:浙江杭州卷】

WhentheAudetfamilyturnsonthelightsatBlueFarm,theyareusingelectricitythatcomes

fromcows-cowwaste,tobespecific...

Whenfarmerscleantheirbams,theyputthewastesinabigheap,andspreadsomeofthemon

theirfieldsforfertilizer(月巴料).ButnowplaceslikeBlueFarmhaveanewwayofusingcow

wastes.Theyusethemtomakeelectricity...

Methanegas(甲烷、沼气)intheatmosphereisknownasa“greenhouse”gas...Itsgasiskept

andusedtopowerelectricgenerators(发电机).

AtBlueFarm,thegeneratorsmakeenoughelectricitytopower400homes.TheAudetfamily

sellstheextraelectricitytheycan'tusethemselves.

Whatisthemainpurposeforwritingthepassage?

A.tointroduceanewwayofmakingelectricity

B.toexplainhowanewenergyworksbetter

C.toshowanewrebuildingplanforabigfarm

D.toexplainthereasonsfbrgreenhouseeffect

【解析】A。快速浏览全文,不难找出文章的核心词electricity,通读全文可以推断作者的

写作目的是介绍使用牛的粪便发电。再看选项B,文章讲的是anewwayofusingcowwastes

而不是anewenergy;C、D与文章无关。

四、小结一下吧!

上面我们介绍了解答主旨大意题的几种方法:提取关键词、跳读、抓住中心句以及把握

标题。在解题时,为了获取有效信息,往往需要融合多种方法进行概括、判断和归纳。例如

通过跳读找出关键词或中心句,从中心句概括出全文主旨。同时,我们也可以从选项入手,

运用排除法排除干扰项,比如主观臆测、过于笼统或以偏概全的选项。在遇到标题类的题目

时,我们可以假设自己是作者,检验写作思路是否与原文相符。如果不符,可能就需要重新

考虑答案。

五、挑战相关练习

A

IgrewupinNewHampshire,asmalltowninSouthCanada,whereinmyfather^wordsfbr

theseasonswere“Spring,Summer,FairtimeandWinter!”Atthattime,aweek-longfairwasheldin

thetowneveryautumn.Thousandsofpeoplefromothertownscametosellandbuythings.Itwas

thebusiesttimeoftheyear.

When“Fairtime"came,mygrandmabecamethemost“useful“andbusiestpersonofthefamily.

Grandmawasakind,well-educatedoldlady.Shewasgoodatcooking.Allherrelativeslikedthe

foodshecooked.During"Fairtime”,theywouldcometoliveinherhouseandhavemealsthere.

Grandmawasalwayshappytolookafterthem.

Yearafteryear,manypeoplemovedtobigcities.Therewasnoloner“Fairtime”.Grandma

becameveryoldandwasgraduallygoingblind.MyparentsandImovedtolivewithGrandmain

herhouse.Wedidourbesttomakeherday-to-daylifeascomfortableaspossible.Iwasathigh

schoolthen.

WhatIoftendidathomewastohelpGrandmawiththedailynewspaper'scrosswordpuzzle.

However,shedidn9tlookhappy.Sheoftensatinherroomforhours,withoutsayingaword.

Toattractpeopletomoveback,theTownHalldecidedtoreopentheFair.Oneday,whenI

camebackfromschool,IsawGrandmawearingherglasses,washingthedishesinthekitchen.

Withabigsmileonherface,shelookedalotmuchyounger.Shetoldmethathertwonieceswould

come."TheysaidthefoodIcookedwasverydeliciousandtheywanttostayinmyhouseagain,“

Grandmasaidhappily."Theywillstayherefbroneweekandwecanhaveabigparty.Thatmustbe

thebusiestweekFvehadinyears!”

IsuddenlyrealizedthatGrandmadidn'twanttobelookedafter.Shewantedtobe“useful”,

appreciatedandhelpful.

Whafsthebesttitlefbrthepassage?

A.FairtimeB.My“Old”Grandma

C.ASmallTownD.Grandma\Family

B

It'sreportedthatacompanycalledMicroCHIPShasdevelopedawirelesslycontrolleddevice

(装置).Thedeviceisputundertheskinandcansupplyadrugdirectlyintothepatient'sbody.

Peoplegivethename“microchips"toit.

Microchipsbringgoodnewstopatientswithlong-term(长期的)illnesses,forexample,

Osteoporosis(骨质疏松症).PeoplewithOsteoporosishavetogetdailyinjections(注射)of

medicine.Onetypeoftreatmentrequiresinjectionsfbrtwoyears.Manypatientsstoptakingthe

medicinebecauseofthepainandstressoftheinfections.However,microchipscandealwithit.

Doctorswillprogramthedevicebeforeputtingitundertheskin,andthedevicehastheabilityto

release(释放)adose(齐!J量)atagiventime,everysingleday.Onemicrochipcanholdafullyear's

worthofmedicine.

Microchipsmayonedayfree(使摆月兑)peoplefromhavingtoremembertotaketheir

medicine,orgetinjections.Thedevicemayalsobeusefulintreatingotherlong-termdiseases,

includingheartdisease,cancerandevenAIDS.

Whatisthepassagemainlyabout?

A.ItintroducesthecompanyMicroCHIPS.

B.Itintroducesanewwirelesslycontrolleddevicecalled“microchips”.

C.Itintroducessomecommonlong-terndiseases.

D.It'sabouthowthedevicecalled“microchips“works.

C

Askanystudentwhichsubjectheorshehatesmost.Nineoutoftenstudentswillanswer

“math”.Nomatterwhichcountryyouvisit,nomatterwhichgradeyouarein,youmaynotlearnart,

geography,chemistryorChinese,butyoualwayslearnmath.Whyisthisso?Howcomesomany

studentshatemath,andyetcannotavoidlearningitinschool?

JennySanders,ahighschoolstudentinCalifornia,asks,"Whatgooddowegetfromlearning

math?Wecanusecomputerstocomputenumbers,andwecanusecomputerstostoreinformation.I

thinklearningmathatschoolisawasteoftime.”

However,thereismuchmoretomaththanjustlearningtoaddandsubtract(减)numbers.In

fact,mathisnotsomuchaboutcalculation(计算)asitisabout

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