【高分复习笔记】王守仁《英国文学选读》（第2版）笔记和课后习题详解

目录

内容简介

目录

第1单元杰弗里・乔叟

1.1复习笔记

1.2课后习题详解

第2单元威廉•莎士比亚

2.1复习笔记

2.2课后习题详解

第3单元弗朗西斯・培根

3.1复习笔记

3.2课后习题详解

第4单元17世纪英国诗人

4.1复习笔记

4.2课后习题详解

第5单元冒险小说作家

5.1复习笔记

5.2课后习题详解

第6单元浪漫主义诗人（1）

6.1复习笔记

6,2课后习题详解

第7单元简•奥斯汀

7.1复习笔记

7,2课后习题详解

第8单元浪漫主义诗人（2）

8.1复习笔记

8,2课后习题详解

第9单元夏洛蒂•勃朗特

9.1复习笔记

9.2课后习题详解

第10单元查尔斯•狄更斯

10.1复习笔记

10,2课后习题详解

第11单元维多利亚时代的诗人

11.1复习笔记

11.2课后习题详解

第12单元托马斯・哈代

12.1复习笔记

12,2课后习题详解

第13单元现代剧作家

13.1复习笔记

13.2课后习题详解

第14单元约瑟夫・康拉德

14.1复习笔记

14.2课后习题详解

第15单元20世纪英国诗人（1）

15.1复习笔记

15,2课后习题详解

第16单元现代主义小说家（1）

16.1复习笔记

16.2课后习题详解

第17单元现代主义小说家（2）

17.1复习笔记

17,2课后习题详解

第18单元爱德华・摩根・福斯特

18.1复习笔记

18.2课后习题详解

第19单元威廉・戈尔丁

19.1复习笔记

19.2课后习题详解

第20单元多丽丝・莱辛

20.1复习笔记

20.2课后习题详解

第21单元约翰・福尔斯

21.1复习笔记

21.2课后习题详解

第22单元20世纪英国诗人（2）

22.1复习笔记

22.2课后习题详解

第23单元A.S.拜厄特

23.1复习笔记

23,2课后习题详解

第24单元V.S.奈保尔

24.1复习笔记

24.2课后习题详解

第25单元格雷厄姆・斯威夫特

25.1复习笔记

25,2课后习题详解

第1单元杰弗里・乔叟

1.1复习笔记

GeoffreyChaucer(杰弗里•乔叟)(1340-1400)

ILife(生平)

GeoffreyChaucer,bornin1343inLondon,isthefounderofEnglishpoetry.Hewastheson

ofawinemerchantwhohadconnectionswiththeCourt.Helaterbecameacourtierand

comptroller.

Chaucer'slearningwaswideinscope.HeobtainedagoodknowledgeofLatin,Frenchand

Italian.Hehadbroadandintimateacquaintancewithpersonshighandlowinallwalksof

life,andknewwellthewholelifeofhistime,whichleftgreatimpressionsuponhisworks

andparticularlyuponhisvariegateddepictionoftheEnglishsocietyofhistime.

Hediedin1400andwasburiedinWestminsterAbbey,thusfoundingthePoets'Corner.

杰弗里•乔叟于1343年出生于伦敦，他是英语诗歌之父。他是一个与宫廷有联系的酒商

的儿子。他后来担任过侍臣和审计官。

乔叟知识渊博。他精通拉丁语、法语和意大利语。他结交广泛且易与人深交，无论是贵族

还是贫民，因此他深谙所处世事。这尤其有益于他在作品中对英国社会的刻画。

他逝于1400年，被葬在威斯敏斯特教堂，由此“诗人角”开始出现。

2MajorWorks(主要作品)

TheBookoftheDuchess(1336)《公爵夫人之书》

TheParliamentofFowls(1380)《百鸟议会》

TheHouseofFame(1374-1384)《声誉之堂》

TroilusandCriseyde(1380-1385)《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》

TheCanterburyTales(1386-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》

3chaucer'sLiteraryCareer(文学生平)

Chaucer'sliterarycareercanbedividedintothreeperiods,whichiscloselyrelatedtohis

lifeexperiences.ThefirstperiodconsistsofworkstranslatedfromFrenchliterature;the

secondconsistsofworksadaptedfromItalianliterature,especiallyinfluencedbyDante,

PetrarchandBoccaccio,suchasTroilusandCriseyde.ThethirdperiodincludesThe

CanterburyTales,whichispurelyEnglish.

乔叟的文学生平可划分为三个阶段，均与其个人生活经历有关。第一阶段乔叟的作品主要

是翻译法国文学，第二阶段则改编于意大利文学，深受但丁、彼特拉克和薄伽丘的影响，

如《特罗勒斯与克丽西德》。第三阶段包括《坎特伯雷故事集》，这是纯英语创作阶段。

4SelectedWork(选读作品)

♦TheCanterburyTales(1386-1400)《坎特伯雷故事集》

(1)Mainplot(内容提要)

TheCanterburyTalesisacollectionofstorieswritteninMiddleEnglishbyGeoffrey

Chaucerattheendofthe14thcentury.Thetales(mostlyinverse,althoughsomearein

prose)aretoldaspartofastory-tellingcontestbyagroupofpilgrimsastheytravel

togetheronajourneyfromSouthwarktotheshrineofSaintThomasBecketatCanterbury

Cathedral.TheprizeforthiscontestisafreemealattheTabardInnatSouthwarkontheir

return.

《坎特伯雷故事集》是一部诗体短篇小说集，叙述朝圣者一行人会聚在泰巴旅店，他们准

备前往坎特伯雷去朝拜圣托马斯。途中他们进行讲故事比赛，讲得最好的人，回到旅店后

大家合起来请他吃饭。

(2)SocialSignificancesofTheCanterburyTales(社会影响)

a.Itshowsatrue-to-lifepictureofChaucer'stime.

b.Takingfromthestandofrisingbourgeoisie,Chauceraffirmsmenandopposesthedogma

ofasceticismpreachedbytheChurch.

c.Hepraisesman'senergy,intellect,quickwitandloveoflife.

d.Histalesexposeandsatirizetheevilsofhistime,attackdegenerationofthenoble,the

corruptionoftheChurch.

a.展示乔叟时代的真实生活画面。

b.站在发展中的小资产阶级的立场，乔叟肯定了人的力量，反对教会宣扬的禁欲主义。

c.赞扬了人的力量，智慧和对生活的热爱。

d.展现并批判了时代的罪恶，批判了贵族和教会的堕落。

（3）Chaucer'sLanguage（乔叟的语言）

a.Chaucer'slanguage,nowcalledMiddleEnglish,isvividandexact.Heisamasterofword-

pictures.HisverseisamongthesmoothestinEnglish.

b.ChaucefscontributiontoEnglishpoetrylieschieflyinthefactthatheintroducedfrom

Francetherhymedstanzaofvarioustypes,especiallytheheroiccouplettoEnglishpoetry.

c.ChaucerdidmuchinmakingthedialectofLondonthestandardforthemodernEnglish

speech.

d.Chaucerisgoodattheterzarima,whichmakeshislanguageahighstyle.Thisiswhat

otherpoetscannotreach.

a.乔叟的语言属于中英语，非常形象准确。他是用语言构建图画的大师。他的诗歌位列最

顺畅的英语中。

b.乔叟对英语诗歌的贡献主要在于他将法国的韵脚重复的诗节（尤其是英雄双韵体）介绍

到英国。

c乔叟在使伦敦方言成为现代英语的标准中发挥了重要作用。

d.乔叟善于使用三行体，这种诗体使他的语言很高雅。这是其他诗人无法匹敌的。

1.2课后习题详解

IHowisthesettingofthetalesdescribed?Withsuchasetting,couldyoupredictthe

generaltoneofthetalesthataretofollow?

Key:⑴Chaucersetsthetalesinthespring,describingboththenaturalworldandpeople-

thenaturalworldshowsakindofrenewalandrebirth,andpeoplebegintostirafterthe

longsleepofwinter.Chaucer'sdescriptionofthelandscapeislively（欢快的）andfresh

（清新的）,sincehespeaksofbuddingflowers,growingcropsandsingingbirds.

（2）Accordingtosuchasetting,wecanpredictthatthegeneraltoneofthetaleswillbelight,

sprightly（活泼、愉快的）andhumorous.

2Inyourownwords,summarizethecharacteroftheKnightfromthebriefintroductionin

thisexcerpt.

Key:Accordingtotheexcerpt,wecanseethattheKnighthasastrongspiritofchivalry­

truth,honor,freedomandcourtesy.Hehadfoughtmanybattlesforthefaithofpeople.He

isabrave,wise,modestandHtrulyperfectgentle-knight11.

3Withoutcomparisonwiththetranslatedversion,aretherewordsstillrecognizabletoyou

intheoriginalMiddleEnglishversion?

Key:Yes,therearemanywordscanberecognized.Becausemanywordsonlycontainfew

differentletterscomparedwiththemodernwords.What'smore,sometimes,wecan

recognizethewordsbyguessorbythesense-group.

第2单元威廉•莎士比亚

2.1复习笔记

WilliamShakespeare(1564-1616)(威廉•莎士比亚)

ILife(生平)

Shakespeareisthemostremarkableplaywrightandpoet.HewasbornonApril26,1564in

Stratford-upon-Avon.Attheageof7,Shakespearewassenttothelocalgrammarschool

wherehewastaughtreading,writing,LatinandGreek.Hewasaschoolmasterinthe

countryandbecamewellacquaintedwiththeatricalperformances.At18hemarrieda

farmer'sdaughterwhowaseightyearsolderthanhim.AfterhemovedtoLondonaround

1586,heonceworkedasanactor,aplaywright,andapartownerofatheatercompany.In

1612,hewentbackhomeandboughtahousecalledNewPalace.HediedonApril23,the

anniversaryofhisbirth,in1616andwasburiedinStratfordChurch.

TheotherfamouscontemporarywriterBenJonsonpraisedthat“Heisnotforanage,but

foralltimes!，indicatingtheprominentpositionofShakespeareinworldcivilizationand

literaturehistory.

莎士比亚是世界最著名的剧作家和诗人。他出生于1564年4月26日英格兰埃文河畔的

斯特拉福德。7岁时上当地的文法学校，学习阅读、写作、拉丁语和希腊语。他成了当地

的教师，并且渐渐熟知戏剧表演。莎士比亚18岁就和一位农夫的女儿结婚，她比莎士比

亚年长8岁。1586年前后他搬到伦敦，之后做过演员、剧作家和剧院股东。1612年，

他回到家乡，买了一幢名为新宫的房子。他逝于1616年4月23日他生日的那一天，安

葬在斯特拉福德教堂。

莎士比亚同时代的另一著名作家本•琼森称赞“他不属于一个时代，而是属于永远”，表达

了数百年来莎士比亚在世界文明和文学史上的重要地位。

2AChronologicalListofShakespeare'sPlays(莎士比亚戏剧目录)

ThirtysevenofShakespeare'splayshavecomedowntous.Butitisoftendifficulttodatea

givenplayprecisely.Scholarsworkedoutthechronologicalorderofhisplays,basedon

threekindsofevidence:externalevidence(recordsofperformanceandpublication,or

referencesincontemporaryworks);internalevidence(allusionsintheplaysto

contemporaryevents,orquotationsfromcontemporaryworks);stylisticevidence

(changesanddevelopmentsinShakespeare'suseofblankverse,rhymeandprose).

莎士比亚的37部戏剧流传至今。但是戏剧时间难以确定，学者们根据三类证据将其编年:

外部证据（表演和出版记录，或参考同时期作品）；内部证据（作品中引用的同时代事件,

或者同时代作品引语）；文体证据（莎士比亚使用无韵体、韵律和散文技术的变化）。

1590HenryVI,PartII《亨利六世，第二部》

HenryVI,PartIII《亨利六世，第三部》

1591HenryVI,PartI《亨利六世,第一部》

1592RichardITI《理查德三世》

TheComedyofErrors《错中错》

1593TitusAndronicus《泰特斯•安特洛尼克斯》

TheTamingoftheShrew《驯悍记》

1594TheTwoGentlemenofVerona《维洛那二绅士》

Love'sLabour'sLost《爱的徒劳》

RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

1595RichardII《理查德二世》

AMidsummerNightsDream《仲夏夜之梦》

1596KingJohn《约翰王》

TheMerchantofVenice《威尼斯商人》

1597HenryIV,PartI《亨利四世，第一部》

HenryIV,PartII《亨利四世，第二部》

1598MuchAdoaboutNothing《无事生非》

HenryV《亨利五世》

TheMerryWivesofWindsor《温莎的风流娘们》

1599JuliusCaesar《朱利尤斯•凯撒》

AsYouLikeIt《皆大欢喜》

1600TwelfthNight《第十二夜》

1601Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

1602TroilusandCressida《特洛伊罗斯与克莱西达》

1603All'sWellThatEndsWell《终成眷属》

1604MeasureforMeasure《一报还一报》

Othello《奥赛罗》

1605KingLear《李尔王》

Macbeth《麦克白》

1606AntonyandCleopatra《安东尼与克里奥佩特拉》

1607Coriolanus《科利奥兰纳斯》

TimonofAthens《雅典的泰门》

1608Pericles《佩力克尔斯》

1609Cymbeline《辛白林》

1610TheWintersTale《冬天的故事》

1611TheTempest《暴风雨》

1612Henry\4H《亨利八世》

3PeriodsofShakespeare'sPlays(莎士比亚戏剧分期)

a.Historiesandcomediesbefore1600,suchasHenryVI,Love'sLabour'sLost,Richard【II,A

MidsummerNight'sDream,TheMerchantofVenice,TheMerryWivesofWindsor.(Romeo

andJulietofthisperiodisexceptionallytragic].Thisperiodisaperiodof“greatcomedies".

Thecomediesarechieflyconcernedwiththeaffairsofyouthandfullofromanticsentiment.

b.Tragediesfrom1600to1608includingHamlet,Othello,KingLear,andMacbeth(even

thecomedieswritteninthisperiodlikeAll'sWellThatEndsWellandMeasureforMeasure

aretouchedwithsadness].Thisistheperiodof"greattragedies"and"darkcomedies".

c.Tragicomediesandromancesfrom1608to1612suchasTheWinter'sTale,TheTempest.

a.1600年以前的历史剧和喜剧，如《亨利六世》，《爱的徒劳》，《理查德三世》，

《仲夏夜之梦》，《威尼斯商人》，《温莎的风流娘们》（《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是这一时

期的悲剧）。这一时期产生了“伟大喜剧”。这些喜剧主要是关于年轻人之间的爱情，充满

浪漫气息。

b.1600—1608年的悲剧，包括《哈姆雷特》，《奥赛罗》，《李尔王》和《麦克白》

（这一时期的戏剧如《终成眷属》，《一报还一报》也渲染了悲伤气息）。这是“伟大悲

剧”和“阴郁喜剧”的时期。

c.1608-1612年的悲喜剧和传奇，如《冬天的童话》，《暴风雨》。

4SeIectedWorks（选读作品）

♦Hamlet《哈姆雷特》

（1）Mainplot（主要情节）

TheprotagonististheprinceofDenmark,andastudentattheUniversityofWittenberg,

Hamlet.Atthebeginningoftheplay,Hamletsfather,KingHamlet,hasrecentlydied,and

hismother,QueenGertrude,hasmarriedthenewking,HamletsuncleClaudius.Hamletis

melancholy,bitter,cynicalandfullofhatredforhisuncleanddisgustathismotherfor

marryinghim.WhentheghostofHamletsfatherappearsandclaimstohavebeen

murderedbyClaudius,Hamletbecomesobsessedwithavenginghisfather'sdeath.

Mistakenly,hekillsPolonius,fatherofOphelia.Ophelia,loverofHamlet,goesmadbecause

ofherfather'sdeathandthenisdrownedinastream.ThisleadstoOphelia'sbrother—

Laertes'hatredforHamlet.IntheduelbetweenLaertesandHamlet,Laerteswounds

Hamletbutishimselfstruckwiththesamepoisonedweapon,whichismadebyClaudius.

Beforehisdeath,HamletstabsClaudiuswhilethequeenhasdrunkapoisonedcupofwine

intendedforHamlet.

该剧主人公哈姆雷特是丹麦王子，威登堡大学生。戏剧开端，哈姆雷特的父亲丹麦国王突

然逝世，他的母亲格特鲁德皇后嫁给哈姆雷特的叔叔，新任国王克劳狄斯。哈姆雷特悲痛

不已、愤世嫉俗，憎恨他的叔叔，厌恶他的母亲。当父亲的鬼魂出现，告诉他自己是被克

劳狄斯害死时，哈姆雷特一直想着要为父报仇。在复仇过程中，他误杀波隆尼尔，欧菲莉

亚的父亲。欧菲莉亚是哈姆雷特的情人，她因父亲的死精神失常，最后溺水身亡。这引起

了欧菲莉亚的哥哥雷尔提对哈姆雷特的仇恨。在两人的对决中，雷尔提用有毒的武器刺伤

哈姆雷特，雷尔提自己也被同样的武器所伤。武器上的毒是克劳狄斯作为。哈姆雷特临死

之际用力刺向国王，王后也喝下了克劳狄斯准备给哈姆雷特的毒酒。

（2）ThecharacterofHamlet（哈姆雷特人物分析）

Hamletisamanofgenius,highlyaccomplishedandeducated,amanoffar-reaching

perceptionandsparklingwit.

Thoughascholar,heisatthesametimefearlessandimpetuousinaction.Heisahumanist,

amanwhoisfreefrommedievalprejudicesandsuperstitions.Helovesgoodandhatesevil.

Hecaresfornothingbuthumanworthandshowscontemptforrankandwealth.Heisa

closeobserverofmenandmanners.Heeasilyseesthroughpeople.

ThekeynoteofHamletscharacterismelancholy.Revengeiseasy,butitisnotmerely

personalrevengethatHamletseeks.Whatismoreimportantistoexposetherootsofthe

evilandtoestablishareignofjustice.Hisresponsibilityisthusenlargedintoaradical

transformationofsociety.ThisisthecauseofHamletsprofoundmelancholyandhisdelay

inrevenge.

哈姆雷特是一个拥有智慧和教养，观察力敏锐的英杰。虽然身为学者，但他行事冲动且毫

无畏惧。他是位人文主义者，从中世纪的偏见和封建束缚中解放出来。他爱憎分明，关心

人本身，不论贫穷贵贱。他对人事观察仔细，能够看透人心。

他最明显的性格特征是忧郁。当决心开始复仇后，他认识到重要的不只是复仇，怎样揭露

现世的丑陋并建立公正的社会才是关键。因此他的责任上升到改造社会。这是他行动迟疑,

表现忧郁的主要原因。

♦RomeoandJuliet《罗密欧与朱丽叶》

RomeoandJuliet,theteenagedchildrenoftwofeudingfamilies(MontaguesandCapulets,

respectively),meetatafeastandfallinlove.TheyaresecretlymarriedbyRomeo's

confessorandfatherfigure,FriarLaurence,withtheassistanceofJulietsnursemaid.

Unfortunately,RomeoretaliatesbyfightingTybaltandkillinghim,andispenalizedwith

banishment.UnawareofJulietssecretmarriage,herfatherhasarrangedforhertomarry

wealthyCountParis.Inordertoescapethisarrangedmarriageandremainfaithfulto

Romeo,JulietconsumesapotionpreparedbyFriarLaurence,intendedtomakeherappear

deadfor42hours.FriarLaurenceplanstoinformRomeoofthehoaxsothathecanmeet

Julietafterherburialandescapewithherwhensherecoversfromherswoon,butthenews

ofJulietsdeathreachesRomeobeforethefriar'sletter.Indespair,hegoestothetomband

theredrinksapoison,killinghimself.Awakeningshortlyafterheexpires,Julietdiscoversa

deadRomeoandproceedstostabherselfwithhisdagger.Later,thetwofamiliesattend

theirjointfuneraltogether,andthenarrator'svoicestatesthat“Agloomingpeacethis

morningwithitbrings".

一对出生于两个势不两立的家族的男女青年一一罗密欧与朱丽叶一一热烈的相爱了，然而,

家族之间的留学仇恨使他们无法将恋情公开。在朱丽叶乳母的帮助下，两人得以见面，倾

诉衷肠；好心的神父又为他们举行了秘密婚礼。可是罗密欧因失手杀了对方家族中人而被

驱逐出城，朱丽叶的父母又执意要将她嫁给另一贵族青年。在神父的帮助下，朱丽叶喝下

药酒，佯装死去，以便被送进家族墓穴后与罗密欧见面。然而，这个消息未能及时报知罗

密欧。他进入墓室，以为朱丽叶真已死去，便服毒自杀。朱丽叶醒来，明白罗密欧已死，

悲痛中用匕首自杀身亡。年轻恋人的死亡使双方家庭悲痛欲绝，但也使两个家族的仇恨终

于化解。

Comment作品赏析

RomeoandJulietisoneofthefamouslove-tragediesintheworksofShakespeare.Through

thetragedyofRomeoandJuliet,Shakespearehadconnectedthelovethemewithconflictin

therenaissanceperiod.Inthethesis,hecriticizedfeudalmoresandexpressedidealsof

pursuingpersonalfreedomandwelfare.Sothereligiousreformandhumanismweremain

causeoftragedyinthatperiodoftime.Andthepersonalityofcharacterswasalsothe

reasonsforthetragedyinthiswork.

《罗密欧与朱丽叶》是莎士比亚著名的爱情悲剧之一。莎士比亚正是通过罗密欧与朱丽叶

的爱情悲剧，把爱情题材和文艺复兴时期的社会矛盾联系起来，批判了封建道德观念，表

现了人文主义追求个人自由和个人幸福的理念。所以，这一时期的社会主义宗教改革和人

文主义思想是悲剧产生的一个重点，而作品中的人物个性也是悲剧产生的一个重要因素。

♦Sonnet18(十四行诗之18)

Thecollectioncontains154sonnets,commonlythoughttobewrittenbetween1593and

1599.

Theymayberoughlydividedintothreegroups:numbers1-17arevariationsononetheme.

Ahandsomeyoungmanisbeingpersuadedtomarryandbegetoffspringwhowillpreserve

hisbeautyinanewgeneration,thoughhehimselfwillloseitashegrowsold;18-126are

onavarietyofthemesassociatedwithahandsomeyoungman(whoispresumablythe

youthof1-17).Thepoetenjoyshisfriendshipandisfullofadmirationpromisingtobestow

immortalityontheyoungmanbythepoemshewritesinhishonour.Therestareabouta

marriedwomanwithdarkhairandcomplexion,bywhomthepoetisattracted,thoughwell

awareofherfaults.

Inthesonnet,thespeakercompareshisbelovedtothesummerseason,andarguesthathis

belovedisbetter.Healsostatesthathisbelovedwillliveonforeverthroughthewordsof

thepoem.Sonnet18iswritteninthetypicalShakespeareansonnetform,having14linesof

iambicpentameterendinginarhymedcouplet.

诗集包括154首十四行诗，多被认为写于1593一一1599年间。

这些诗按照主题可分为三类：前17首是规劝一位美少年尽早结婚产生后代，来延续他的

美丽，因为随着年龄增长，他的美丽会日渐消退。第18——126首的写作对象很可能与

前17首相同。诗人非常珍视两人之间的友情，并且承诺要用自己的诗歌来赋予少年永生。

其余诗歌描写一位黑头发黑皮肤的已婚妇女，尽管了解她的不足，诗人还是被她吸引。

在这首诗中，诗人把他所爱的人比作是夏天，但比夏天更美。诗人还表达出希望爱人能与

这篇诗作永存的情感。这首诗是用典型的莎士比亚体写的，用了典型的五音部抑扬格。

2.2课后习题详解

Hamlet

lWhysleepissofrightening,accordingtoHamlet,sinceitcan"end""theheartacheandthe

thousandnaturalshocks"?

Key:Deathmeanstheendoflife.Ifhedies,hemaygotoanunknownworldandcannever

comeback.Inthissense,Hamletcannottakerevengeonhisuncleforhisfather,failingto

realizehiswill.Though“sleep"canendtheheartacheandthethousandnaturalshocks,itis

astateofmindandHamletdoesn'tknowatall.Heisfrightenedbythepossiblesufferingin

thelong“dream”.Hecan'tpredictwhatwillhappeninthesleep,maybegoodmaybeevil.

2Whywouldpeopleratherbearallthesufferingsoftheworldinsteadofchoosingdeathto

getridofthem,accordingtoHamlet?

Key:AccordingtoHamlet,becausethatpeopledon'tknowwhatlyingtherewaitingfor

themintheunknownworld,maybesomethingmoreterriblethanthatinthemortalworld.

3What,afterall,makespeoplelosetheirdeterminationtotakeaction?Pleaseexplainin

relationtotheso-calledhesitationofHamlet.

Key:Itisthefearfortheunknownworldandthelakeofconfidenceforthefuturemake

peopleloosedeterminationtotakeaction.JustlikeHamlet,hedoesn'tknowwhatwould

happenifhekillshisuncleorkillshimselfsoheishesitated.However,Hamletshesitation

shouldbeconcernedfromadifferentpointofview.Hamletisatrueman.Healways

consideredforhiscountryandthepeople,maybehishesitationduetothemeditationon

deathandthefearofunknownworldafterdeath,butthemainreasonliesinhisall-round

considerationforhisnation.Hewantstochangethedarkexistingworldbutitisbeyondhis

ability,hehasnoideawhatheshoulddo.Heknowshisdeathcan'tsolvetheproblems

deeplyrootedinthesociety.Sohehesitatedaboutwhatheshoulddoastheprinceof

Demark.Hisrevengeisnoteverythingforhim.Andheclearlyknowsthatthesuddendeath

ofkingmayarisesomedisordersinthecountry.Thusheconfusedabouthisaction.

RomeoandJuliet

IWhatdoesRomeocompareJuliettointhebeginningpassageoftheselection?

Key:RomeocomparesJuliettothesun.

2WhatisRomeoandJuliet'sattitudetowardbeingaMontagueoraCapulet?

Key:Theythinkthatsincetheirfamilynameshinderthemfromlovingeachother,they

preferthatthenamesMontagueandCapulethavenothingtodowiththemselvesandeven

givethemup.

3WhatdoesRomeomeanwhenhesays“Lookthoubutsweet,/AndIamproofagainsttheir

enmity”?

Key:ItmeansthatRomeolovesJulietsomuchthathethinksthatthelovecanprotecthim

fromharmanddissolvethehatredbetweentheirfamilies.

Sonnet18

IHowdoesthepoetanswerthequestionheputsforthinthefirstline?

Key:Thepoetthinksthatheshouldnot“comparetheetoasummer'sday",because"Thou

artmorelovelyandmoretemperate".And,inthefollowingpart,hegiveshisreasons.

2Whatmakesthepoetthinkthat"thou"canbemorebeautiful(fair)thansummerand

immortal?

Key:Becausethepoetthinksthatsummerswillgoawayandeverythinginthesummerwill

fade,but“thyeternalsummershallnotfade".

第3单元弗朗西斯•培根

3.1复习笔记

FrancisBacon（1561-1626）（弗朗西斯•培根）

ILife（生平）

BaconwasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandthefather

ofempiricismandmodernscience.Baconwasborninanoblefamily,sonofSirNicholas

Bacon.In1573,heenteredTrinityCollege,Cambridge.Aftergraduatingat16hetookup

law.Hecompletedhislegaleducationandwascalledtothebar.At23,hebecamea

memberoftheHouseofCommons.DuringthereignofJamesI,BaconwasappointedLord

HighChancellor,theheadofthelegalsystemofEnglandandmadeapeerwiththetitlesof

BaronVerulamandViscountStAlban.Butthreeyearslater,hewasaccusedofbriberyand

wasdeprivedofhisofficeandbanishedfromLondon.Inhisafteryears,hefocusedon

philosophyandscience.

培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家，被称为“经验主义和现

代科学之父”。培根出生于一个贵族家庭,其父为尼古拉斯培根爵士。1573年，他进入剑

桥大学三一学院读书。16岁毕业，然后从事法律事务。完成法律学习后，取得律师资格,

23岁时成为众议院议员。詹姆士一世当政时，他当上了大法官（英格兰法律体系的头

领），同时还被授予维勒拉姆男爵、圣•阿本斯子爵称号。但三年后他因受贿丢了职务，

被赶出伦敦。培根晚年致力于哲学著述和科学研究。

2MajorWorks（主要作品）

AdvancementofLearning《学术的演进》（1605）

NewInstrument《新工具》（1620）

Essays《随笔》

3CommentonBacon（对培根的评价）

BaconwasanEnglishphilosopher,statesman,scientist,lawyer,jurist,authorandpioneer

ofthescientificmethod.Baconhasbeencalledthefatherofempiricism.Hisworks

establishedandpopularisedinductivemethodologiesforscientificinquiry,oftencalledthe

Baconianmethod,orsimplythescientificmethod.

培根是英国著名的哲学家、政治家、科学家、律师、法官、作家和科学方法论的先驱。被

称为“经验主义之父”。他的作品为科学研究建立了方法论。

4Selectedworks（作品选读）

♦OfmarriageandSingleLife《论婚姻和单身》

OfmarriageandSingleLifeisanargumentationwhichhasaclearargumentthatmanand

womenshouldgetmarried.Baconalsoarguethatmarriageisgoodforboththemselves

andthesociety.

《论婚姻和单身》作为一篇论说文，观点明确，叙述条理清楚。培根认为：男大当婚，女

大当嫁。他还认为婚姻无论是对个人还是社会都不是坏事。

♦OfStudy《论读书》

OfStudydiscussedthepurposes,functionsanddifferentviewstowardsstudy.Itusedthe

deviceofparallelismtogivethedescription.

《论读书》详细讨论了读书的目的和功能，分析了诗人对读书的不同态度，介绍了读书的

各种方法。文中用了排比的修辞手法来表述观点。

5ThestyleofBacon'sessay（培根散文的风格）

Thelanguageisveryneat,pretandweighty.Thesentencesareveryshortandtheauthor

likestousemorelooseandcompoundsentences,whicharecalledlooseandfreestylein

Bacon'stime.Baconalsolikestousemoreco-ordinateconjunctionsthanthesubordinated

ones,suchas"as,since,because”.What'smoreimportantisthathelikestouseparallelism,

andhistopicsareveryclearandexact,fullofepigramslikeapoem.Sowecansayhisstyle

isconcisenessofexpressionandsimplicityofdiction.

语言简洁有力。文章句子通常很短，因为培根喜欢用松散的复合句。相对于从属连词，培

根更喜欢用并列连词，比如“因为，因此”。更明显的特点是他喜欢用排比句。而且文章的

观点非常明确，用了很多像短诗似的隽语。所以我们可以归纳他的写作风格为表达简介，

用语简单。

3.2课后习题详解

OfMarriageandSingleLife

11smarriageanimpedimentorhelptoone'scareerdevelopment?

Key:Sometimes,marriagecanbeanimpediment,andsometimes,itcanhelponedevelop

hisorhercareeraswell,becauseitdependsonthequalityofthemarriage.Asthesaying

goes“Apeacefulfamilywillprosper”,sowecansaythathusbandsandwivescanbenefita

lotfromgoodmarriages,whileaterriblemarriagewillruinbothsides.Inagoodmarriage,

husbandandwifewillbehappierandmorejoyful,andtheywillhelpandencourageeach

other,whichwillbegoodfortheircareers.Onthecontrary,inanunhappymarriage,

husbandandwifeusuallyquarrelalotandthingstendtobeworse.

2Inwhatsensearewifeandchildren“akindofdisciplineofhumanity"?

Key:Asinglemanhasnootherstothinkabout,soheislikelytothinkofhimselfandspend

alotofmoneyforhimself.What'smore,hetendstotakeanyrisksifhewantsto,forhe

doesnotneedtoberesponsibleforanyone.However,amarriedmancannotbesogo-as-

you-please,becausehehaswifeandchildren,andhemustberesponsibleforthem.

Furthermore,hehastoworkhardtofulfillhiswifeandchildren'sexpectation.Hebecomes

alovingman,whonotonlyloveshiswifeandchildren,butalsolovesothers.Aloving

husbandandaqualifiedfathercancontributethegreatestmerittothepublictoalarge

extent.Whomakethis?Ofcourse,wifeandchildrenmakeit.Inthissense,wecansaythat

wifeandchildrenare“akindofdisciplineofhumanity".

3Baconprefersmarriagetosinglelife.Doyoufindhisargumentsconvincing?

Key:Yes,IthinkBacon'sargumentsareconvincing.Heproveshispointsbythemeansof

comparison.Heclearlypointsoutthedisadvantagesofsinglelifeandtheadvantagesofa

marriagelife.Suchas,asinglepersononlycaresabouthimselfanddoesnotpayattention

tothefuture;amarriedmantendstobecomeresponsible,tender,enthusiasticandwarm­

hearted.Asthesentencegoes“wivesareyoungmen'smistresses,companionsformiddle

age,andoldmen'snurses“whichmeansthatwhenamanisyoung,hiswifecanmakemany

decisionsandarrangementsforthefamily;whenhecomestomiddleage,wifealwaysstays

withhimasacompanion;whenhebecomesold,wifewilltakecareofhimtilltheendoflife.

Eventhoughawomanmarriesabadhusband,marriageoffersachanceforhusbandto

correctthemselves.Thesepointsallarereasonable,whichmakeBacon'sargumentsvery

convincing.

OfStudy

IWearenowlivingintheageof"informationexplosion".Whatlessonscanwelearnfrom

Bacon's"OfStudies'*inouraccesstoinformation?

Key:Today,informationisfloodingintoourlife.AccordingtoBacon'sopinion:"studies

themselvesdogiveforthdirectionstoomuchatlarge,excepttheybeboundedinby

experience^weshouldcombinetheoryandpracticetogether.Thatis,practicingisquite

important.

Intermsofbooks,wehavepaperbooksandE-booksaswell.Whenwereadthem,wecan

learnlessonfromBacon'sidea:"somebooksaretobereadonlyinparts;otherstoberead,

butnotcuriously;andsomefewtobereadwholly,andwithdiligenceandattention."When

wefaceinformation,weshoulddosomeselections.Wecannoteasilytrusttheinformation

inbooksoronthecomputers.Moreimportantly,weshouldhaveanindependentmind.

2Inwhatsensedoesreadingmakeafullman?

Key:AsBaconsays“Historiesmakemenwise,poets,witty;themathematics,subtle;

naturalphilosophy,deep;moral,grave;logicandrhetoric,abletocontend1',wecanknow

thatdifferentbooksandsubjectshavetheirdifferentusesandfunctionsonpeople.Some

bookscanmakepeoplewiserandmakefewermistakes;somebookscanmakepeople

wittierandsensemorebeautyandpleasureoflife;somebookscanmakepeoplemore

scientificandconsideraboutthing