高级英语第三版第二册张汉熙1-6,8课课后答案

LessonOne1.Anditisanactivityonlyofhumans.Andconversationisanactivityfoundonlyamonghumanbeings.2.Conversationisnotformakingapoint.Conversationisnotforpersuadingotherstoacceptourideasorpointsofviews.3.Infact,thebestconversationalistsarethosewhoarepreparedtolose.Infact,peoplewhoaregoodatconversationwillnotarguetowinorforceotherstoaccepthisideas.4.Barfriendsarenotdeeplyinvolvedineachother’slives.Peoplewhomeeteachotherforadrinkinthebarofapubarenotclosefriendsfortheyarenotdeeplyabsorbedineachother’sprivatelives.5.....itcouldstillgoignorantlyon...Theconversationcouldgoonwithoutanybodyknowingwhowasrightorwrong.6.Therearecattleinthefields,butwesitdowntobeef.Theseanimalsarecalledcattlewhentheyarealiveandfeedinthefields,butwhenwesitdownatthetabletoeat,wecalltheirmeetbeef.7.ThenewrulingclasshadbuiltaculturalbarrieragainsthimbybuildingtheirFrenchagainsthisownlanguage.ThenewrulingclassbyusingFrenchinsteadofEnglishmadeithardfortheEnglishtoacceptorabsorbthecultureoftherulers.8.Englishhadcomeroyallyintoitsown.EnglishreceivedproperrecognitionandwasusedbytheKingoncemore.9.Thephrasehasalwaysbeenusedalittlepejorativelyandevenfacetiouslybythelowerclasses.Thephrase,theKing’sEnglish,hasalwaysbeenuseddisrespectfullyandjokinglybythelowerclasses.(Theworkingpeopleoftenmocktheproperandformallanguageoftheeducatedpeople.)10.Therebellionagainstaculturaldominanceisstillthere.AstheearlySaxonpeasants,theworkingpeoplestillhaveaspiritofoppositiontotheculturalauthorityoftherulingclass.11.Thereisalwaysagreatdangerthat“wordswillhardenintothingsforus.“Thereisalwaysagreatdanger,asCarlyleputit,thatwemightforgetthatwordsareonlysymbolsandtakethemforthingstheyaresupposedtorepresent.a.Howeverintricatethewaysinwhichanimalscommunicatewitheachother,theydonotindulgeinanythingthatdeservesthenameofconversation.不管动物之间的交流方式多么复杂，它们不能参与到称得上是交谈的任何活动中。b.Argumentmayoftenbeapartofit,butthepurposeoftheargumentisnottoconvince.Thereisnowinninginconversation.争论会经常出现于交谈中，但争论的目的不是为了说服。交谈中没有胜负之说。c.PerhapsitisbecauseofmyupbringinginEnglishpubsthatIthinkbarconversationhasacharmofitsown.或许我从小就混迹于英国酒吧缘故，我认为酒吧里的闲聊别有韵味。d.Idonotrememberwhatmadeoneofourcompanionssayit---sheclearlyhadnotcomeintothebartosayit,itwasnotsomethingthatwaspressingonhermind---butherremarkfellquitenaturallyintothetalk.我不记得是什么使得我的一个同伴说起它来的---她显然不是来酒吧说这个的，这不是她事先想好的话题----但她的话相当自然地插入到了交谈中。

e.Thereisalwaysresistanceinthelowerclassestoanyattemptbyanupperclasstolaydownrulesfor“Englishasitshouldbespoken.”下层社会总会抵制上层社会企图给“标准英语”制定得规则。f.Wordsarenotthemselvesareality,butonlyrepresentationsofit,andtheKing’sEnglish,liketheAnglo-FrenchoftheNormans,isaclassrepresentationofreality.词语本身并不是现实。正如诺曼底人讲的英格鲁--法语一样，标准英语是一个阶层用来表达现实的形式。g.Perhapsitisworthtryingtospeakit,butitshouldnotbelaiddownasanedict,andmadeimmunetochangefrombelow.或许试着去说它还是值得的，但是它不能被制定成法令，从而拒绝来自下层的变化。h.Thereisnoworseconversationalistthantheonewhopunctuateshiswordsashespeaksasifhewerewriting,orevenwhotriestousewordsasifhewerecomposingapieceofproseforprint.如果一个人说出的话就像写出来的文字，或者试图使用那些创作书面散文的文字，那么没有比这样的交谈者更糟糕的了。i.When.Forsterwritesof“thesinistercorridorofourage,”wesitupatthevividnessofthephrase,theforceandeventerrorintheimage.当.福斯特写到“我们这个时代的险恶长廊”时，其用语之生动及由其所产生的生动有力，甚至可怖的形象苦令我们拍案叫绝。j.Therewouldhavebeennoconversationtheothereveningifwehadbeenabletosettleatoncethemeetingof“theKing’sEnglish.”那天晚上如果我们立刻解决了“标准英语”的含义，就不会有第二天晚上的谈话了。LessonTwo1.Theburying-groundismerelyahugewasteofhummockyearth,likeaderelictbuilding-lot.Theburing-groundisnothingmorethanahugepieceofwastelandfullofmoundsofearthlookinglikeadesertedandabandonedpieceoflandonwhichabuildingwasgoingtobeputup.2.Allcolonialempiresareinrealityfoundeduponthatfact.Alltheimperialistsbuilduptheirempiresbytreatingthepeopleinthecolonieslikeanimals(bynottreatingthepeopleinthecoloniesashumanbeings).3.Theyriseoutoftheearth,theysweatandstarveforafewyears,andthentheysinkbackintothenamelessmoundsofthegraveyard.Theyareborn.Thenforafewyearstheywork,toilandstarve.Finallytheydieandareburiedingraveswithoutaname.4.Acarpentersitscross-leggedataprehistoriclathe,turningchair-legsatlightningspeed.Sittingwithhislegscrossedandusingaveryold-fashionedlathe,acarpenterquicklygivesaroundshapetothechair-legsheismaking.5.Instantly,fromthedarkholesallround,therewasafrenziedrushofJews.Immediatelyfromtheirdarkhole-likecellseverywhereagreatnumberofJewsrushedoutwildlyexcited.6.everyoneofthemlooksonacigaretteasamoreorlessimpossibleluxury

EveryoneofthesepoorJewslookedonthecigaretteasapieceofluxurywhichtheycouldnotpossiblyafford.7.Still,awhiteskinisalwaysfairlyconspicuous.However,awhite-skinnedEuropeanisalwaysquitenoticeable.8.Inatropicallandscapeone'seyetakesineverythingexceptthehumanbeings.Ifyoutakealookatthenaturalsceneryinatropicalregion,youseeeverythingbutthehumanbeings.9.NoonewouldthinkofrunningcheaptripstotheDistressedAreas.Noonewouldthinkoforganizingcheaptripsforthetouriststovisitthepoorslumareas10.fornine-tenthsofthepeopletherealityoflifeisanendless,backbreakingstruggletowringalittlefoodoutofanerodedsoil.Lifeisveryhardforninetypercentofthepeople．WithhardbackbreakingtoiltheycanproduceShetookitforgrantedthatasanoldwomanshewasthelowestinthecommunity，that。shewasonlyfitfordoingheavyworklikeananimal．12.Peoplewithbrownskinsarenextdoortoinvisible.Peoplewithbrownskinsarealmostinvisible．Whenyouwalkthroughatownlikethis-twohundredthousandinhabitantsofwhomatleasttwentythousandownliterallynothingexcepttheragstheystandupin-whenyouseehowthepeoplelive,andstillmorehoweasilytheydie,itisalwaysdifficulttobelievethatyouarewalkingamonghumanbeings.当你穿行于这样的城镇中—20万居民中至少有2万人除了一身勉强蔽体的破衣烂衫外，一无所有——当你看到这些人是如何生活，又如何轻易死亡时，你总是很难相信自己是行走在人类之中。WhenyougothroughtheJewishquartersyougathersomeideaofwhatthemedievalghettoeswereprobablylike.当你穿过犹太人聚居区时，你就会了解中世纪的贫民区大概是个什么样子。Manyofthestreetsareagooddeallessthansixfeetwide,thehousesarecompletelywindowless,andsore-eyedchildrenclustereverywhereiunbelievablenumbers,likecloudsofflies.很多街道远远不足6英尺宽，房屋根本没有窗户，眼睛肿痛的孩子成群结队，随处可见，像成群的苍蝇，Evenablindmansomewhereatthebackofoneoftheboothsheardarumourofcigarettesandcamecrawlingout,gropingintheairwithhishand.甚至在后面的窝棚里的一个盲人听到要烟的吵嚷声也爬了出来，伸手在空中乱摸。,that’sonlyforshow!They’reallmoneylendersreally.justthesameway,acoupleofhundredyearsago,pooroldwomenusedtobeburnedforwitchcraftwhentheycouldnotevenworkenoughmagictogetthemselvesasquaremeal.颇为相似的是，几百年前，有些可怜的老妇人常常被当成巫婆活活烧，死但事实上她们连为自己变出一顿像样的饭菜的巫术都没有。takesinthedried-upsoil,thepricklypear,thepalmtreeandthedistantmountain,butitalwaysmissesthepeasanthoeingathispatch.那干巴巴的土地，仙人掌，棕榈树和远方的山岭被尽收眼底，但在地里耕作的农民却往往没人看见。ofMoroccoissodesolatethatnowildanimalbiggerthanaharecanliveonit.摩洛哥大部分土地都很荒凉，以至于那里生存的最大的野生动物就是野兔。seemstobegenerallythecaseinprimitivecommunitiesthatthewomen,whentheygetbeyondacertainage,shrinktothesizeofchildren.在原始社会里，妇女超过了一定的年纪身材便会萎缩得如孩子般大小，这似乎是一个普遍现象。LessonThree1.Andyetthesamerevolutionarybeliefforwhichourforebearsfoughtisstillatissuearoundtheglobe....OurancestorsfoughtarevolutionarywartoclaimallmenwerecreatedequalandGodhadendowedthemwithcertainunalienablerightswhichnostateorrulercouldtakeawayfromthem.However,todaythisissuehasnotyetbeensettledinmanycountriesaroundtheworld.Thismuchwepromisetodoandwepromisetodomore.3.United,thereislittlewecannotdoinahostofcooperativeventures.Unitedandworkingtogetherwecanaccomplishalotofthingsinalargenumberofjointundertakings.4.....ourlastbesthopeinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefaroutpacedtheinstrumentsofpeace...TheUnitedNationsisourlastandbesthopeofsurvivalinanagewheretheinstrumentsofwarhavefarsurpassedtheinstrumentsofpeace.5....toenlargetheareainwhichitswritmayrun.WepledgetohelptheUnitedNationsenlargetheareainwhichitsauthorityandmandatewouldcontinuetobeinforce.6.....beforethedarkpowersofdestructionunleashedbyscienceengulfallhumanityinplannedoraccidentalself-destruction.Beforetheterribleforcesofdestruction,whichatomicbombscannowrelease,overwhelmmankind,whichmaybeplannedorbroughtaboutbyanaccident7.....yetbothracingtoalterthatuncertainbalanceofterrorthatstaysthebandofmankind’sfinalwar.Yetbothgroupsofnationsareattemptingtochangeasquicklyaspossiblethisuncertainbalanceofterriblemilitarypowerthatrestrainseachgroupfromlaunchingmankind;sfinalwar.8.Soletusbeginanew,rememberingonbothsidesthatcivilityisnotasignofweakness...Soletusstartonceagain,bearinginmindthatbeingpoliteisnotasignofweakness.9.Letbothsidesseektoinvokethewondersofscienceinsteadofitsterrors.Letbothsidestrytocallforththewonderfulthingsthatsciencecandoformankindinsteadofthefrightfulthingsitcando.10.....eachgenerationofAmericanshasbeensummonedtogivetestimonytoitsnationalloyalty.Americansofeverygenerationhavebeencalledupontoprovetheirloyaltytotheircountrybyfrightinganddyingfortheircountry’scause.11.Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove...Letusleadthecountrywelove,knowingoursurerewardwillbeagoodconscienceandhistorywillfinallyjudgewhetherwehavedoneourtaskwellornot.Weobservetodaynotavictoryofpartybutacelebrationoffreedom,symbolizinganendaswellasabeginning,signifyingrenewalaswellaschange.我们今天庆祝的不是一个政党的胜利，而是一个自由的盛会，它代表这一个时代的结束和另一个时代的开端，它代表着重生和改变。Letthewordgoforthfromthistimeandplace,tofriendandfoealike,thatthetorchhasbeenpassedtoanewgenerationofAmericans,borninthiscentury,temperedbywar,disciplinedbyahardandbitterpeace,proudofourancientheritage,andunwillingtowitnessorpermittheslowundoingofthesehumanrightstowhichthisnationhasalwaysbeencommitted,andtowhichwearecommittedtodayathomeandaroundtheworld.此时此地我向朋友和敌人宣布：火炬已经传递给了新一代的美国人，他们出生于本世纪，经受过战争的洗礼，受过冷峻而苦涩的和平的考验，以我们的古代遗产为傲，不愿意见到或者允许这些人权被逐渐取消。这个国家一直致力于维护这些人权，如今我们在国内和全世界也在维护这些人权。Leteverynationknow,whetheritwishesuswellorill,thatweshallpayanyprice,bearanyburden,meetanyhardship,supportanyfriend,opposeanyfoetoassurethesurvivalandthesuccessofliberty.让世界上每一个希望我们成功或窘迫的国家知道：我们将不惜任何代价，承任担何责任，应对任何艰难，只要我们团结起来，我们将在大量的合作型事业中战无不胜。Divided,thereislittlewecando,forwedarenotmeetapowerfulchallengeatoddsandsplitasunder.如果分裂开来，我们将一事无成，因为我们不能在争执中去应对巨大的挑战，我们的关系会崩裂。Ifafreesocietycannothelpthemanywhoarepoor,itcannotsavethefewwhoarerich.如果自由的社会不能帮助多数穷人，它就不能拯救少数的富人。Wedarenottemptthemwithweakness.Foronlywhenourarmsaresufficientbeyonddoubtcanwebecertainbeyonddoubtthattheywillneverbeemployed.我们不敢以软弱来诱惑它们。因为只有当我们的军备力量无疑是非常充足的时候，我们才能确保不会使用武力。Inyourhands,myfellowcitizens,morethanmine,willrestthefinalsuccessorfailureofourcourse.我们的同胞们，我们事业成败的关键与其说掌握在我的手中，不如说掌握在你们的手中。Nowthetrumpetsummonsusagain----notasacalltobeararms,thougharmsweneed;notasacalltobattle,thoughembattledweare;butacalltobeartheburdenofalongtwilightstruggle,yearinandyearout,“rejoicinginhope,patientintribulation,”astruggleagainstthecommonenemiesofman:tyranny,povertydiseaseandwaritself.现在号角再次向我们吹响----不是号召我们扛起武器，虽然我们需要武器；不是号召我们去参加战斗，虽然我们严阵以待；而是号召我们为迎接黎明而肩负起漫长斗争的责任，年复一年，”从希望中得到欢乐，在苦难中保持坚韧“，去反对人类共同的敌人：专制、贫困、疾病和战争本身Withagoodconscienceouronlysurereward,withhistorythefinaljudgeofourdeeds,letusgoforthtoleadthelandwelove,askingHisblessingandHishelp,butknowingthathereonearthGod’sworkmusttrulybeourown.良心是我们唯一可靠的报酬，历史是我们行为的最终裁判，让我们出发去领导我们所热爱的国家，祈求上帝的祝福和帮助，但是要明白上帝在人间的工作毕竟就是我们自己的工作。LessonFour1.Aniceenoughyoungfellow,youunderstand,butnothingupstairs.Heisaniceenoughyoungfellow,youknow,butheisempty-headed.2.Fads,Isubmit,aretheverynegationofreason.Apassingfashionorcraze,inmyopinion,showsacompletelackofreason.IshouldhaveknownthatraccooncoatswouldcomebacktofashionwhentheCharlestondance,whichwaspopularinthe1920s,cameback.Alltheimportantandfashionablemenoncampusarewearingthem.Howcomeyoudon’tknow?5.Mybrain,thatprecisioninstrument,slippedintohighgear.Mybrain,whichisprecisioninstrument,begantoworkathighspeed.6.Withoneomission,Pollyfittedthesespecificationsperfectly.Exceptforonething(intelligence)Pollyhadalltheotherrequirements.7.Shewasnotyetofpin-upproportions,butIfeltsurethattimewouldsupplythelack.ShewasnotasbeautifulasthosegirlsinpostersbutIfeltsureshewouldbecomebeautifulenoughaftersometime.8.Infact,sheveeredintheoppositedirection.Infact,shewentintheoppositedirection,thatis,shewasnotintelligentbutratherstupid.9.“Inotherwords,ifyouwereoutofthepicture,thefieldwouldbeopen.Isthatright?”Ifyouwerenolongerinvolvedwithher,otherswouldbefreetocompetetogetherasagirlfriend.10.Backandforthhisheadswiveled,desirewaxing,resolutionwaning.Hisheadturnedbackandforth(lookingatthecoatandthenlookingawayfromthecoat).EverytimehelookedhisdesireforthecoatgrewstrongerandhisresolutionnottoabandonPollybecameweaker.11.Thisloomedasaprojectofnosmalldimensions...Toteachhertothinkseemedtobearatherbigtask.12.Admittedlyitwasnotaprospectfraughtwithhope,butIdecidedtogiveitonemoretry.14.IwasnotPygmalion;IwasFrankenstein,andmymonsterhadmebythethroat.IplannedtobePygmalion,tofashionanidealwifeformyself,butIturnedouttobeFrankensteinbecausePollyultimatelyrejectedmeandruinedmyplan.Mybrainwasaspowerfulasadynamo,aspreciseaschemist’sscales.Aspenetratingas我的大脑如发电机一样强大，像化学家的平一样精确，像手术刀一样锋利。Tobesweptupineverynewcrazethatcomesalong,tosurrenderyourselftoidiocyjustbecauseeverybodyelseisdoingit---this,tome,istheacmeodmindlessness.被卷入每一股新来的时尚之中，因为其他人都是这样做，自己也进去傻干---这对于我而言，简直就是愚蠢至极。Itis,afterall,easiertomakeabeautifuldumbgirlsmartthantomakeanuglysmartgirlbeautiful.毕竟，与使这个丑陋而聪明的女孩变漂亮相比，使一个美丽的愚笨的女孩变得聪明要容易得多。Hewasatornman,Firsthelookedatthecoatwiththeexpressionofawaifatabakerywindow.Thenheturnedawayandsethisjawresolutely.他神情不安。先是带着面包店橱窗旁边的流浪儿的那种神情盯着大衣。然后转过头，坚定地咬紧牙关。Maybesomewhereistheextinctcraterofhermind,afewembersstillsmoldered.说不定她头脑中死火山口某处还有闷燃的余。烬Afterall,surgeonshaveX-raystoguidethemduringanoperation,lawyershavebriefs,toguidethemduringatrial,carpentershaveblueprintstoguidethemwhentheyarebuildingahouse.毕竟，外科医生在做手术时有X光线作为指导，律师在审判时有辩护状作为指导，木匠在建造房子的时候有蓝图作为指导。IfMadameCuriehadnothappenedtoleaveaphotographicplateinadrawerwithachunkofpitchblend,theworldtodaywouldnotknowaboutradium.如果居里夫人没有把一张相片底片放在装有沥青铀矿的抽屉了，今天的世人就不会知道镭了。Suddenly,aglimmerofintelligence----thefirstIhadseen---cameintohereyes.突然，一道智慧的灵光----第一次看见---在她的眼中闪现。HeartenedbytheknowledgethatPollywasnotaltogetheracretin,Ibeginalong,patientreviewofallIhadtoldher.知道波利并不完全是个白痴，我感到很振奋，于是我开始把给她讲过的一切时间、耐心地复习了一遍。LessonFive1.Theslightedmentionofthedecadebringsnostalgicrecollectionstothemiddle-aged...Attheverymentionofthispostwarperiod,middle-agedpeoplebegintothinkaboutitlongingly.2.TherejectionofVictoriangentilitywas,inanycase,inevitable.Inanycase,anAmericancouldnotavoidcastingasidemiddle-classrespectabilityandaffectedrefinement.3.ThewaractedmerelyasacatalyticagentinthisbreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructure...ThewaronlyhelpedtospeedupthebreakdownoftheVictoriansocialstructure.4....itwastempted,inAmericaatleast,toescapeitsresponsibilitiesandretreatbehindanairofnaughtyalcoholicsophistication...InAmericaatleast,theyoungpeoplewerestronglyinclinedtoshirktheirresponsibilities.Theypretendedtobeworldly-wise,drinkingandbehavingnaughtily.5.Prohibitionaffordedtheyoungtheadditionalopportunityofmakingtheirpleasuresillicit...TheyoungfoundgreaterpleasureindrinkingbecauseProhibition,bymakingdrinkingunlawful,addedasenseofadventure.6....ouryoungmenbegantoenlistunderforeignflags.Ouryoungmenjoinedthearmiesofforeigncountriestofightinthewar.7.....they“wantedtogetintothefunbeforethewholethingturnedbellyup.”Theseyoungpeoplecouldnolongeradaptthemselvestolivesintheirhometownsortheirfamilies.9....thereturningveteranalsohadtofacethesodden,NapoleoniccynicismofVersailles,thehypocriticaldo-goodismofProhibition...ThereturningveteranalsohadtofacethestupidcynicismofthevictoriousalliesinVersailleswhoactedascynicallyasNapoleondid,andtofaceProhibitionwhichthelawmakershypocriticallyassumedwoulddogoodtothepeople.10.Somethinginthetension-riddenyouthofAmericahadto“give”...(Underallthisforceandpressure)somethingintheyouthofAmerica,whowerealreadyverytense,hadtobreakdown.11....itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriters,theirmindsandpensinflamedagainstwar,Babbittry,and“Puritanical”gentility,shouldflocktothetraditionalartisticcenter...Itwasonlynaturalthathopefulyoungwriters,whosemindsandwritingswerefullofviolentangeragainstwar,Babbittry,and“Puritanical”gentility,shouldcomeinlargennumberstoliveinGreenwichVillage,thetraditionalartisticcenter.12.Eachtownhadits“fast”setwhichprideditselfonitselfonitsunconventionality...Eachtownwasproudthatithadagroupofwild,recklesspeople,wholivedunconventionallives.NoaspectoflifeintheTwentieshasbeenmorecommenteduponandsensationallyromanticizedthantheso-calledRevoltoftheYoungerGeneration.在20世纪生活的方方面面中，所谓的青年一代的反抗是人们评论最多和渲染最严重的。Theanswerstosuchinquiriesmustofnecessitybe“yes”and“no”---”yes”becausethebusinessofgrowingupisalwaysaccompaniedbyirresponsible,andimmoralinsocialbehavioratthetimecannowbeseeninperspectiveasbeingsomethingconsiderablylesssensationalthanthedegenerationofourjazzmadyouth对这些问题必然有两种答复，“是”或者“不是”----回答“是”，是因为在成长的过程中，总会存在青年一代的问题；回答“不是”，是因为当时看上去那么狂野、不负责和不道德的行为，以今天的角度来看的话，远远比不上迷恋爵士乐的青年的堕落行为那样耸人听闻。Warornowar,asthegenerationspassed,itbecameincreasinglydifficultforouryoungpeopletoacceptstandardsofbehaviorthatborenorelationshiptothebustlingbusinessmediuminwhichtheywereexpectedtobattleforsuccess.无论是否会发生战争，随着时代的变迁，让我们的年轻人接受与喧嚣的商业社会格格不入的行为准则越来越难，在当时商业化社会中，他们被期望为了成功而战。Thefaddishness,thewildspendingofmoneyontransitorypleasuresandmomentarynovelties,thehecticairofgaiety,theexperimentationissensation----sex,drug,alcohol,perversions---wereallpartofthepatternofescape,anescapemadepossiblebyageneralprosperityandapost-warfatiguewithpolitics,economicrestrictions,andinternationalresponsibilities.追求时髦，为了获得短暂的快乐和瞬间的新奇而挥霍钱财，纵情狂欢，寻求感官刺激---性、毒品、酒精、性变态---这些都是逃避的表现，普遍的繁荣、战后对政治、经济限制和国际责任的厌倦使得这种逃避成为可能。Flamingdiatribespouredfromtheirpensdenouncingthematerialismandwhattheyconsideredtobetheculturalbooberyofoursociety.激昂的不满从他们的作品中喷涌而出，他们的作品谴责物质主义以及他们认为的我们社会中的文化愚人。Itwasintheirdefiant,butgenerallyshort-lived,EuropeanexpatriationthatourleadingwritersoftheTwentieslearnedtothinkofthemselves,inthewordsofGertrudeStein,as正是在他们那反抗性的，总的来说短期的旅居欧洲期间，我们20世纪的主要作家认识到自己，用格特鲁德.斯泰因的话说，就是“迷惘的一代”。Innosenseamovementinitself,the“lostgeneration”attitudeneverthelessactedasacommondenominatorofthewritingofthetimes.迷惘的一代本身并不是一场运动，但是其态度成了当时作品的共同特征。Itwasshocked,uprootedforatime,bitter,critical,rebellions,iconoclastic,他们一度感到震惊、孤独无依、痛苦、爱挑剔、叛逆、打破旧习俗、爱尝试，往往有些荒唐，更常常接近胡闹---但从未“迷惘过”。TheintellectualsoftheTwenties,the“sadyoungmen”asFascistFitzgeraldcalledthem,cursedtheirluckbutdidn’tdie;escapedbutvoluntarilyreturned;flayedtheBabbittsbutlovedtheircountry,andinsodoinggavethenationtheliveliest,freshest,moststimulationwritinginitsliteraryexperience.20年代的知识分子被F.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德称为“悲哀的青年一代”，他们诅咒运气，但没有因此消亡；他们逃避，但又自愿地返回；他们猛烈抨击市侩，但却热爱自己的国家。因此这个国家创作出了最具有生命，最令人耳目一新和最有刺激性的文学作品。LessonSix1.NowadaysNewYorkisoutofphasewithAmericantaste...NowadaysNewYorkerscan’tunderstandnorfollowthetasteoftheAmericanpeopleandoftendisagreewithAmericanpolitics.2.NewYorkevenpridesitselfonbeingaholdoutfromprevailingAmericantrends...NewYorkisproudthatitisacitythatresiststheprevailingfashionorstylesofAmericaandthatitremainstobeaplacewherepeoplecanescapeuniformity.3....sitcomsclonedandcannedinHollywood,andtheJohnnyCarsonshowlive,preempttheairwaysfromCalifornia...SituationcomediesmadeinHollywoodandthelivetalkshowofJohnnyCarsonnowdominatetheradioandTVprogramsinCalifornia.4....Itismakingsomethingofacomebackasatouristattraction...NewYorkismakingattemptstoregainitsstatusasacitythatattractstourists.5.TowininNewYorkistobeuneasy...EvenwhenapersonwhinsinNewYork,hemaywellbeanxiousandfearful,forheisafraidoflosingwhathehasgainedinthecomingfiercecompetition.6.Nature’pleasuresaremuchqualifiedinNewYork.SinceNewYorkisalargeandcrowedcitywithalotoftallbuildings,thechancetoenjoythepleasuresofnatureisverylimitedhere.7....thecity’sbrightglowarrogantlyobscurestheheavens.Atnight,thelightsofNewYorkaresoproudlybrightthattheskyseemstobedarkened.8.Butthepurityofabohemiandedicationcanbeexaggerated.Butthepureandwholehearteddevotiontoabohemianlifestylecanbeoverstated.9.Inboththeserolesitratifiesmorethanitcreates.Inboththeserolesofbankingandcommunicationsheadquarters,NewYorkcreatesveryfewthingsbutapprovesmanythingsstartedbypeopleinotherpartsofthecountry.10.Thetelevisiongenerationgrewupintheinsistentpresenceofhype...Thetelevisiongenerationwascontinuallyandstronglyaffectedbyextravagantpromotionaladvertising.11....thosewhoarewritingambitiousnovelssustainthemselvesonthemagazines.Writersproducinglongseriousnovelsalsoearntheirlivingbywritingarticlesforpopularmagazines.12.Boardway,whichseemedtobesuccumbingtothetawdrinessofitsenvironment,isastiragain.Boardway,whichseemedtobegivinguptothecheap,gaudyshowsputoninthesurroundingareas,nowbecomesflourishingandbusyagain.13.Thedefeatedarenothiddenawaysomewhereelseonthewrongsideoftown.Thosewhofailedinthestruggleoflife,thedown-and-outs,donohidethemselvesawayinslumswhereotherpeoplecannotseethem.ThoseascampaignscelebratingtheBigApple,thoseT-shirtwithaheartdesignproclaiming“IloveNewYork”aresigns,patheticintheirdesperationofhowthemightyhasfallen.那些歌颂大苹果的广告活动和那些宣传“我在纽约”的印有心形图案的T桖是其在绝望中表现出来的悲哀迹象，表明了强者是如何失去地位的。NowadaysNewYorkisoutofphasewithAmericantasteasoftenasitisoutofstepwithAmericanpolitics.如今，纽约与美国人的情趣相脱节，就像其往往与美国政治步调不一致一样。AdozenothercitieshavebuildingsmoreinspiredarchitecturallythananybuiltinNewYorkCityinthepasttwentyyears.其他十二座城市都有些创意极好的建筑，而纽约近二十年来的建筑均不能与之相比。NewYorkwasneveragoodconventioncity-beingregardedasunfriendlyunsafe,overcrowded,andexpensive-butitismakingsomethingofacomebackasatouristattraction.纽约从来都不是一个召开会议的好场所---被认为不友好、不安全、过度拥挤和消费昂贵---但它正在恢复其旅游胜地的地位。TheytakemorereadilythandomostAmericanstoitscosmopolitancomplexities,itssurviving,aloof,Europeanstandardsitsalienmixtures.比起大多数美国人，他们更喜欢国际大都市里错综复杂的事物，其仍然存在的、冷漠的欧洲处事标准和各Butallinall,Ican’tthinkofmanyplacesintheworldI’dratherlive.但总而言之，我想不出个世界上还有什么其他的地方我更想去居住。Ithasbecomelessatranquilparkthananuntidycarnival.中央公园不再是宁静的公园，而更像是乱糟糟的嘉年华。Atestingofoneself,afearofgivingintothemostbanalandmarketableofone’stalents,stilldrawsmanyoftheyoungtoNewYork.为了证明自己，害怕自己的才能沦为最迂腐和最易于在市场上出售的事物，许多年轻人仍然被吸引来到纽约。Intimethenewcomersfindorformtheirownworlds;Manhattanismanysuchworlds,huddledtogetherbutrarelyinteracting.新来者迟早会找到或形成自己的圈子；曼哈顿有很多这样的圈子，拥挤在一起，但却很少往来。Thenewcomersareneverfullyabsorbed,butareaddedprecariouslytotheundigestedmany.新来者从未被完全同化，但是却不确定地加入到了未被消化的多数人之中。LessonEight1.....belowthenoisyarguments,theabuseandthequarrels,thereisareservoirofinstinctivefellow-feeling...TheEnglishpeoplemayhotlyargueandabuseandquarrelwitheachother,buttherestillexistsalotofnaturalsympatheticfeelingsforeachotherintheirhearts.2.....athearttheywouldliketotakeawhiptothewholeidletroublesomemobofthem.Whatthewealthyemployerswouldreallyliketodoistowhipalltheworkerswhomtheyregardaslazyandtroublesome.3....therearenotmanyofthesemen,eitherontheboardortheshopfloor...Therearenotmanysnarlingshopstewardsintheworkshop,noraretheremanycruelwealthyemployersontheboardofdirectors.4.Itdemandsbigness,andtheyaresuspiciousofbigness.ThecontemporaryworlddemandsthateverythingshouldbedoneonabigscaleandtheEnglishdonottrustbigness.5.Againstthis,atleastsuperficially,Englishnessseemsapoorshadowyshow...Atleastonthesurface,whenEnglishnessisputagainstthepowerandsuccessofAdmass,Englishnessseemstoputuparatherpoorpe