TEM-4 语法专题1-句子成分划分

TEM-4语法专题1句子成分划分TEM-4语法专题1句子成分划分/NUMPAGES10TEM-4语法专题1句子成分划分TEM-4语法专题1句子成分划分句子成分划分定义：构成句子的各个部分叫做句子成分。句子成分有主要成分和次要成分；主要成分有主语和谓语；次要成分有表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语和插入语。★主语(Subject)表示句子说的是什么人或什么事.是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首。但在therebe结构、疑问句（当主语不疑问词时）和倒装句中，主语位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。主语可由名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、名词化的形容词和主语从句等表示。例如：1.Duringthe1990s,Americancountrymusichasbecomemoreandmorepopular.（名词）2.WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代词）3.One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（数词）4.Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）5.Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（动名词）6.Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名词化的形容词）7.WhenwearegoingtohaveanEnglishtesthasnotbeendecided.（主从）8.Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式）★谓语(Predicate)说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语，一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下：1、简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.Theplanetookoffatteno’clock.2、复合谓语：（1）由情态动词加动词原形构成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.（2）由助动词加动词原形,现在分词,过去分词构成。如：DoyouspeakEnglish？Theyareworkinginafield.Hehascaughtabadcold.（3）由系动词加表语构成。如：Wearestudents.注意：谓语与主语在人称与数方面要保持一致。★表语(Predicative)用以说明主语的性质、特征、状态与身份，它一般位于系动词（如be,become,get,look,grow,turn,seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语及表语从句表示。例如：1.OurteacherofEnglishisanAmerican.（名词）2.Isityours?（代词）3.Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容词）4.Thespeechisexciting.（分词）5.Threetimessevenistwentyone?（数词）6.HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）7.Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（动名词）8.Themeetingisofgreatimportance.（介词短语）9.Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副词）10.Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表语从句）注意：系动词（Linkingverb)用于连接主语和表语，说明主语的状态，性质特征和身份等。1）状态系动词用来表示主语状态，只有be一词，例如：Heisateacher.2）持续系动词用来表示主语继续或保持一种状况或态度，主要有keep,remain,stay,lie,stand,例如：Healwayskeptsilentatmeeting.

3）表像系动词用来表示“看起来像”这一概念，主要有seem,appear,look,例如：

Heseems(tobe)verysad.

4）感官系动词主要有feel,smell,sound,taste,例如：Thiskindofclothfeelsverysoft.5）变化系动词表示主语变成什么样，主要有become,grow,turn,fall,get,go,come,run.例如：Theriverwasbeginningtorundry.

6）终止系动词表示主语已终止动作，主要有prove,turnout,表达"结果是;证明是"，之意，例如：Therumorprovedfalse./Hisplanturnedoutasuccess.

★宾语（Object）表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。例如：1.Heisdoinghishomework.（名词）2.Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime.（代词、动名词）3.Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavefive.（名词、数词）4.Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名词化形容词、名词）5.Hepretendednottoseeme.（动词不定式）6.Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（动名词短语）7.Ithink（that）heisfitforhisoffice.（宾语从句）宾语种类：（1）双宾语（间接宾语+直接宾语），例如：Lendmeyourdictionary,please.To:write,tell,pass,give,send,promise,show,hand,read,tell,bring,throw等，例如：HesentthenoveltoWilliamyesterday.For:leave,buy,build,choose,cook,draw,find,get,order,post,save等，例如：Sheboughtagiftforhermother.（2）复合宾语（宾语+宾补），例如：Theyelectedhimtheirmonitor.下列动词只能接不定式做宾语:ask,agree,care,choose,demand,dare,decide,expect,fail,help,hope,learn,manage,offer,plan,prepare,pretend,promise,refuse,want,wish,desire等;下列动词只能接动名词做宾语:admit,avoid,advise,consider,enjoy,excuse,escape,finish,imagine,mind,practise,suggest等;下列动词既可接不定式，也可接动名词做宾语，但意义不同，如mean,try,remember,forget,regret等。★宾语补足语（ObjectComplement）用于补充说明宾语的动作，一般位于宾语之后，宾语与宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。需接复合宾语的动词有：tell，let，help，teach，ask，see，have，order，make等。“宾补”一般可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。例如：1.HisfathernamedhimXiaoming.（名词）2.Theypaintedtheirboatwhite.（形容词）3.Letthefreshairin.（副词）4.Youmustn’tforcehimtolendhismoneytoyou.（不定式短语）5.Wesawherenteringtheroom.（现在分词短语）6.Wefoundeverythinginthelabingoodorder.（介词短语）7.Wewillsoonmakeourcitywhatyourcityisnow.（从句）★定语(Attribute)修饰名词或代词的词、短语或从句。定语可由以下等成分表示：1.Guilinisabeautifulcity.（形容词）2.Chinaisadevelopingcountry;Americaisadevelopedcountry.（分词）3.Therearethirtywomenteachersinourschool.（数词、名词）4.HisrapidprogressinEnglishmadeussurprised.（代词、形容词）5.Ourmonitorisalwaysthefirsttoentertheclassroom.（不定式短语）6.Theteachingplanfornexttermhasbeenworkedout.（动名词）7.HeisreadinganarticleabouthowtolearnEnglish.（介词短语）8.Sheisthegirlwhosingsbestinmyclass.(定语从句)★状语（Adverbial）修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征的句子成分,可由以下形式表示：1.Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副词及副词性词组）2.Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介词短语）3.Heisproudtohavepassedthenationalcollegeentranceexamination.（不定式短语）4.Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（分词短语）5.Waitaminute.（名词）6.Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（状语从句）9种状语种类如下：1.Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（时间状语）2.Lastnightshedidn’tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（原因状语）3.Ishallgothereifitdoesn’train.（条件状语）4.MrSmithlivesonthethirdfloor.（地点状语）5.Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（方式状语）Shecameinwithadictionaryinherhand.（伴随状语）6.Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（目的状语）7.Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（结果状语）8.Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（让步状语）9.Iamtallerthanheis.（比较状语）★同位语（Appositive）对前面的名词或代词做进一步的解释，通常由名词、数词、代词或从句担任，如：ThisisMr.Zhou,ourheadmaster.★插入语（Parenthesis）对一句话做一些附加的解释，通常有tobehonest,Ithink(suppose,believe)等，如：Tobefrank,Idon’tquiteagreewithyou.练习：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：1.Thestudentsgotontheschoolbus.2.Hehandedmethenewspaper.3.Ishallansweryourquestionafterclass.4.WhatabeautifulChinesepainting!5.Theywenthuntingtogetherearlyinthemorning.6.Hisjobistotrainswimmers.7.HetookmanyphotosofthepalacesinBeijing.8.ThereisgoingtobeanAmericanfilmtonight.9.HeistoleaveforShanghaitomorrow.10.Hiswishistobecomeascientist.11.Hemanagedtofinishtheworkintime.12.Tomcametoaskmeforadvice.13.HefounditimportanttomasterEnglish.14.Doyouhaveanythingelsetosay?15.Tobehonest,yourpronunciationisnotsogood.16.Wouldyoupleasetellmeyouraddress?17.Hesatthere,readinganewspaper.18.Itisourduty(tokeepourclassroomcleanandtidy).19.Henoticedamanentertheroom.20.Theapplestastedsweet.真题练习：(15年)60.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsindicatesasubject-verbrelation?_____

A.Themanhasalargefamilytosupport.

B.Shehadnowishtoquarrelwithherbrother.

C.Hewasthelastguesttoleave.

D.Maryneedsafriendtotalkto.(14年)53.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisusedasanobjectcomplement?________A.Thefrontdoorremainedlocked.B.Theboylookeddisappointed.C.Nancyappearedworried.D.Heseemedtohavenomoneyleft.(14年)57.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsindicatesapredicate-objectrelationship?________A.HewasreadingMary’sletterintheroom.B.Youcanbuymen’sshoesinthisshop.C.Mrs.Black’spassportwaslost.D.Theenemy’sdefeatbroughtthewartoanend.(14年)60.Whichofthefollowingreflexivepronouns（反身代词）isusedasanobject?________A.Ispoketothepresidenthimself.B.Frankisnotquitehimselftoday.C.Lindaherselfwillplaytheviolin.D.Youmustpullyourselftogether.(14年)62.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsmodifiesanadverb?________A.Iratherlikemyteacher.B.Thatwasaveryfunnyfilm.C.Doitrightnow.D.Wewalkedabout6miles.(13年)52.Xinchunreturnedfromabroadadifferentman.Theitalicizedpartfunctionsasa(n)_______.A.appositive(同位语)B.objectC.adverbialD.complement.主语补语(13年)60.Whichofinthefollowingphrasesindicatesasubject-predicaterelationship?________A.ThearrivalofthetouristsB.ThelawofNewtonC.TheoccupationoftheislandD.TheplaysofOscarWilde(13年)61.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsservesasanappositive?________A.Heisnotthemantodrawback.（定语）B.Tonyhitbacktheurgetotellalie.C.Larryhasalargefamilytosupport.（定语）D.Thereisreallynothingtofear.（定语）(12年)53.Whichofthefollowingreflexivepronouns(反身代词)isusedasanappositive?________A.Hepromisedhimselfrapidprogress.B.ThemanagerherselfwillinterviewMary.C.Ihavenothingtosayformyself.D.Theyquarreledthemselvesredintheface.(12年)57.Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasasubject?________A.Weneverdoubtthatherbrotherishonest.B.Theproblemisnotwhowillgobutwhowillstay.C.Youmustgiveitbacktowhoeveritbelongsto.D.Itisclearthatthecrimewasdonedeliberately.(12年)58.Whichoftheitalicizedpartsfunctionsasanobject?________A.Hedoesn’tliketheideaofmyspeakingatthemeeting.B.Itisnouseyourpretendingnottoknowthematter.C.Myparentsstronglyobjecttomygoingoutaloneatnight.D.Herfallingintotheriverwastheclimaxofthewholetrip.(12年)59.AllthefollowingsentenceshaveanappositiveEXCEPT________.A.SheboughtherselfapairofnewshoesB.Onlyoneproblemstillremains—thefoodC.MyfriendsallunderstandandsupportmeD.Shelikedhercurrentjob,teachingEnglish(12年)61.Whichofthefollowingcontainsanadverbialclauseofcause?________A.IgotajobassoonasIleftuniversity.B.Astherewasnoanswer,Iwroteagain.C.YoumustdotheexercisesasIshowyou.D.Wealthyasheis,Markisnotahappyman.(12年)62.Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasescanfunctionasanadverbial?________A.AreyousureofSimon’sdisappearance?B.Themanwithabeardistalkingtothemanager.C.Everyprecautionwastakenagainstthefailureoftheplan.D.Despitetherain,everyoneenjoyedthetrip.(12年)64.Whichofthefollowingprepositionalphrasesisanadverbialofconcession?________A.Theyusedtheboxforkeepingtreasures.B.Isteppedasideforhertogetinfirst.C.Forallthatheseemstodislikeme,Istilllikehim.D.Theparentsboughtabirthdaycakefortheirson.(11年)53.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedphrasesindicatespurpose?________A.Shesaiditforfun,butotherstookherseriously.B.Forallitseffort,theteamdidn’twinthematch.C.Lindahasworkedforthefirmfortwentyyears.D.HesetoutforBeijingyesterday.(11年)55.Inphraseslikefreezingcold,burninghot,orsoakingwet,the–INGparticipleisused________A.asacommand.B.asacondition.C.forconcession.D.foremphasis.(11年)58.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisusedasanobject?________A.Whatdoyouthinkhashappenedtoher?B.Whodoyouthinkthevisitingprofessoris?C.Howmuchdoyouthinkheearnseverymonth?D.Howquicklywouldyousayhewouldcome?(11年)60.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedpartsisasubjectclause(主语从句)?________A.Wearequitecertainthatwewillgetthereintime.B.Hehastofacethefactthattherewillbenopayrisethisyear.C.Shesaidthatshehadseenthemanearlierthatmorning.D.Itissheerluckthattheminersarestillaliveaftertendays.(11年)62.Inthesentence“ThemanagerinterviewedJimhimselfinthemorning”,theitalicizedwordisusedtomodify________A.theobject.B.theverb.C.thesubject.D.theprepositionalphrase.(11年)65.Whichofthefollowingitalicizedphrasesindicatesasubject-predicaterelation(主谓关系)?________A.MrSmith’spassporthasbeenissued.B.Thevisitor’sarrivalwasreportedinthenews.C.John’straveldetailshavenotbeenfinalized.D.Thenewbookstoresellschildren’sstories.(