英美国家概况新西兰Chapter-18-New-Zealand

Chapter18NewZealandSocietyandCultureⅠ.GeographyOfficialNameNewZealandCapitalWellingtonArea270,534sqkmGeographicalFeaturesNewZealandislocatedintheSouthernHemisphere,inthesouthwestcornerofthePacificOcean.Alarge,longgroupofislandmadeupoftwomainlandmasses,theNorthIslandandtheSouthIsland,separatedbyCookStrait.NewZealandisamountainouscountry.MtCook(3,754meters)isthehighestpeak.TheSouthIslandOntheSouthIsland,thelargestofalltheNewZealand,theSouthernAlpsrunalmosttheentirelengthoftheisland,forminganaturaldividingrange.SouthIslandhasabundantglaciers.TheNorthIslandTheNorthIslandisfamousforspectacularvolcanoesandthethermalregion.ClimateNewZealand'sclimateisdominatedbytwomaingeographicalfeatures--theseaandthemountains.NewZealandisinthesoutherntemperatelatitudesmidwaybetweentheEquatorandtheSouthPole.Ithasamaritimeclimate.It’stemperaturesseldomfallbelow0℃orrisingabove30℃.SeasonsareoppositetotheNorthernHemisphere.Summer(January-March)Winter(July-September)MajorCitiesWellingtonAucklandWellingtonisthecapitalofNewZealand.Intermofpopulation,itisNewZealand'ssecondlargestcity.Wellingtonisthecultural,commercialandcosmopolitancenterofthecountry.AucklandisthelargestcityinNewZealand.IntheMaorilanguage,Aucklandmeans"thecityof100lovers".WellingtonAucklandAnimalandPlantsManyofNewZealand’snativefloweringplantsareunique.Arichvarietyoftrees,treeferns,groundferns,mossesandotherplantsmakeup“thebush”,asNewZealanderscalltheirforests.NewZealandhas250speciesofbirdsincludingthekiwi,aNewZealandbirdwithalongbeakandhair-likefeathers,whichcannotfly.AnimalandPlantsTreeFern银蕨:NewZealand'simpressivetreeferncangrowtoatoweringheightof15meters.Withmorethan150fernspeciesgrowinginNewZealand,theplanthasbecomeanationalsymbol.AnimalandPlantsKiwis几维鸟：ItisthenationalsymbolofNewZealandandNewZealandersrefertothemselvesasKiwis.AnimalandPlants四翅槐AnimalandPlants猕猴桃kiwifruitⅡ.HistoryDiscoveryofNewZealandNewZealandasaColonyNewZealandasaDominionNewZealandasaRealmDiscoveryofNewZealandPolynesianMaoriarrivedabout1,200yearsago.ThefirstEuropeandidnotreachNewZealanduntil1642,whenDutchmanAbelTasmansailedupthenorthwesterncoastoftheSouthIslandEnglishmanJamesCookbeganextensivesurveysoftheislandsin1769.Hesailedaroundthewholecoastandproducedamap.NewZealandasaColony

In1840,theTreatyofWaitangiwassignedbyrepresentativesoftheBritishCrownandchiefsoftheindigenousMaoripeople,makingnewzealandaBritishcolony.

TheTreatyisconsideredNewZealand'sfoundingdocumentanditmarksthebeginningofmodernNewZealand.

Inthe1852udertheBritishParliament'sNewZealandConsititutionAct,NewZealandwasgrantedinternalself-government.NewZealandasaDominion

In1924whenWWistarted,NewZealandenthusiasticallybackedBritain.PoliticiansandhistoriansclaimsthatthecountryearnedfullnationhoodthroughitscontributionoftroopstotheAlliedforces.IntheWW2,NewZealandsentnearly200,000peopletoserveoverseasassoldiers,airmen,sailorsandnurses.In1951,seeingtheU.S.asitsmajorallyandprotector,NewZealandsignedtheANZUSTreatywiththeUnitedStatedandAustralia.In1983,NewZealandbecamethe"RealmofNewZealand".NewZealandasaRealm

Inthemid-1980s,NewZealanddeclareditsanti-nuclearpolicyandbecameanuclear-freezone.ThepolicyledtoAmerica'ssuspensionoftheANZUSsecurityguaranteestoNewZealandin1986.Betweenthemid-1980sandmid-1990s,NewZealandunderwentradicaleconomicreforms.Nowadays,NewZealandisauniqueblendofSouthPacificandEuropeancultureswithasrtongnationalidentityofitsown.Ⅲ.GovernmentNewZealandisaconstitutionalmonarchy.TheQueenofBritanistheheadofstate.AGovernorGeneral,usuallyaNewZealander,representstheQueenbydischargingvariousresponsibilities.

ThePrimeMinisterofNewZealandistheheadofgovernment."separationofpowers"

:the

legislaure,theexecutiveandthejudiciary.Thedivisionofpowersseekstoensurethatnobranchcanactunconstitutionally.NewZealandisaunitarystateratherthanafederation,whichmeansthatregionsarecreatedontheauthorityofthecentralgovernment.Ⅲ.GovernmentTheLegislatureNewZealand‘sParliamentdevelopedfromtheWestminstersystemofgovernment,andisthelaw-makingbodyoftheNewZealandgovernment.NewZealanddoesnothaveaformalwrittenconstitution.NewZealand'sconstitutionalarrangementsarereflectedinanumberofimportantstatutes,judicialdecisionsandcustomaryrulesknownasconstitutionalconventions.

NewZealand'sParliamentconsistsoftheSovereignandtheHouseofRepresentatives.NewZealandcitizensandresidents,maleorfemale,aged18yearsandover,arelegallyallowedtovoteintheelection.TheExecutiveTheExecutivebranchoftheNewZealandgovernmentismadeupoftheCabinet,thePrimeMinisterandthepublicsector.TheCabinetexercisesexecutiveauthority.ThePrimeMinister,usuallytheheadofthemainpoliticalpartyorcoalitionofpartiesinthegovernment,leadstheCabinet.

TheGovernorGeneralisappointedbytheSovereignonthePrimeMinister'srecommendationforatermoffiveyears.TheGovernorGeneralexercisestheBritishmonarch'sroyalpowers.TheJudiciaryThejudiciaryofNewZealandisindependentofthepolicymakers.JudgesmakedecisionsbyinterpretingthelawspassedbyParliament.NewZealand'sgeneralcourtsarestructuredlikepyramid.AtthetopistheSupremeCourt.Belowit,aretheCourtofAppeal,theHighCourtandthedistrictcourts.

TheHighCourthasbroadgeneraljurisdiction.PoliticalParties

TheLaborPartyandtheNationalPartycurrentlyarethetwomainpartiesofNewZealand.

LaborParty,NationalParty,NewZealandFirst,GreenParty,MaoriParty,UnitedFuture,ACTNewZealandandManaParty.Ⅳ.PeoplePopulation4.4million(2012)EthnicgroupsEuropean68%Maori14.6%Others(includingPacificIslandPolynesians,ChineseandIndians)17.4%Maoritanga毛利人文化和风俗习惯ItistheMaoriwordfor“Maoriculture”.ItreferstoalltheelementsoftherichculturalheritageoftheindigenouspeopleinNewZealand,includingtheirlanguage,customsandtraditions.Maoritanga毛利人文化和风俗习惯MaoriArtsandCraftsMaoritanga毛利人文化和风俗习惯MaoriHakaDance:TheatricalperformancesareacelebratedpartoftheMaoricultureinNewZealandtoday.HereaMaoristorytellerdressedinatraditionalcostumeperformsthehakadance.Thedance,whichMaorimenonceperformedbeforegoingintobattle,ischaracterizedbyheavystomping,跺脚loudchanting,andaggressivebodymovements.Maoritanga毛利人文化和风俗习惯Hongi

碰鼻礼Maoritanga毛利人文化和风俗习惯MaoriWoodcarving木雕:WoodcarvingisatraditionalartformoftheMaoripeople.Maorihousesandcommunalbuildingsoftenincorporateornatewoodcarvings.Ⅴ.EconomyNewZealandisoneofthemostdevelopedcountriesintheworld.Withamodernandhighlydevelopedeconomy,NewZealandprovidesitspeoplewithahighstandardofliving,ranking5thintheEconomistIntelligenceUnit's2012quality-of-lifeindex.Ⅴ.EconomyTheeconomyofNewZealandisstronglytrade-oriented,withexportsofgoodsandservicesaccountingforaroundone-thirdofthetotal.NewZealandhasjokinglybeencalledtheworld'slargestfarmbecauseagriculturehastraditionallybeenthemajorgeneratorofwealth.Sincethe1980s,thegovernmentofNewZealandhasaccompliishedasuccessionoffar-reachingeconomicrestructuringreforms,movingthecountryfromanagriculturally-basedeconomytowardamoreindustrialized,free-marketeconomy.Ⅴ.EconomyⅤ.Economy--AgricultureMostagriculturelandispastoralandsuitedforraisinglivestock.Thecountryhassheep,anddairycattle,alsodeer,goats,andpigs.Ⅴ.Economy--Fishery特卡波湖LakeTekapo好牧羊人教堂ChurchoftheGoodShepherd世界上最小的教堂库克山MountCook新西兰最高峰瓦纳卡湖WanakaLake弗朗兹约瑟夫冰川FranzJosefGlacier流动冰川霍基蒂卡Hokitika淘金小镇皇后镇Queenstown瓦纳卡湖Wanaka第一教堂TheFirstChurch拉纳克城堡Larnach'sCastle新西兰境内唯一城堡Ⅵ.LanguageBothEnglishandMaoriareoffiiciallanguageofNewZealand.InApril2006,NewZealandbecamethefirstcountrytodeclaresignlanguage(新西兰手语)asanofficiallanguage,alongsideEnglishandMaori.Ⅶ.EducationNewZealandhasaworldwidereputationasacountrythatprovidesqualityeducation.Itoffersaprofessionallyuniquelearningenvironment,rangingfrom

earlychildhoodeducationtopolytechnicanduniversityeducation.NewZealandhas8government-fundedpolytechnicsandinstitutesoftechnology,whichofferawidevarietyofacademic,vocationalandprofessionalprograms.NewZealandisinternationallyrecognizedasaproviderofqualifiedteachers.Ⅶ.Education1324EarlyChildhoodAgencieskindergartens,playcentersandpreschoolsPrimaryEducationcompulsoryeducation,coversYear1toYear8TertiaryEducationincludinguniversities,institutesoftechnologyandpolytechnics,colleges,Maoritertiaryeducationalinstitutionsandvarioustrainingestablishments.SecondaryEducationcompulsoryeducation,coversYear9toYear13Ⅶ.EducationNewZealandhasaworldwidereputationasacountrythatprovidesqualityeducation.Itoffersaprofessionallyuniquelearningenvironment,rangingfromearlychildhoodeducationtopolytechnicanduniversityeducation.部分大学名单奥克兰大学（TheUniversityofAuckland）奥克兰理工大学（AucklandUniversityofTechnology）惠灵顿维多利亚大学（VictoriaUniversityofWellington）梅西大学（MasseyUniversity）坎特伯雷大学（UniversityofCanterbury）林肯大学（LincolnUniversity）奥塔哥大学（UniversityofOtago）怀卡托大学（TheUniversityofWaikato）奥拉克理工学院（AorakiPolytechnic）普伦蒂湾理工学院（BayofPlentyPolytechnic,Tauranga）基督城理工学院（ChristchurchPolytechnicInstitu