高二英语人教版选修英语课文翻译1629

Unit1AShortHistoryofWesternPainting西方绘画艺术简史Unit1ASHORTHISTORYOFWESTERNPAINTINGArtisinfluencedbythecustomsandfaithofapeople.StylesinWesternarthavechangedmanytimes.As(因为)therearesomanydifferentstylesofWesternart,itwouldbeimpossibletodescribealloftheminsuchashorttext.Consequently,thistextwilldescribeonlythemostimportantones,startingfromthesixthcenturyAD.TheMiddleAges(5thtothe15thcenturyAD)DuringtheMiddleAges,themainaimofpainterswastorepresentreligiousthemes.Aconventionalartistofthisperiodwasnotinterestedinshowingnatureandpeopleas(正如)theyreallywere.Atypicalpictureatthistimewasfullof(充满了)religioussymbols,whichcreatedafeelingofrespectandloveforGod.Butitwasevidentthatideaswerechanginginthe13thcenturywhenpainterslikeGiottodiBondonebegantopaintreligiousscenesinamorerealisticway.TheRenaissance(15thto16thcentury)DuringtheRenaissance,newideasandvaluesgraduallyreplacedthoseheldintheMiddleAges.Peoplebegantoconcentratelessonreligiousthemesandadoptamorehumanisticattitudetolife.AtthesametimepaintersreturnedtoclassicalRomanandGreekideasaboutart.Theytriedtopaintpeopleandnatureastheyreallywere.Richpeoplewantedtopossesstheirownpaintings,sotheycoulddecoratetheirsuperbpalacesandgreathouses.Theypaidfamousartiststopaintpicturesofthemselves,theirhousesandpossessionsaswellastheiractivitiesandachievements.Oneofthemostimportantdiscoveriesduringthisperiodwashowtodrawthingsinperspective.ThistechniquewasfirstusedbyMasaccioin1428.Whenpeoplefirstsawhispaintings,theywereconvincedthat()theywerelookingthroughaholeinawallatarealscene.Iftherulesofperspectivehadnotbeendiscovered,noonewouldhavebeenabletopaintsuchrealisticpictures.Bycoincidence(),oilpaintswerealsodevelopedatthistime,whichmadethecoloursusedinpaintingslookricheranddeeper.Withoutthenewpaintsandthenewtechnique,wewouldnotbeabletoseethemanygreatmasterpiecesforwhichthisperiodisfamous.Impressionism(late19htoearly20thcentury)Inthelate19thcentury,Europechangedagreatdeal(),fromamostlyagriculturalsocietytoamostlyindustrialone.Manypeoplemovedfromthecountrysidetothenewcities.Thereweremanynewinventionsandsocialchangesalsoledto()newpaintingstyles.Amongthepainterswhobrokeawayfrom()thetraditionalstyleofpaintingweretheImpressionists,wholivedandworkedinParis.TheImpressionistswerethefirstpainterstoworkoutdoors.Theywereeagerto()showhowlightandshadowfellonobjectsatdifferenttimesofday.However,becausenaturallightchangessoquickly,theImpressionistshadtopaintquickly.Theirpaintingswerenotasdetailedasthoseofearlierpainters.Atfirst,manypeopledislikedthisstyleofpaintingandbecameveryangryabout()it.Theysaidthatthepainterswerecarelessandtheirpaintingswereridiculous.ModernArt(29thcenturytotoday)Atthetimetheywerecreated,theImpressionistpaintingswerecontroversial,buttodaytheyareacceptedas(thebeginningofwhatwecall"modernart".ThisisbecausetheImpressionistsencouragedartiststolookattheirenvironment)innewways.Therearescoresof()modernartstyles,butwithouttheImpressionists,manyofthesepaintingstylesmightnotexist.Ontheonehand,somemodernartisabstract;thatis,thepainterdoesnotattemptto()paintobjectsasweseethemwithoureyes,butinsteadconcentratesoncertainqualitiesoftheobject,usingcolour,lineandshapetorepresentthem.Ontheotherhand,somepaintingsofmodernartaresorealisticthattheylooklikephotographs.Thesestylesaresodifferent.Whocanpredictwhatpaintingstylestherewillbeinthefuture?5515131516142819201920TheBestofManhattanArtGalleries19192058850005825000185356192194575AfewsimpleformsofEnglishpoemsUnit2AFEWSIMPLEFORMSOFENGLISHPOEMSTherearevariousreasons(whypeoplewritepoetry)Somepoemstellastoryordescribe.somethinginaway(thatwillgivethereaderastrongimpression).Otherstrytoconveycertainemotions.Poetsusemanydifferentformsofpoetrytoexpressthemselves.Inthistext,however,wewilllookatafewofthesimplerforms.SomeofthefirstpoetryayoungchildlearnsinEnglishisnurseryrhymes.Theserhymesliketheoneontheright(A)arestillacommontypeofchildren'spoetry.AThelanguageisconcretebutimaginative,andtheydelightsmallchildrenbecausetheyrhyme,havestrongrhythmandalotofrepetition.Thepoemsmaynotmakesenseandevenseemcontradictory,buttheyareeasytolearnandrecite.Byplayingwiththewordsinnurseryrhymes,childrenlearnaboutlanguage.AHush,littlebaby,don'tsayaword,Papa'sgoingtobuyyouamockingbird.Ifthatmockingbirdwon'tsing,Papa'sgoingtobuyyouadiamondring.Ifthatdiamondringturnstobrass,Papa'sgoingtobuyyoualooking-glass.Ifthatlooking-glassgetsbroke,Papa'sgoingtobuyyouabilly-goat.Ifthatbilly-goatrunsaway,Papa'sgoingtobuyyouanothertoday.OneofthesimplestkindsofpoemsarethoselikeBandCthatlistthings.BCListpoemshaveaflexiblelinelengthandrepeatedphraseswhichgivebothapatternandarhythmtothepoem.Somerhyme(likeB)whileothersdonot(likeC).CB,BIsawafish-pondallonfireIsawafish-pondallonfire,Isawahousebowtoasquire,Isawapersontwelve-feethigh,Isawacottageinthesky,Isawaballoonmadeoflead,Isawacoffindropdowndead,

Isawtwosparrowsrunarace,Isawtwohorsesmakinglace,Isawagirljustlikeacat,Isawakittenwearahat,Isawamanwhosawthesetoo,Andsaidthoughstrangetheyallweretrue.COurfirstfootballmatchWewouldhavewon...ifJackhadscoredthatgoal,ifwe'dhadjustafewmoreminutes,ifwehadtrainedharder,ifBenhadpassedtheballtoJoe,ifwe'dhadthousandsoffansscreaming,ifIhadn'ttakenmyeyeofftheball,ifwehadn'tstayedup()solatethenightbefore,ifwehadn'ttakeniteasyifwehadn'trunoutof()energy.Wewouldhavewon...,ifwe'dbeenbetter!Anothersimpleformofpoemthatstudentscaneasilywriteis

thecinquain,apoemmadeupoffivelines.Withthese,studentscanconveyastrongpictureinjustafewwords.Lookattheexamples(DandE)onthetopofthenextpage.DDEBrotherBeautiful,athleticTeasing,shouting,laughingFriendandenemytooMineESummerSleepy,saltyDrying,drooping,dreadingWeekin,weekoutEndlessHaikuisaJapaneseformofpoetrythatismadeupof(=consist)17syllables.ItisnotatraditionalformofEnglishpoetry,butisveryofHaiku17popularwith()Englishwriters.Itiseasytowrite

and,likethecinquain,cangiveaclearpictureandcreateaspecialfeelingusingtheminimumofwords(v-ing/).Thetwohaikupoems(FandG)abovearetranslationsfromtheJapanese.FGFAfallenblossomIscomingbacktothebranch.Look,abutterfly!(byMoritake)MoritakeGSnowhavingmelted,ThewholevillageisbrimfulOfhappychildren.(byIssa)IssaDidyouknowthatEnglishspeakersalsoenjoyotherformsofAsianpoetry-TangpoemsfromChinainparticular?AlotofTangpoetryhasbeentranslatedintoEnglish.ThisTangpoem(H)isatranslationfromtheChinese.HHWheresheawaitsherhusband(byWangJian)Onandontheriverflows.Neverlookingback,Transformedintostone.Daybydayuponthemountaintop,windandrainrevolve.Shouldthetravellerreturn,thisstonewouldutterspeech.Withsomanydifferentformsofpoetrytochoosefrom,studentsmayeventuallywanttowritepoemsoftheirown.Itiseasierthanyoumightthinkandcertainlyworthatry!AA

,BCBCBCDEDEHaiku17

FGFmoritakeG,IssaHUsingLanguageListening,readinganddiscussingRodMckuen_________

Unit3ItisabeautifuldayhereandIamsittingunderthebigtreeattheendofthegarden.Ihavejustreturnedfromalongbikeridetoanoldcastle.Itseemsamazingthatatmyage()Iamstillfitenoughtocycle20kilometresinanafternoon.It'smybirthdayintwoweeks'timeandIyearsold!Ithinkmylongandactivelifemustbedueto()thehealthylifeIlive.Thisbringsmetotherealreasonformyletter,mydeargrandson.Yourmothertellsmethatyoustartedsmokingsometime()agoandhowyouarefindingitdifficulttogiveitup.Believeme,Iknowhoweasyitistobeginsmokingandhowtoughitistostop.Yousee,duringadolescenceIalsosmokedandbecameaddictedtocigarettes.Bytheway(),didyouknowthatthisisbecauseyoubecomeaddictedinthreedifferentways.First,youcanbecomephysicallyaddictedtonicotine,whichisoneofthehundredsofchemicalsincigarettes.Thismeansthatafterawhileyourbodybecomesaccustomedto()havingnicotineinit.Sowhenthedrugleavesourbody,yougetwithdrawalsymptoms.Irememberfeelingbad-temperedandsometimeseveninpain().Secondly,youbecomeaddictedthroughhabit.Asyouknow,ifyoudothesamethingoverandoveragain(),youbegintodoitautomatically.Lastly,youcanbecomementallyaddicted.IbelievedIwashappierandmorerelaxedafterhavingacigarette,soIbegantothatIcouldonlyfeelgoodwhenIsmoked.Iwasaddictedinallthreeways,soitwasverydifficulttoquit.ButIdidfinallymanage.WhenIwasyoung,Ididn'tknowmuchabouttheharmfuleffectsofsmoking.Ididn'tknow,forexample,thatitcoulddoterribledamageto()yourheartandlungsorthatitwasmoredifficultforsmokingcouplestobecomepregnant.Icertainlydidn'tknowtheirbabiesmayhaveasmallerbirthweightorevenbeabnormalinsomeway().NeitherdidIknowthatmycigarettesmokecouldaffectthehealthofnon-smokers.()However,whatIdidknowwas(thatmygirlfriendthoughtIsmeltterrible).Shesaidmybreathandclothessmelt,andthattheendsofmyfingerswereturningyellow.Shetoldmethatshewouldn'tgooutwithmeagainunlessIstopped!IalsonoticedthatIbecamebreathlessquickly,andthatIwasn'tenjoyingsportasmuch.WhenIwastakenoff()theschoolfootballteambecauseIwasunfit,Iknewitwastimetoquitsmoking.(itstimetoquitdoing)IamsendingyousomeadviceIfoundontheInternetItmighthelpyoutostopandstrengthenyourresolve().Ido(do/does/did+v)hopesobecauseIwantyoutoliveaslongandhealthyalifeasIhave.LovefromGrandad2082Howcanyoustopsmoking?Itisnoteasytostopsmoking,butmillionshavetoquitandsocanyouHereareafewsuggestions.Prepareyourself.Decideon()adaytoquit.Dontchooseadaythat

youknowisgoingtobestressful,suchasthedayofanexam.Makealistofalltheallthebenefityouwillgetfromstoppingsmoking.Thenthrowawayyourlastpacketofcigarettes.Beprepare.Everytimeyoufeellike()smokingacigarette,remindyourselfthat()youareanon-smoker.RereadthelistofbenefitsyouwroteearlierBreakthehabit.Insteadof()smokingacigarette,dosomethingelse.Goforawalk,cleanyourteethdrinksomewater,cleanthehousefact,doanythingtokeepyourmindandespeciallyyourhandsbusy.Relax.Ifyoustarttofeelnervousorstressed,donotreachfor()acigarette.Trysomedeepbreathinginstead.Dosomerelaxationexerciseeverytimeyoufeelstressed.inGethelpifyouneedit.Arrangetostopsmokingwithafiendsoyoucalltalkaboutyourproblems,orJoinastop-smokinggroup.Ifyoufeeldesperatemightliketotalktoadoctororchemistaboutsomethingtohelpyou,likenicotinechewinggum.youKeeptrying.Donotbedisappointedifyouhavetotryseveraltimesbeforeyoustopsmoking.Ifyouweaken()andhaveacigarette,donotfeelashamed.Justtryagain.Youwillsucceedeventually.HIV/HIVSARSHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVHIVUnit4THEEARTHISBECOMIGWARMER-BUTDOESITMATTER?Duringthe20thcenturythetemperatureoftheearthroseaboutonedegreeFahrenheit.Thatprobablydoesnotseemmuchtoyouorme,butitisarapid

increasewhencomparedtoothernaturalchanges.Sohowhasthiscomeabout()anddoesitmatter?Earthcare'sSophieArmstrongexploresthesequestions.Thereisnodoubtthat()theearthisbecomingwarmer(seeGraph1)andthatitishumanactivitythathascausedthisglobalwarmingratherthan()arandombutnaturalphenomenon.Allscientistssubscribetotheview()thattheincreaseintheearth'stemperatureisdueto()theburningoffossilfuelslikecoal,naturalgasandoiltoproduceenergy.Somebyproductsofthisprocessarecalled"greenhouse"gases,themostimportantoneofwhichiscarbondioxide.DrJaniceFosterexplains:"Thereisanaturalphenomenonthatscientistscallthe"greenhouseeffect".Thisiswhensmallamountsofgasesintheatmosphere,likecarbondioxide,methaneandwatervapour,trapheatfromthesunandthereforewarmtheearth.()Withoutthegreenhouseeffectheearthwouldbeaboutthirty-threedegreesCelsiuscoolerthanitis.So,weneedthosegases.Theproblembeginswhenweaddhugequantitiesofextracarbondioxideintotheatmosphere.Itmeansthatmoreheatenergytendsto()betrappedintheatmospherecausingtheglobaltemperaturetogoup().Weknowthatthelevelsofcarbondioxidehaveincreasedgreatlyoverthelast100to150years.ItwasascientistcalledCharlesKeeling,whomadeaccuratemeasurementsoftheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmospherefrom1957to1997.Hefoundthatbetweentheseyearsthecarbondioxideintheatmospherewentupfromaround315partstoaround370partspermillion(seeGraph2)Allscientistsacceptthisdata.Theyalsoagreethatitistheburningofmoreandmorefossilfuelsthathasresultedin()thisincreaseincarbondioxide.Sohowhighwillthetemperatureincreasego?DrJaniceFostersaysthatoverthenext100yearstheamountofwarmingcouldbeaslowas1to1.5degreesCelsius,butitcouldbeashighas5degrees.However,theattitudeofscientiststowards()thisriseincompletelydifferent.Ontheonehand,DrFosterthinksthatthetrendwhichincreasesthetemperatureby()5degreeswouldbeacatastrophe.Shesays,"Wecan'tpredicttheclimatewellenoughtoknowwhattoexpect,butitcouldbeveryserious."Otherswhoagreewithherthinktheremaybeariseofseveralmetresinthesealevel,orpredictseverestorms,floods,droughts,famines,thespreadofdiseasesandthedisappearanceofspecies.Ontheotherhand,therearethose,likeGeorgeHambley,whoareopposedto()thisview,believethatweshouldnotworryabouthighlevelsofcarbondioxideintheair.Theypredictthatanywarmingwillbemildwithfewbadenvironmentalconsequences.Infact,Hambleystates,"Morecarbondioxideisactuallyapositivething.Itwillmakeplantsgrowquicker;cropswillproducemore;itwillencourageagreaterrangeofanimals-allofwhichwillmakelifeforhumanbeingsbetter."Greenhousegasescontinueto()buildup()intheatmosphere.Evenif()westartreducingtheamountofcarbondioxideandothergreenhousegases,theclimateisgoingtokeepon()warmingfordecadesorcenturies.Nooneknowstheeffectsofglobalwarming.Doesthatmeanwe

shoulddonothing?Or,aretheriskstoogreat?20133100~1501957~19971001~1.55AnExcitingJob????????AN?EXCITING?JOB?I?have?the?greatest?job?in?the?world.?I?travel?to?unusual?places?and?work?alongside?people?from?all?over?the?world.?Sometimes?working?outdoors,?sometimes?in?an?office,?sometimes?using?scientific?equipment?and?sometimes?meeting?local?people?and?tourists,?I?am?never?bored.?Although?my?job?is?occasionally?dangerous,?I?don't?mind?because?danger?excites?me?and?makes?me?feel?alive.?However,?the?most?important?thing?about?my?job?is?that?I?help?protect?ordinary?people?from?one?of?the?most?powerful?forces?n?earth-the?volcano.?I?was?appointed?as?volcanologist?information?for?a?database?about?Mount?Kilauea,?which?is?one?of?the?most?active?volcanoes?in?Hawaii.?Having?collected?and?evaluated?the?information,?I?help?other?scientists?to?predict?where?lava?from?the?volcano?will?flow?next?and?how?fast.?Our?work?has?saved?man?lives?because?people?in?the?path?of?the?lava?can?be?warned?to?leave?their?houses.?Unfortunately,?we?cannot?move?their?homes?out?of?the?way,?and?many?houses?have?been?covered?with?lava?or?burned?to?the?ground.?When?boiling?rock?erupts?from?a?volcano?and?crashes?back?to?earth,?it?causes