《新编实用英汉翻译教程》第一章 翻译基本知识与理论概述

新编实用英汉翻译教程CompanyLogoContents第一章翻译基本知识与理论概述第二章英、汉之间的对比第三章英汉翻译中的技巧与方法第四章英汉翻译中的特殊句型翻译第五章英汉翻译中的从句翻译第六章英汉翻译中的长句翻译第七章英汉翻译中的习语翻译第八章英汉翻译中的广告与商标翻译第九章商务翻译第十章论文摘要的翻译第十一章中国饮食翻译CompanyLogoUnit1

BasicKnowledge&SkillsofTranslationCompanyLogoUnit1

haveknowledgeof

languagefamilies

learnsomethingaboutequivalenceofsemanticmeaningidentifythedifferencesinpartofspeeches

betweenC-E

graspthepragamaticmeaningofwords

understandthedifferencesinsentencestructureLearningFocusCompanyLogo

DefinitionandNatureofTranslation

MethodsofTranslation

TranslationHistory

PrinciplesorCriteriaofTranslation

ProceduresofTranslationBasicKnowledge&SkillsofTranslationUnit1CompanyLogo

What’stranslation?

Translationisacross-culture

andcross-languagecommunicationofexactlyandcompletelyreproducinginonelanguagetheideaswhichhavebeenexpressedinanotherlanguage,firstintermsofmeaningandsecondlyintermsofstyle..

翻译是跨文化、跨语言的交流；准确、完整地把一种语言所表达的思想用另一种语言重新表达出来；首先是意义，其次是文体。SectionIDefinitionandNatureofTranslation

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What’sthegoodtranslation?

Besurethatapropertranslationhelpstopromotemutualunderstandingbetweenpeopleofdifferentculturalandsocialbackgrounds,whileimproperrenderingormisunderstandingofwordsorexpressionsmayleadtoconfusion.CompanyLogo

What’sthegoodtranslation?

五讲四美三热爱----fivestresses,fourpointsofbeautyandthreeaspectsoflove.街道妇女----housewivesoftheneighborhood

教师休息室----

teacher’slobby(lounge)拳头产品----knockoutproducts/competitiveproductscoreproducts红包——Covertpayment,underthetablepayment,cashgiftCompanyLogo

Wrongcollocations

提高英语水平浓咖啡强硬政策学习知识实现自给自足违反他的意图toraisethelevelofEnglishknowledgepowerful

coffeestrongpolicylearnknowledgeachieveself-sufficiencyviolatehisintentiontoimproveone’sEnglish;toincreaseone’sknowledgeofEnglishstrongcoffeetoughpolicyacquireknowledgereachself-sufficiencygoagainsthisintention啊，好票！Ah,goodtickets!Ah,goodseats!CompanyLogo

ascience(theoryandskills)anart(charmsandstyle)askill(aprocess)acraft(aprocess)anoperation(methods)acommunication

(speakers)politicalessaysliteraryworksnewsreportspracticalwritingsscienceandtechnologyarticles

NatureandScopeNatureScopeCompanyLogo

Classificationofthetranslation

Fromdifferentaspectswecanhavedifferentkindsoftranslation.Intermsoflanguages,therearethreekindsoftranslation:Intralingualtranslation-----语内翻译

translationfromancientlanguageintomodernlanguage.translationfromlocallanguageintoanotherlocallanguagewithinacountry.(translationbetweendialects)Interlingualtranslation-----语际翻译

translationfromChineseintoforeignlanguageandviceversa(nativelanguage→foreignare)CompanyLogo

Generallyspeaking,translationcanbedividedinto,oralinterpretationwrittentranslationandmachinetranslation;

full-texttranslationandabridgedtranslation.Asfarasmethodsareconcerned,thereareliteraltranslation(直译)andfreetranslation(意译).Asforculturalorientation,(文化倾向性)thereareothertwomethodsbasednotonlyonthelanguagelevelbutalsoontheculturallevelcalledforeignzingmethodanddomesticatingmethod.(异化和归化）

ClassificationofthetranslationCompanyLogo

SectionIITranslation

Methods

LiteraltranslationLiteraltranslationmeansnottochangetheoriginalwordsandsentences,andtrytokeepthecontentandstyleoforiginalworks.

ColdwarBirdfluHotlineCrocodile’stearsGentlement’sagreement冷战禽流感热线鳄鱼的眼泪君子协定保住面子半边天铁饭碗血浓于水口蹄疫saveone’sfacehalftheskyironricebowlBloodisthickerthanwater.mouthandfeetdiseaseCompanyLogo

SotraditionallypoisonousarerelationsbetweenthetwowomenthatHindusrefertofeignedsorrow------whatinthewestiscalledcrocodiletears-------as“adaughter-in-lawmourningherdeadmother-inlaw”.

由于婆媳之间的关系历来就是这等恶劣，所以印度人常用“儿媳妇哭婆婆”这句话来比喻假慈悲,等于西方人所说的“鄂鱼的眼泪”。

ItwasandisthecustomoftheIndianstogothroughtheceremonyofburyingthetomahawkwhentheymadepeace;whentheywenttowar,theydugitupagain.

印地安人要讲和时，便举行埋斧子典礼，要开始作战时再把战斧拿出来，这过去是现在仍然是印地安人的习俗。

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Freetranslationismainlyusedtoconveythemeaningandspiritoftheoriginalworkwithouttryingtoretainitssentencestructureandfiguresofspeech.

Freetranslationdaystudentmaddoctorhenpartygoosestepbull’seyescovertpayment走读生精神病医生妇女聚会正步走靶心红包傍大款喉结打白条鼾声如雷炒股探照灯

findasugardaddyadam’sappleissueanIOUdrivingone’spigstomarketstagstockfloodlightCompanyLogo

LastnightIheardhimdrivinghispigstomarket.昨天晚上我听见他鼾声如雷。WhenJohnwastalkingabouttheaffair,wesmelledarat.约翰说这件事时，我们就感到怀疑。Itisthemanbehindthegunthattells.决定胜败的是人而不是武器。Henever

callsaspadeaspade.

他从不讲实话。Doyouseeanygreeninmyeye?

你以为我是幼稚可欺的吗？CompanyLogo

Ingeneral,literaltranslationandfreetranslationonlyarerelativeconcepts.Inthepracticeoftranslation,thereisnoabsolute“literal”,norentirely“free”,andweshouldtrytobeflexibleandcombinethetwoapproachesifnecessary.

Thenovel“TheMakingofaHero”impressedmedeeply.《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这部小说给我留下了深刻的印象。

Everyyearwehaveagatheringofoldboys.每年我们都举行一次老同学聚会。

ThereisamixtureofthetigerandtheapeinthecharacterofaFrenchman.虎恶狐狡，兼而有之，这就是法国人的性格。CompanyLogo

Foreignzingtriestokeeptheculturalfeatureandlanguagestyleintheoriginalwhenweneedtomakesomedifferencesinourtranslating.

Foreignizing

TrumpcardBaptismoffireTowerofivoryElectronicbaby-sitter

SourgrapesSiliconvalley王牌炮火洗礼象牙塔电子保姆（电视）

酸葡萄硅谷CompanyLogo

Moreexample

AllroadsleadtoRome:条条大道通罗马Toteachone’sgrandmothertoeateggs:教老祖母吃鸡蛋班门弄斧：Showoffone’sproficiencywiththeaxebeforeLuBan,themastercarpenter.

Gotolawforsheep,youloseacow.为了一只羊打官司，却损失了一头牛。Herethecapturedcomradeswerejammedtogetherlikesardines.这儿被俘的同志聚在一起像沙丁鱼一样挤得满满的。

Lord,howshouldGodapprovethatyourobPeter,andgivethisrobberytoPaulinthenameofChrist.哎呀，上帝怎么能允许你抢劫彼得，又以耶稣基督的名义把抢来的东西给予保罗呢！

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Domesticationalwaysgivesuptheimagesofthefigureofspeechinthesourcelanguage,convertsthemintoformsoftargetlanguageandmaketheversionmorelikenativeone.

Domesticatinggoflatlinegreenboyauser-friendlycameraPandora’sboxanolddogamare’snestaspoorasachurchmouseAmongwolvesonemusthowl.死亡怡红公子傻瓜相机祸根年逾花甲子虚乌有一贫如洗入乡随俗CompanyLogo

Moreexample

Springuplikemushrooms---------雨后春笋Everybody‘sbusinessisnobody’sbusiness.三个和尚无水喝。

Amongtheblindtheone-eyedmanisking.山中无老虎，猴子称霸王。Hehadthekindnesstoshowmetheway,butItookitforsomethingelse.他好心为我指路，我却认为他是另有企图，真是“狗咬吕洞宾不识好人心”。CompanyLogo

SectionIIITranslationHistory

Ashumancommunicationequalstranslation,translationisasoldaslanguageitself.BoththeEastandtheWestowetheircivilizationstotranslators.Inthewest,translationbeganintheoldRometimes.

China,oneofthefourgreatcountrieswithancientcivilizations,boastsanoverthreethousand-year-oldhistoryoftranslation.TheearliesthistoricaldocumentsrecordingtranslationactivitiesinChinacanbetracedbacktoZhouDynasty(1100B.C.)Thecharacter“译”appearedasearlyasabout3,000yearsago.ItwasfoundintheBookofRites(礼记).

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FourPeaksinChina1.ThelateEasternHanDynasty(150A.D)Buddhism张骞玄奘

2.ThelateMingandearlyQingDynasty(17thcentury)3.Themid19thcenturytotheMay4thMovement(theOpiumwar)徐光启李之藻4.May4thmovementto1949

(politics,literature)林则徐李善兰林纾严复鲁迅矛盾郭沫若瞿秋白林语堂傅雷CompanyLogo

TheprinciplesorcriteriaoftranslationTheso-calledprinciplesandcriteriaoftranslationareactuallythetwosidesofthesamething.Theformerlaysemphasisonthetranslatorwhoshouldfollowthemwhiletranslating.Whilethelatteronthereaderorcriticwhomayusethecriteriatoevaluatetranslationworks.

SectionⅣfaithfulnessexpressiveness

eleganceCompanyLogo

SomeofinfluentialtranslationprinciplesaregivenbyChinesetranslationtheorists.严复：信达雅—faithfulness/expressiveness/elegance.The“threecharacterguide”isregardedasaplumb-lineoflongstandingtomeasuretheprofessionalleveloftranslating.傅雷：神似—spiritualconformity,Emphasizingthereproductionofthespiritoftheflavoroftheoriginal.强调原作神韵再现。钱钟书：化境—sublimedadaptation.Focusonthetranslator’ssmoothandidiomaticChineseversionforthesakeoftheChinesereader.强调通畅符合汉语读者的习惯表达。刘重德：信、达、切—faithfulness/expressiveness/closeness.

SectionIVTranslationHistoryCompanyLogo

acompletetranscript/thesamecharacter/theeaseAlexanderFlaser

Tytler

(A.F.Tytler)WesternTheoriesdynamicequivalenceEugene.A.NidaCompanyLogo

WesternTheoriesTranslationshouldgiveacompletetranscriptoftheideaoftheoriginalwork.

译文应保全原作的思想

Thestyleandmannerofwritingshouldbeofthesamecharacterwiththatoftheoriginal.译作的风格和笔调应与原作一致

Thetranslationshouldhavealltheeaseoftheoriginalcomposition.译作应和原作一样流畅

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SectionVTranslationProcess

languagephenomenon(polysemouswords,grammaticalrelation,hibitualusage)logicalconnectionRepresentationProofreading名著杰作ComprehensionculturalfactorsCompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

Understandwords

1.你要有所弋获，则必须在学习中不断深入。2.陈先生是中国学界的泰斗，他的那本书似为汉语修辞学研究的嚆矢。3.在旧中国，小人当道，瓦釜雷鸣的情形屡见不鲜。4.婚姻不自由是当时勃谿时起的原因之一。5.那研究生英年好学，矻矻三载，终使其论文得以付梓。6.那位学贯中西的我国学者和英文大师，年轻时赴美负笈哈拂一年，即得硕士。7.不少人认为“信达雅”是严复的戛戛独造并奉之为译事圭臬。

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SectionVTranslationProcess

1.Ifyouwanttogain

anything,youmustconstantlydeepenyourstudies.2.Mr.Chen,ourrespectedteacher,isarenownedmasterintheacademiccirclesofChina.ThatbookwrittenbyhimseemstobetheearliestoneintheChineserhetoricstudies.3.InoldChina,itwasgeneralcasesthatmeanpersonswereinpowerandtheunworthypeoplewereinfluentialandinhighplaces.4.Nofreedomofmarriageisoneofthecausesoffrequentfamilyquarrels.CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

5.Thatgraduatestudentathislife’sfullfloweringwaseagertolearn,workeddiligentlyanduntiringlyfor3years,andfinallyhehadhisthesispublished.6.ThatChinesescholarwhoknowsChinaandthewestquitewellandamasterofEnglishwenttotheUnitedStateswhenhewasyoungandstudiedthereHarvarduniversityforonlyoneyearbeforehegothismaster’sdegree.7.Manypeopleholdthat“faithfulness,expressivenessandelegance”isYanFu’sowngreatoriginalcreationandregarditasthestandardoftranslation.

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1.Comprehension

Languagephenomenon

PolysemouswordsbarThereisastrongbaronthedoor.门上有一根很结实的栓。——apieceofwoodormetalacrossthedoorgateHehummedtheopeningbarsofthemusic.他哼着乐曲开头的几个小节。——agroupofnotesinmusicHewalkedintothebar.他走进酒吧。——aplacewithacounterwheredrinksaresoldCompanyLogo

Polysemousword

SectionVTranslationProcess

kill

Hekilledthebottle。他把酒喝光了。Whilewaitingforthetrainhekilledtimebygivingforawalk.在等火车的时候，他以散步来消磨时间。——tomakethefreetimepassbyHerbrightredhatkilledthequietcolorofherdress.她戴一顶红色的帽子，和她一身的素装极不相称。——notmatchThatkilledhimaroundhere.那件事让他在这而威风扫地。——givehimabadname,makehimlossfaceHeiskillingme.他让我把肚皮都笑破——makemelaughingCompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

TherearestillsomedrystatesintheUnitedStates.误译：在美国还有一些州十分干旱。改译：在美国还有一些州禁酒。Thegoodswerehandedoverfordisposalagainstpaymentbythecustomer.误译：商品交给顾客，不用付钱。改译：商品卖给顾客，是要付钱的。Drivecarefullyonthatroadinbadweather，it’sverywinding.误译：气候恶劣的情况下，在那条路上开车要小心，因为风太大。改译：那条路弯弯曲曲的，天气不好的时候开车可得小心。Thiswasthelastplacetheexplorerswouldleave,foritlayrichesandnaturalresources.误译：这是那些探险家最后离开的地方，因为那里蕴藏着财富和自然资源。改译：这是那些探险家最不愿离开的地方，因为那里蕴藏着财富和自然资源。

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Grammaticalrelation

SectionVTranslationProcess

Intermsofgrammaticalrelation,differentunderstandingcomesfromdifferentgrammaticalanalysis.Veryoftenonesentencemayhavedifferenttranslation.

Maryshowedherbabypictures.Maryshowedsomepicturestoherbaby.

Maryshowedher(sister)somebabypictures.

Maryshowedherbabypicturestosomebody.

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Grammaticalrelation

SectionVTranslationProcess

Manypeoplearemoonlightingtoputmoneyawayforluxuriesorretirement.误译：许多人兼职是为了积存钱过奢侈的生活或退休后使用。改译：许多人兼职是为了积存钱买高档消费品或者防老。Itwillstrengthenyoutoknowthatyourdistinguishedcareerissowidelyrespectedandappreciated.误译：这样会使你更加认识到，你杰出的事业是如此广泛地受到人们的尊敬和赞赏。改译：当你认识到你的杰出的事业如此广泛地受到人们尊敬和赞赏时，你就会感到有力量。

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SectionVTranslationProcess

Thejobgiveshimplentyofresponsibility____heisinchargeofseveralthousandworkers___andplentyofcash.误译：他担任这项工作有很多责任，他管着几千名工人和许多现金。改译：他担任此项工作，责任重大，主管着几千名工人，不过报酬也很丰厚。HelistenedtothestrikingofBigBen,makingeveryquarterofanhourandreckonedouthowlongitlefttillthecitywokeagain.误译：他聆听着议院塔上的大钟的当当钟声,每过一刻钟便做个记号，心里盘算着还得呆多久城市才能苏醒过来。改译：国会大厦塔楼上的那座大本钟每一刻钟就敲响一次，他聆听着那当当的钟声，盘算再过多久这座城市方能苏醒过来。CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

DanielisnowwithhisfamilyinBonn;itisalreadyfiveyearssincehewasacook.译一：丹尼尔现同家人住在波恩，他做厨师已经有5年了译二：丹尼尔现同家人住在波恩，他不做厨师已经有5年了。Thetroopsofthetwocountriesaekeptatarm’slength.(表示距离够不着的地方)译一：两国军队相距很近。（汉语是一臂之远）译二：两国军队相距很远。（√）Youshouldnotdespisehimbecauseheisbackward.译一：你们不该看不起他，因为他落后。译二：不要因为某人落后，你们就看不起他。

HabitualusageCompanyLogo

Logicalconnection

SectionVTranslationProcess

Wemustinsertanewfuseeverytimeafusehasfunctioned.译一每当保险丝起作用以后，我们得插进新的。译二每当保险丝烧断我们就得换上新的。Agooddancernevermissedabeat.译一善于跳舞的人从不漏跳一拍译二总能跟上节拍/总能采对步点.

Freshbottleswerebrought,thedeadmenremoved.译一新的瓶子被带来了，死人给抬出去了。译二又送来了几瓶酒，空瓶子给拿走了。CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

Beijingwasinvadedbytouristsduringthe2008OlympicGames.原译：在2008年奥运会期间，北京遭到旅游者的入侵。改译：在2008年奥运会期间，北京涌入大批游客。Ithinkhewasmarriedandhadalionessathome.原译：我想他已经结婚了，家中还养了只母老虎。改译：我想他已经结婚了，太太是个母老虎。Iamonlyasmallpotatointheoffice.原译：我只是办公室的小土豆。改译：我在办公室只是个小人物。我们应使校务委员会年轻化。原译：WeshouldmakethemembersoftheCollegeBoardyounger.改译：WeshouldbringyoungerpeopleintotheCollegeBoard.CompanyLogo

Culturalfactors

SectionVTranslationProcess

Patrickwasonthecarpetforcrashing（撞坏）acompanycarthathehadn’tevenaskedpermissiontouse.译一帕特里克未经允许就使用公司的车并将车撞坏了，他因此站在了地毯上。译二帕特里克未经允许就使用公司的车并将车装坏了，他因此受到了训斥。Theteenagersdon’tlikeBobtotheirpartiesbecauseheisawetblanket.这些少年不邀请鲍勃参加他们的聚会，因为他是一个令人扫兴的人。

Sometimesapersonwhopresentshimselfaskindandgentlecaninprivateturnacttobeadragon,whobreathesfire.

有时候，一个在公共场合显得和蔼可亲，温文尔雅的人在私下里却像一个凶神恶煞的怪兽。CompanyLogo

SectionVTranslationProcess

Theoldmanalwayseatshismedicine.这个老人总是忍气吞声。Shewasbornwithasilverspooninhermouth.Shethinksshecandowhatshelikes.她生长在富贵之家，认为凡事都可随心所欲Johncanbereliedon.Heeatsnofishandplaysthegame.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。我属鸡。我从来不吃鸡。鸡年是我的本命年。IwasbornintheyearofRooster.Inevereatchicken.TheyearoftheRoosterwillbringmegoodluckorbadluck.他没料到半路上会杀出一个程