本科毕业设计-普通话的普及对中国方言多样性的消极影响

V.TheMethodsofProtectingChineseDialects’DiversityThemethodswillbeintroducedfromthreeaspects.Firsttheauthorkeepaneyeonthenationalinstitutions.Forpromotingorprotectingthelanguageanddialects,nationalpolicyisessential.Moreover,filmsaswellaspopularsongscouldaffectthecitizengraduallyandunconsciously.Inthatcase,theentertainmentindustryshouldnotbeneglected.Chinesecitizenisbeingthelastpoint.A.GovernmentOrganizationsIfthecountry’sgovernmentcouldkeepaneyeontheprotectionofdialects’sdiversity,thecitizenwillbeawareofthisissue.TherearetwokindsofwaystoprotecttheChinesedialects’diversity.Firstisthealive-styleprotection(Karlsson,2013).WhilepromotingPutonghua,thecountryshouldtrytomakethedialectsspokeninthecommunity.Secondistherecordtypeprotection,theinformationofdialectsshouldbewellpreserved,especiallytheendangereddialect.(Huang,2008)1.EducationSectorThedialects’use,foralongtime,hasnotbeenacourseforstudentstolearn.Maybeforsomepeople,itisridiculoustolearnadialectasaforeignlanguage.Thecommonthoughtisthatwithadialect’scircumstance,oncechildrenstarttosaywords,theystarttospeakthedialect(Jenks,2013).Forpeoplewhogrownupinruralareas,theypickedupadialecttotallyunconsciously.Butnowthesituationhaschangedalot.Itisnotthateasyforchildrentoprovidethemselvessuchapuredialect’scircumstance,becausemillionsofyoungpeoplecrowdintotheurbanareas.Whattheeducationsectorcandoistoprovidethechildrentheopportunitiestotouchthelocaldialect.Forexample,primaryschool,middleschool,anduniversitycouldstarttosetlocaloperaastheirelectivecourse.Andencouragetheirstudentstolearntraditionallocalopera,suchasBeijingopera,Kunquopera,YujuoperaandShaanxiopera.Theoperaissingedinlocaldialect.Ifstudentscouldlearntheirlocaloperatheymusthaveadeeperunderstandingontheirdialect.Forexample,iftheylearnKunquopera,theycouldpracticeJiangsuKunshandialect.IftheylearnShaanxiopera,theycouldpracticeShaanxidialect.2.CulturalSectorAlthoughtheChinesedialecthasnotbeenformallyidentifiedtillnow,lotsofexpertsaswellasscholarshavealreadyregardeditastheintangibleculturalheritage(Ladefoged,2009).ThosescholarsrealizedthesignificanceandpaidnumerouseffortsinthestudyofChinesedialect,eitherbeforeorafterthefoundingofnewChina.Somepeopleexhaustedthewholelife’senergyinthestudyoflocaldialect.Nowthesituationhasimprovedgreatly.Everyyeartherearemanyprojectsofnationalsocialandsciencefundsuccessfullyreceivingfundsupportwhichcomesfromnationalfinancialallocations.SomeoftheseprojectsaretargetingthelossofChinesedialects’diversity.Forconductingaresearch,humanandmaterialresourcesareallindispensablesincetheycarrythewordlistofdialectandgotodifferentplaces,nomatterurbanorrural.ThiskindofstudyisthemostvaluableforChinesedialects’diversity.Soitisnecessaryfornationalculturalauthoritiestostronglysupporttheresearchwhichtakedialectastarget.Forsomedialectswitheringawayorusedinsmallrange,theresearchprotectionmethodismoresuitable.Towritedialectannalsandthentostoretheminthemuseumishelpful.Therearealsootherwaysforexample:tocollectfolkproverbsandstories,ortosortoutfolkmusicandlocalopera(Yuan,1983).B.EntertainmentIndustryTheauthorwilltalkaboutwhatpeopleintheentertainmentindustrycandotoprotectChinesedialectfromtwoaspects.1.FilmandTelevisionFieldFilmmakersshouldtrytoshootfilmsintheirlocaldialects.ThedomesticfilmmakerscanlearnfromtheirHongKongcunterpartsbecausetheymakeCantonesefamousthroughoutAsia.Forexample:WuJianDao/InfernalAffairsbyLiuWeiqiang,TianMiMi/Comrades:AlmostaLoveStorybyChenKexin.Thesefilmsnotonlymakethedirectorsfamous,butalsoacceleratethespreadofCantonese.Recentlyitisnothardtoseemoreandmoredialogueswithaccentadmittedintothefilms,andtheexamplesarenumerous.Forexample:HuaYangNianHua/IntheMoodforLoveincludesmanydialoguesinShanghaidialect.TheactorWangBaoqiangperformesinHebeidialectinthefilmTianXiaWuZei/AWorldWithoutThievesbyFengXiaogang.WangQuan’anisadirectorfromShaanxi,andhehasBaiLuYuan/WhiteDeerPlainproducedinShaanxidialect.TheactorsandactressesinZuiAi/LoveForLifeperformedinthedialectofHenan.ItisalsoagoodwayforlocalTVandradiostationstomaintainshootinguniqueprogramsinlocaldialect.Whichcoulddefinitelyhelpthesekindoftelevisionseriesgraduallygetintopeople’scommonlife.Asforthetelevisionserieswhichcontainsalternativedialects,manychannelsofdifferentregionsrepeatplayingthesameworkinthemeantime.Inthisway,nomatterwheretheaudienceisfrom,thestandarddialectsofallpartsofChinaareavailabletobeenjoyed.Forexample,WuLinWaiZhuan/MyOwnSwordsmanalmostcontainsthesevenmaindialectsofChina.ThestressesofthistelevisionareShaanxidialect,northeastdialect,Tianjindialect,MindialectandShanghaidialect.LongMenBiaoJu/LongmenExpress,thepopulartelevisioninthesummerof2013,isamixofmanydialects.TheaudiencecouldfrequentlypickupsomeCantonese,Sichuandialect,HebeidialectandHenandialect.TheproducersofChineseanimationhavebeenprovedhavingasuccessfultrybytheworkXiongChuMo/熊出没.ThebeerXiongErhasastrongaccentofnorthpartofChina.ThediectorofthetelevisionseriesLiuLaoGen/刘老根,ZhaoBenshan,isfromLiaoningprovince.Somostofthedialogueinthisworkisinnortheastdialect.ThecomedyXi’anHuJia/西安虎家,thethreeactorsofleadingroleareallfromXi’anandcouldspeakpureXi’andialect.LocalTVstationalsodidsomegreatworkinshootingtelevisionseries.WecanalwaysfindDuShiSuiXi/都市碎戏inShaanxiTVStation.Butitisnotfamiliarforthepeoplefromotherplace.Filmsandtelevisioncanbringaudiencestheexperiencesofdifferentculture,notonlybyeyebutalsobyear.Eveniftherearejustafewelementsofdialectsinonefilm,millionsofpeople,fromyoungtoold,havethechancetoaccessthedialectsofdifferentregions.2.MusicFieldTheinfluenceofmusiconpeopleisnotasgreatasthatofthefilmandtelevision.ButitcanstillbespreadtothewholeChina.Thesongwillsometimesbethethemesongofthefilmorthetelevisionseries.Theindigenousmusicproducerandsingershouldnotgiveupmakingmusicinlocaldialects.Inthisaspect,wecannotdenythattheHongKongpeopledidbetterthanus.AlotofpeoplefromthemainlandofChinacouldsingtheCantonesesongslikeGuangHuiSuiYue/光辉岁月,HaiKuoTianKong/海阔天空byBeyond,HongRi/红日byLiKeqin,andsoon.ManypeoplechooseCantonesesongswhentheyareinKTV.Manyexamplesoffamoussongssungindifferentdialectscanbefound.Forexample,ShaanxiMeiShi/陕西美食byHeisainXi’andialect.ShengDanJieGeYeTou/圣诞节个夜头byTangXiaoqinginLiyangdialectofJiangsuprovince.ZaiBeijing/在北京byYinCanginBeijingdialect.AiPinCaiHuiYing/爱拼才会赢inMindialect.Iftherearemoreandmoresongssungindialects,peoplewillhavemorechancestoenjoythosedialects.Evensomeofthemwilllearntosingthemselvesanditisagoodwaytolearnsomedialects.Whenpeoplerealizethedialectplaysanimportantroleintheirdailylife,itwillbeeasiertocallonthemtoprotectdialects.C.TheCitizen:Everybody’sAttitudetoDialectsAlthoughthegovernmentcouldletoutpoliciestoprotectthealternativeChinesedialects.Andthedirectorsaswellasthesingersarewillingtoaddsomedialectsintheirworks.Itisnecessarytoknowthat,Chinesedialects’protectionshouldbethedutyofeveryindividual,nomatteroldoryoung.1.AdultsAsamatteroffact,theadultshaveagreatinfluencetothechildren.Letusassumethatsinceachildwasborn,theadultsstarttospeakboththedialectaswellasPutonghuaaroundthebaby.Howcoulditbethechildrencannotspeakbothofthemwhengrowingup?Nowthesurroundingshavechangedalot.Mostoftheparentshopetheirchildrencouldenteraprestigiousuniversityandhuntaso-calledawesomejob.Withthishope,parentsdevotemuchenergyandmoneyinchildren’sforeignlanguage’slearningfromthechildhood.Sometimesthestrongaccentinthechildren’sPutonghuawillaffecttheirforeignlanguage’spronunciation(Jenks,2013).Inthemeantime,thePutonghua’steachingstyleisverymuchfocusedbymoreandmoreprimaryschoolsinthisage.Underthosecircumstances,itisnothardtorealizewhytherearesomeparentsdonnotliketheirchildrenspeakinglocaldialect.However,theadultscouldthinkinotherpointofview:ifthefatherandthemotherarecomefromdifferentregionsandalsotheycouldspeaktheirdialect,thechildrenofthemwillgrasptwomorecommunicatingdialectsthanthosechildrenjustspeakPutonghua.Whenthechildrengrowupandstarttohuntajob,itisalsoobviousthattheyhavemorechoices.Afterknowingtheselongstandingbenefits,thoseadultsmaynothavesomuchobjectiononchildren’sspeakingdialectasbefore.Putonghuaisvital,butinthenonformalsituation,parentscouldalsotalkwithchildrenindialect.2.ChildrenThegreatpressureofforeignlanguage’slearning,togetherwithdreamofenteringafamousuniversity,whichisbeingpartofthereasonwhychildrenloseinterestoflettingoutthedialectwordsbytheirownmouth.Thereisbeingnumerousreasonsforchildrendropthedialect’sspeaking.Hereinthispapertheauthorwillmainlydiscussthreesituation.First,forthechildrenwholiveandgotoschoolinurbanarea,thereisbeinglessopportunitytospeakdialect.Underthiscircumstance,childrengraduallylosetheawarenesstotalkwithsomeoneinlocaldialect.Dayafterday,yearafteryear,itisnothardtorealizewhysomechildreninurbanarea“dislike”tocommunicateinlocaldialect.Whattheauthorwanttopointoutis,unabletospeakthelocaldialectisagreatpityforeveryone.Now,inhometown,theymaybotbeawareofthis.Oncetheygotootherregions,theymustrethinkthisissue,recalltheirchildhoodandask“Why”.Itisjustamatteratime.Second,forthechildrenwhoreceiveeducationinurbanareabutcomefromruralarea,whencomingintothenewschoolinthecity,itmustbeverystrangeforthemtoawarealmosteveryclassmatespeakstandardPutonghua.Theymightbeshyaftermeetingthisgreatshock,andevensomeofthemdonnotdaretoletouttheirvoicebecausetheyspeakPutonghuawithaccent.Theythinktheyaretheoutsiders.Astimegoesby,theychoosetopracticePutonghuaandwhentheirPutonghuaisstandardenough,theydroptheprevioushabitofspeakingdialect.Sincethen,itseemsliketheyhavechangedintoalocalpeople.Forthiskindofchildren,theyareabletospeaktheirdialectbuttheyjustdonnotspeakthatintheverycity.Whentheycometotheirhometown,theycouldletouttheirdialectsmoothly(Chao,2006).Someofthemevenpickupthedialectoftheverycity.Theyareluckydogsbecauseofspeakingtwodialectsinthemeantime.TwomorecommunicatingdialectsareholdbythemthanwhojustspeakPutonghua.LastsituationisthechildrenwhothinkspeakingdialectisbadfortheirPutonghua,evenfortheirforeignlanguage’spronunciation.Theydropspeakingdialectbecauseotherpeoplecouldtellwheretheyarefrombytheirforeignlanguage’spronunciation.Buttheauthorholdtheopinionthat,thereisnotacontradictionamonghavingthecapabilityofspeakingdialects,Putonghua,andforeignlanguages.Actually,differentlanguages’learningisindependentofeachother.Evenifsometeachersorstudentsoncesaidthebadpronunciationofforeignlanguageistoblameforthestrongaccentofhometown,thisproblemstillneedtobeverified(Li,2007).Asweallknowthereisnotanabsoluteanswerforeveryproblem.Infundamental,lackofpersistentpracticemakesthepoorpronunciationofforeignlanguage.Thiskindofchildrenshouldawareofthatfrequentuseofdialectisnottheexcuseandpracticemakesperfect.ConclusionAfterhalfacenturyofpromotioninPutonghua,“TospeakPutonghua”havebeenputintopeople’smindinmostofregionsofourcountry.Duringthefirst60yearsafterthefoundationofPeople’sRepublicofChina,theachievementsofPutonghuahavebeenpreferredratherthanwhichshortness.TheauthorwanttoprovethatalthoughthemovementofPutonghua’spromotionhasdonealotgoodjobinnumerousaspects,itisstilladouble-edgedsword.Inthispaper,theauthorhasanalyzedthegrammar,vocabularyandpronunciationchangesofatypicaldialect,Guanzhongdialect.Sinceseeingthenumerousexamplesofword,phraseandsentence,thereaderscouldeasilyfindthereareatleasttwoexpressionstoexpressonesamemeaning.TheformerispureandtraditionalGuanzhongdialect.Usuallythenativeoldpeopleletoutthiskindofexpressionandwhichishardforsomeyoungpeopletounderstand.ThelatterissillGuanzhongdialect.ThismodernGuanzhongdialectisspokenbymostofthepeopleinthecapitalcity,Xi’an.Forthenewcomers,itiseasiertounderstandandpickup.Theauthorholdstheideathat,theexpressionsofdialectchangefromuniqueusagetopopularusageingrammar.Thewordsofdialectchangefromspecifictonationwideinvocabulary.Thefeelingsofspeakingadialectchangefromweirdsoundtocommonsoundinpronunciation.Timeisneededtotestwhetherthispolicyisadvancedornot,sincethechangesofChinesedialectshavealreadybeenwitnessedbyeveryindividual.Aundoubtedfactisthat,someparticulardialectsinthenorthpartofChinaareverymuchlikePutonghuanow.SomeweakdialectsinthesouthernChinahavealreadydisappeared.Intheauthor’sopinion,thosefactsshowthenegativeeffectsofthePutonghua’spromotion.Althoughtheunificationofdialectsisatrendnoonecouldstop,thevariousdialectsisstillasignificantpartofChineseintangibleculturalheritage.ThegraduallydeepeningstudyofChinesedialectswouldhelptheexpertsinmanyterritories,forexample,traditionalChinesepoetry,Ci-poetry,