2023学年完整公开课版ApplicationsOfEnzymes2

生物技术及应用专业教学资源库EnglishForBiotechnology专业英语Chapter3EnzymeEngineeringUnit5

ApplicationsOfEnzymesApplicationsOfEnzymes

Enzymesareusedinindustriesindifferentways.InDairyindustryInDetergentIndustryInStarchIndustryInBrewingIndustryInWineIndustry酶以不同的方式用于工业乳品工业洗涤剂行业淀粉工业酿酒行业葡萄酒行业IndustrialUsesOfEnzymesApplicationsOfEnzymes

Foralongtime,calfrennethasbeenusedinthedairyindustry.Inrecentyears,calfrennetsarereplacedbymicrobialrennets(e.g.Mucormichei).Theyareacidaspartateproteases.TheyslightlydifferfromcalfrennetsastheydependforreactionwithcaseinonCa++,temperature,pH,etc.长期以来，小牛凝乳酶一直用于乳品工业。近年来，小牛凝乳酶被微生物凝乳酶（如米氏毛霉）所取代。它们是酸性天冬氨酸蛋白酶。它们与小牛凝乳酶稍有不同，因为它们与酪蛋白的反应取决于钙离子、温度、pH值等。InDairyindustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Lactase(producedbyBacillusstearothermophilus)isusedforhydrolysisoflactoseinwheyormilk,andlipaseforflavourdevelopmentinspecialcheeses.乳糖酶（由嗜热脂肪芽孢杆菌产生）用于水解乳清或牛奶中的乳糖，脂肪酶用于特殊奶酪的风味开发。InDairyindustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Duringnormalwashingproteinaceousdirtoftenprecipitatesonsolidclothsandproteinsfacilitatetoadherethedirtontextilefibresandmakestainsoncloths.Thesestainsaredifficulttoremovefromclothes.Nevertheless,itcanbeeasilyremovedbyaddingproteolyticenzymestothedetergent.洗涤剂行业在正常的洗涤过程中，蛋白质污垢通常会沉淀在固体布料上，蛋白质有助于将污垢粘附在纺织纤维上，并在布料上留下污渍。这些污渍很难从衣服上除去。然而，在洗涤剂中加入蛋白水解酶很容易去除。InDetergentIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Itattackspeptidebondsandtherefore,dissolvesprotein.ThealkalineserineproteaseobtainedfromB.licheniformisismostwidelypreferredtouseindetergent.Inaddition,theserineproteaseofB.amyloliquefaciensisalsousedforthispurpose.Itcontainsa-amylase,hencetosomeextentitmaybeadvantageous.它攻击肽键，从而溶解蛋白质。从地衣芽孢杆菌中提取的碱性丝氨酸蛋白酶被广泛应用于洗涤剂中。此外，解淀粉双歧杆菌的丝氨酸蛋白酶也用于此目的。它含有α-淀粉酶，因此在某种程度上可能是有利的。InDetergentIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Ithasbeenmentionedearlierthathydrolysisofstarchbeganintheearly1960stopreparedextroseandglucosesyrups.Furthermore,forcompleteacidhydrolysisofstarchtodextroseglucoamylasewascoupledwithbacteriala-amylase.Currently,variousenzymaticprocessesareappliedtovariousproducts.淀粉工业早在20世纪60年代初，人们就已经提到了淀粉的水解，以制备葡萄糖和葡萄糖糖浆。此外，为了使淀粉完全酸水解为葡萄糖，还将葡萄糖淀粉酶与细菌α-淀粉酶偶联。目前，各种酶法工艺应用于各种产品。InStarchIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Theuseofstarchdegradingenzymeswasthefirstlarge-scaleapplicationofmicrobialenzymesinfoodindustry.Mainlytwoenzymescarryoutconversionofstarchtoglucose:alpha-amylasecutsrapidlythelargealpha-1,4-linkedglucosepolymersintoshorteroligomersinhightemperature.Thisphaseiscalledliquefactionandiscarriedoutbybacterialenzymes.淀粉水解酶是微生物酶在食品工业的第一次大规模应用。在食品工业中，主要有两种酶将淀粉转化为葡萄糖。在高温下α-淀粉酶迅速将α-1,4-糖聚合物分解为低聚物，这一过程称为液化，是由细菌酶完成的。InStarchIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Inthenextphasecalledsaccharification,glucoamylasehydrolysestheoligomersintoglucose.Thisisdonebyfungalenzymes,whichoperateinlowerpHandtemperaturethanalpha-amylase.下一阶段叫糖化，糖化酶将低聚物转化成葡萄糖，这一过程在比α-淀粉酶低些的pH和温度下进行，由真菌酶完成。InStarchIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Glucoseisomeraseisanimportantenzymeusedcommerciallyintheconversionofglucosetofructoseviaisomerisation.Fructoseisusedinthepreparationoffructosesyrup.Thereactionmixtureattheendcontains42%fructose,52%glucose,and6%dextrins.Themixtureissweeterthanglucoseandassweetassucrose.Now,techniqueshavebeendevelopedtoobtain55%fructoseconcentrationinsyrup.葡萄糖异构酶是一种重要的酶，商业上用于通过异构化将葡萄糖转化为果糖。果糖用于制备果糖糖浆。最后的反应混合物含有42%的果糖、52%的葡萄糖和6%的糊精。这种混合物比葡萄糖甜，像蔗糖一样甜。现在，技术已经发展到在糖浆中获得55%的果糖浓度。InStarchIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Enzymesusedinthebrewingindustryarea-amylase,b-glucanaseandproteasewhicharerequiredformaltinsubstitutionofbarley.SourceoftheseenzymesisB.amyloliquefaciens.a-amylaseisnotrequiredforliquefactionorbrewingadjunctsandb-glucanasealleviatesfiltrationproblemsduetopoormaltqualityandneutralproteasehelpsintheinhibitionofalkalineproteasebyaninhibitor.酿酒行业酿酒工业中使用的酶是a-淀粉酶、b-葡聚糖酶和蛋白酶，这些酶是麦芽替代大麦所必需的。这些酶的来源是解淀粉双歧杆菌。液化或酿造辅料不需要α-淀粉酶，β-葡聚糖酶可缓解因麦芽质量差而产生的过滤问题，而中性蛋白酶有助于通过抑制剂抑制碱性蛋白酶。InBrewingIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Pecticenzymesareutilisedinthewinebusinessfortopyieldofproductofimprovedquality.Thepecticenzymesarepectintranseliminase(PTE),polymethylgalacturonase(PMG),polygalacturonases(PG),pectinesterase(PE),etc.However,teaseglucoamylase,etc.葡萄酒行业果胶酶用于葡萄酒行业，以提高产品的最高产量和质量。果胶酶有果胶转胺酶（PTE）、聚甲基半乳糖醛酸酶（PMG）、多聚半乳糖醛酸酶（PG）、果胶酯酶（PE）等。然而，纤维素酶与不同的酶（如蛋白酶、糖化酶等）结合后，效果更佳.InWineIndustryApplicationsOfEnzymes

Industrialenzymemarketgrowssteadily,Thereasonforthisliesinimprovedproductionefficiencyresultingincheaperenzymes,innewapplicationfieldsandinnewenzymesfromscreeningprogrammesorinengineeredpropertiesoftraditionalenzymes.工业酶制剂市场稳步增长，源于生产效率的提高和价格的降低，源于新的应用领域，源于通过筛选而来的新酶的应用，源于具有工程特性传统的酶的应用。FuturetrendsinindustrialenzymologyApplicationsOfEnzymes

Newapplicationsaretobeexpectedinthefieldoftextiles,newanimaldietslikeruminantandfishfeed.Itcanbeexpectedthatbreakthroughsinpulpandpaperwillmaterialise.Theuseofcellulasestoconvertwastecelluloseintosugarsandfurthertoethanolbyfermentativeorganismshasbeenamajorstudytopicforyears.Increasingenvironmentalpressure