任务型阅读任务型阅读解题技巧

［任务型阅读］任务型阅读解题技巧【考纲解读】 任务型阅读采用一篇300~500词左右的短文和表格的考查形式，所选取的短文通常是英语文学作品、科普文章、公告以及书、报、杂志中关于一般性话题的简短文章。其表格呈现形式常常为：对比推进式的表格类或先总后分式的树状类。考生阅读后应能对文中的有效信息进行筛选、整合和综合概括，然后准确、有序地完成表格的空缺（根据说明，一空只填一词）。这不仅要求考生有较好的语篇理解能力，同时还必须具有获取有效信息、把握文章整体结构的能力；在解题过程中，考生还必须具备较扎实的词法和句法知识，因为所填写的单词不仅要准确表达意思，还必须在词性和词形上与上下文的句子结构保持一致或匹配。该题型的出现不仅有利于考查学生把握文章的篇章结构、综合处理信息的能力，体现出了新课改增加客观表达题的努力，同时对英语教学和高考复习提出了极高的要求。【考点透析】（一）题型分类1.原词重现：比较题干和原文所提供的信息，通过定位该题在文章中的位置即可找到答案，该答案一般为原词。典型题例：①原句：Duringthelastdecadeorso,theUnitedStatesinparticularhasdevelopedanapologyculture-apologiesofallkindsandforallsortsofwrongdoingsaremadefarmorefrequentlythanbefore.（20xx年江苏卷）—Inanapology（75）,admissionofallsortsofwroigdoingsismorerequiredthanbefore.分析：根据文章…hasdevelopedanapologyculture,可知该空答案为culture。②原句：Oneinterestingexperimentwastoattachlittlemagnetstothebirds'headstoblocktheirmagneticsense.（20xx年江苏卷）—Littlemagnetsweretiedtothepigeons'headsto（76）theirmagneticsense.分析：根据原句…thebirds'headstoblocktheirmagneticsense,通过定位该题在文章中的位置即可找到答案为block。③原句：Butoncloudydays,thepigeonswithmagnetscouldnotfindtheirway.（20xx年江苏卷）—Thepigeons'magneticsenseseemedtobeaffectedon（77）days.分析：根据原句…oncloudydays可知此处答案为:cloudy。.词性转化：分析题干，确定该空词性；然后根据信息源，找出所需转化的词汇，最后通过语法、结构等方面的要求提炼出新词。典型题例：①原句：Asuccessfulapologycanturnhateintopersonalandorganizationalharmony-whileanapologythatistoolittle,toolate,ortooobviouslystrategiccanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.（20xx年江苏卷）—Apologiesnot（73）offeredcanbringonindividualandinstitutionalruin.分析：根据题干定位该题在文章中的信息源，破折号处引出该题：“可见如果这种道歉没有很适当/正确的提出，就会造成个人和组织的毁灭。”文章中用形容词successful作定语修饰apology,而空格中则需要将其转化为副词来修饰过去分词offered,所以该空应填successfully或根据语境填入词汇properly/rightly。②原句：Soalittlemagneticneedlethatswingsfreelylinesitselfwiththebigearthmagnettopointnorthandsouth.（20xx年江苏卷）—Ourearthisabigmagnetandalittlefreely（71）magneticneedlelinesitselfwiththeearthmagnettopointnorthandsouth.分析：文章中用定语从句thatswingsfreely来修饰名词magneticneedle,要求考生将其转化为现在分词swinging作前置定语来修饰名词。③原句：Positive,negative,andneutralmessagesthatyoureceivefromothersallplayaroleindeterminingwhoyouare.（20xx年江苏卷）天是永恒的缩影。（爱默生）—Messagesfromothershelpyou(73)whoyouare.分析:抓住关键词determining,将此动名词转换为动词原形，因有词组helpsb.do…，故答案为：determine,或填入其同义词define/know/understand..固定搭配：根据题干和原文的语境和句意，通过语法、结构、搭配等方面的分析，对答案加以推断。典型题例：①原句：Andwhenevertheymakepublicstatementsofanykind,theirindividualandinstitutionalreputationsareindanger.20xx年江苏卷)—Thereneedstobeasufficientreasonsforaleadertoapologizein(78).分析：根据原句的表述及关键词in,可知此处考查短语搭配，故需填入答案public。②原句：Whenpeoplediscoveredthatideaaboutathousandyearsagoandinventedthecompass,itallowedsailorstonavigateonoceanvoyages,evenundercloudyskies.(20xx年江苏卷)—(72)ontheideaabove,thenavigatingcompasswasinvented.分析:根据原句的语境，以及对题干的分析，特别是关键介词on,结合短语base…on…，因base在题干中作状语，且后少宾语，又位于句首，故需用过去分词Based。③原句：…beresponsibleforyourownlearning,thoughitisbynomeansunwisetocompareyourobservationswiththoseofothergroupmembers.(20xx年江苏卷)—Take(76)forone'sownlearning.分析：该题考查同义短语beresponsiblefor和takeresponsibilityfor的相互替换，故此处答案为：responsibility。4.总结概括：做该类型题时，需根据表格中所对应的细节信息，结合文章内容来进行分析总结，概括出答案，要求较高。典型题例：①原文概括句：Thequestionofwhetherleadersshouldapologizepubliclyhasneverbeenmoreurgent.（20xx年江苏卷）—Whyhastheissueofpublicapologybeenso（74）nowintheUSA?分析：根据原句在段落中的句首位置及其语意，可知该句为该段的概括句，是题干意思的不同表述，对照信息源，故此处答案应为urgent。②原文概括句：Whenpeoplediscoveredthatideaaboutathousandyearsagoandinventedthecompass,itallowedsailorstonavigateonoceanvoyages,evenundercloudyskies.（20xx年江苏卷）—The（78）ofthemagneticstufffortheanimalcompass分析：根据原文的语境及信息源，可知该空概括答案为discovery。③原文概括句：So,thecommunicationbeginswiththeself,asdefinedlargelybyothers,andinvolvesothers,asdefinedlargelybytheself.（20xx•江苏卷）—Communication（72）others分析：通读该段，可确定该段的最后一句So,thecommunicationbeginswiththeself,asdefinedlargelybyothers,andinvolvesothers,asdefinedlargelybytheself是主题句。所以这里应填involves。（二）解题思路第一步:读懂短文主要意思了解文章大意是解题的第一环，也是关键的一步。只有读懂了文章，才能顺利地在表格中填出相关的信息。值得注意的是：如果表格前提供了小标题，要特别注意小标题，它通常是段落和表格的主题句。读懂了标题有助于理解短文和表格的大意和结构。第二步：理清短文主体结构了解短文的写作思路和线索结构，有助于加深对篇章内容的理解，同时短文的结构往往也是很重要的命题线索表格项目基本上就是根据篇章结构而设计的。第三步：分析完表格后细读文章，确定答案。仔细阅读文章，寻找相关信息及关键词。学会推理判断，力争返回原文，找出文章哪一部分与题目相关，抓住关键词语，以此为线索，在文中找出相关的词、句、句群，进行归纳，巧妙运用转换，进而推出答案。第四步：检查答案。主要检查字数是否符合要求，所填内容与原文意思是否保持通顺一致，句意是否连贯，是否符合语法规则等。（三）技巧突破四种变化:1.词性变化:原句：Manybirdsmigratetwiceayearbetweentheirsummerhomesandwinterhomes.(20xx年江苏卷)—Onepieceofevidenceisthe(73)ofmanybirdsbetweentheirsummerhomesandwinterhomes.分析：此处将谓语动词migrate转化为名词migration。.结构变化:原句：Atfirst,thegovernmenthaddifficultyinpersuadingpeopletoleaveRioandtosettleinBrasilia.—Atfirst,thegovernmentfoundittopersuadepeopletoleaveRioandtosettleinBrasilia.分析：该题考查结构：havesomedifficultyindoingsth与finditdifficulttodosth.的相互转化，所以此处需要填入答案：difficult。.表达变化：原句：ThetownhaschangedsomuchthatIevencan'tmakesurewheremyhouseisaftersomanyyearsabroad.—ThetownhaschangedoutofallsinceIwaslasthere.分析：该题考查同义句的相互转化，即一种意思采用两种不同的表达方式，故该题答案为recognition。4.段落变化：一般来说表格内容的呈现与文章内容的先后是一致的，但有时会有所不同，及文章前面的内容出现在表格的后面，而文章后面的内容出现在表格的前面，即表格内容的与文章内容的呈现出现了段落位置的变化。四种补充:解题时需根据表格所呈现的内容对所填答案的形式加以完善，即:①如果是名词，需根据其内容补充出该名词是用单数，还是复数形式。典型题例：（20xx年江苏卷）分析：当我们概括出该部分是指在鸽子和蜜蜂身上做实验，需用名词experiment时，首先需知道experiment是可数名词，又因为表格的右边为三方面实验内容，故可以补充出此处的experiment需用复数形式，即experiments为正确答案。②如果是动词，需根据结构、语境补充出该动词的适当形式，是谓语的单数，还是复数形式；是非谓语的现在分词，还是过去分词。典型题例：(20xx年江苏卷)分析：根据该段的内容可以归纳出”通过观察别人的言行举止，你就会理解别人所要传递的信息”。据此可知需用动词read，或understand，know。因为该空前有are，故可以补充出该动词应用现在分词形式，即reading/understanding/knowing。③如果是形容词、副词，需根据其使用的范围确定该形容词、副词是用原级、比较级、还是最高级。 典型题例：原句：MyshoesareverytightandIcan'twalkcomfortably.转换为：Ifmyshoesareabit,Icanwalkcomfortably.分析：仔细分析原句，且比较转换句，可知本题关键是If条件句，故需要找出tight的反义词，而且需要比较级。所以正确的答案应为：looser。④同时需要该单词的位置补充出该单词是大写，还是小写。典型题例：分析：当我们根据内容推出(75)题需填入动词wander时，就需考虑用该动词的什么形式；因表格中下面并列的两点Walk、Pray使用的是动词原形且单词为大写，故(75)题的动词正确形式需为：Wander。总之，只要考生注意平时多做任务型阅读的题目，多总结各种表格的特点，注意常用词汇的积累及转换，做题时细心并适时随机应变，完全可以游刃有余地应对任务型阅读这种题型。Allgoodthingsarecheap,allbadthingsareverydear.(H.D.Thoreau)【即时巩固】A.词意转换However,thetravelrushusuallybeginsuptotwoweeksbeforethat,andwilllast40daysbeginningfromJan11toFeb19.—ThetravelbeginsfromJan.11andendsonFeb.19,40days.Earlierthisyear,thechaoswasdramaticallymixedwithunusuallyseriouswintericestormsthatspreadsufferingacrossahugelandofthecountryjustasthemigrationwasgettingunderway.—Earlierthisyear,theunusualwintericestormlargeareasofthecountry,causingthemigrationtobebadlyheldup.WorldSleepDay,observedon21March,wascreatedtobringattentiontothegrowingnumberofsleepproblemsworldwide.Sleepisanaturalpartofhumanlife,butmanypeopleinthemodernworldignoreitsimportance.Asaresult,sleepproblemsareincreasinglycommon.—Duetoofsleepproblems,peopleobservedMar.21,WorldSleepDay,bringingattentiontotheimportanceofsleep.Themainfactorscausingtheseproblemsarepressurefromschoolorworkandafastpaceoflife,butnoisepollutionandlightpollutionalsointerferewithsleepandcontributetopoorqualitysleep.—Poorqualitysleepsalsofromnoiseorlightpollution.MostAsian^AmericanstudentsowetheirsuccesstotheinfluenceofparentswhoaredeterminedthattheirchildrentakefulladvantageofwhattheAmericaneducationalsystemhastooffer.—Asian^Americanstudentsachievesuccess,。byparentsandAsianculture.Abilingualeducationoffersbettercurriculum（课程）results.Thebilingualstendtoshowahigherperformanceinexaminationsandtests.—Enableapersontobetterinexaminationsandtests.However,weshouldencouragepeopletoknowtheimportanceofbeingcaringandgenerousandtobuildamutuallybeneficialrelationshipwithothers.—Arelationshipwhichcantwosidesshouldbeestablished.In1969ApolloIItookthreementothemoonsuccessfully.—TheUnitedStatesinputtingapersononthemoon.Whenequals（同辈）meet,apersonwhoisfiveminuteslateisexpectedtomakeashortapology.—Apersonwhoisfiveminuteslatewilltotheotherbriefly.Itseemstousthatitisuptotheyoungtodotheirsmallparttostopsuchloweringofmoralstandards.—Youngpeoplemakeantostopsuchloweringofmoralstandards.B.结构转换Withoutthetwokeyelements,youwillprobablyfindbuildingyourcontactlistdifficultandslowgoing.—Focusonthetwoelements,oryourlistwillbedifficultandslowto. 2.Newresearchsays35percentofchilddeathsworldwidearecausedbyhunger.Theresearchcomesfrompoortomiddle"incomecountriesinAfrica,AsiaandLatinAmerica.—ischildren'sbiggestkiller.Sincetimehassuchdifferentmeaningsindifferentcultures,communicationisoftendifficult.Wewillunderstandeachotheralittlebetterifwecankeepthisfactinmind.—It'sdifficulttocommunicateunderstandingthedifferentmeaningsoftimeindifferentcultures.Thisdreambegantoseempossiblewhenhighflyingrocketswerebuiltintheearly1900s.—Itmadetheancientdreamofgoingtospacepossibletocome.Wehavetoputdowntheburdensperiodically,sothatwecanberefreshedandareabletocarryon.—Putdownourburdenstoget.C.信息转换Expertssayinfectionsfromdirtywaterkillseveralthousandchildrenindevelopingcountrieseveryday.—Drinkingdirtywaterseveralthousandchildrentheirlivesindevelopingcountrieseveryday.AccordingtotheChinaDaily,theweatherforecastduringtheSpringFestivalisthatmostofthecountrywillexperiencenormaltemperaturesforthattimeofyear,butheavysnowswereexpectedinsomeregions.—ThisSpringFestivaltransportationpeakseasonwillseenormaltemperatures,inofheavysnowsinsomeregions.Inthe1930sand1940s,manyfamiliesfacedseriousfinancial,ormoneyproblemsduringtheGreatDepression,whenmanypeoplelosttheirjobs.Womenweresuddenlychoosingtogotocollegeandtakejobsoutsidethehome.—Manyofthewomenhadtoworkoutsideduetotheofmoney,thuscausingthefallofbirthrateandtheriseofdivorcerate.Thesurvey'sfindingsareparticularlytroublingbecauselargenumbersofpeoplewerefoundtohavedifficultysleepingatnight.Theshorttermeffectsofthisaretirednessandtroubleconcentrating.Ifthishappensforalongtime,theriskofgainingweightandhavingaheartattackmayincrease.—Thereismuchthatsleeplesspeopleeasilygainweightandhaveaheartattack.Collectingmidwritingnewsislikeresearchinginhistory:thebestinformationcomesfromthosewhowerethereatthetime.SoifwewanttostudytilehistoryofChinainthesixthcenturyAD,welookatthewritingsofthepeoplewholivedthen.Theyarecalledtheprimarysourcesbecausetheytelluswhatitwasliketolivethen.Peopleatamuchlaterdatewhowriteaboutthesameeventsarecalledthesecondarysources.—Secondarysourcesarethewritingsofthepeoplewhowriteaboutthesameeventsatamuchlaterdatewithexplanationandanalysisonprimarysources.Patience!Thewindmillneverstraysinsearchofthewind.(AndyJ.Sklivis)D.总结概括：根据所给内容，总结其概括性词汇。Soitcanbeconcludedthatweshouldtryourbesttolearnandmastertwomorelanguages.—Bilingualmeansthattheytrytohavetheknowledgeoftwomorelanguages.—Asian^Americanstudentsprefermathematicsandscienceandtheyachievesuccess,influencedbyparentsandAsiancultures.—fortheirachievementsQualityafter-schoolprogramsaredesignedtoimproveacademicperformance,decreaseyouthcrimesandotherhigh-riskbehaviors,andhelpyoungpeoplegrowintohealthy,successfuladults.—oftheprogramsIC(IntegratedCircuit)MicroprocessorCardsMicroprocessorCards(chipcards)offeralargermemoryandbettersecuritythanthetraditionalmagneticstripecardsdo.Chipcardscanalsoholddata.Thesecardsareusedformanythings.Thus,chipshavebeenthemainplatformforcardsthatholdasecuredigitalidentity.Someexamplesofthesecardsare:Cardsthatholdmoney.Cardsthatprovidesafeaccesstoanetwork.Cardsthatallowsettingstopboxesontelevisionstoremainsafefromprivacy.10ofcardsDoctorBlacksayshungrychildrenarealsomorelikelytohaveconditionslikehighbloodpressureandheartdiseaseasadults.Hesaysthestudiesshowthatfoodprogramsneedtoplacethegreatestimportanceonthefirsttwoyearsoflife.Hungrychildrencansuffertheirwholelifedamagefromagetwo.Itishightimetheirdietswereimproved.DietsshouldincludefoodsrichinvitaminAandotherusefulvitaminsandminerals.Theresearcherssayearlyhelpsuchasthiscouldreducechilddeathsby25%.—ThetosavingchildrenAdditionally,morethan40percentoftheparentsdidn'tknowhowtohelptheirchildrentopreparewellforsportsactivities.Forinstance,theydon'tknowhowtohavetheirchildrenwarmuporrealizetheimportanceofaplayground^checkbeforesportsactivities.—ofsportsactivitiesTohelpcorrecttheproblems,SJJPandSafeKidsWorldwideChinahavebeentranslatingandeditingsafetyeducationmaterials,sendingthemtoparentsfreeofcharge,anddeliveringfreelecturesinkindergartens,schoolsandresidentialcommunitiesforthelast10years.Currently,aspecialteamhasbeensetupandtravelingaround12keycitiesofChinatopopularizechildsportssafetyknowledgeandofferfreetrainingforyoungparents.—Peopleappeartobemoreself-centeredthanthoseinthepastduetostrongoutsidepressure.However,weshouldencouragepeopletoknowtheimportanceofbeingcaringandgenerousandtobuildamutuallybeneficialrelationshipwithothers.—Theauthor'stowardstopic11AIDS(AcquiredImmuneDeficiencySyndrome)isamedicalconditioncausedbyHIV(HumanImmunodeficiencyVirus),aviruswhichdamagespeople’snaturaldefensesagainstdisease.Sofar,nocurehasbeenfoundforit.一TheofAIDSLiteratureisatermusedtodescribewrittenaswellasspokenmaterial.Generallyspeaking,itisoftenusedtodescribeanythingfromcreativeimagination,includingworksofpoetry,dramaandfiction.—ofliteratureAttitudeisaninternalstatethatinfluencesthechoicesofpersonalactionmadebytheindividual.Someresearchersconsiderthatattitudescomefromdifferencesbetweenbeliefsandideas;othersbelievethatattitudescomefromemotionalstates.—ofattitudeMainfactorscausingtheseproblemsarepressurefromschoolorworkandafastpaceoflife,butnoisepollutionandlightpollutionalsointerferewithsleepandcontributetopoorqualitysleep.Thesurveysfindingsareparticularlytroublingbecauselargenumbersofpeoplewerefoundtohavedifficultysleepingatnight.Theshorttermeffectsofthisaretirednessandtroubleconcentrating.Ifthishappensforalongtime,theriskofgainingweightandhavingaheartattackmayincrease.—causingsleepproblemsTherearemanythingsyoucandotoimprovethequalityofyoursleep.First,youshouldhaveregula