语言学常用术语

语学术

AListCommonly-usedLinguisticTerminology语言学用术语表PartI通用术Acquisition习得Agglutinativelanguage粘着Anthropology人类学linguistics应用语言Arbitrariness任意Artificial(AI)人工能行为主义行为主心理学Bilingualism双语现象Cognition认知Cognitive认知语言Cognitive认知科学Comparativelinguistics比较言学Computational计算语言学语料库语学Creole克里奥耳语混合语Culture文化linguistics描写语言识别特征发展心语言学Diachronic/historical历时语言学方言方言学不受时空制的特Dualism二元论Duality二重性Epistemology认识论辞源学实验心语言学形式Formal形式语学法律语言功能主

普通语学Grammaticality符合法性表意法Inflectional屈折语交叉性学的孤立语言宏观社会言学Mentalism心智义微观社会语言学蒙太古法神经语学Orthography正字法Orthoepic正音法的Paradigmatic聚合关言语教育学；教授语文学Philosophy哲学表音皮钦语；洋泾语多式综合Prescriptivelinguistics规定语言学理语学心理学符号学社会学Speech言语社会语言学结构主义共时语言学Syntagmatic组合关系Theoreticlinguistics理论语言Universalgrammar普遍语法Universality普遍性PartII音位学Ablaut元音变化声学语学塞擦音音位变体2

Alveolar齿龈Articulatory发音语音听觉语音Articulatory发音变体送气同化tongue舌根vowel后元音双唇tongue舌面Broadtranscription宽式音Central中元音Collocation搭配互补分Consonant辅音Dental齿音变音符号；加符号Diphthong双元音Distinctivefeatures区别性征擦音vowel前元音Glide音渡Glottal喉音Hardpalate硬腭International国际音标语调Liquid流音Manner发音法最小立体Narrowtranscription严式音标Nasal鼻音Nasal鼻腔Palatal腭音Pharyngeal咽腔素Phoneme音位ofarticulation发音部爆破音contrast音位对立Phonetics音学Rounded圆音Soft(velum)软

Spectrograph频谱仪Speechorgan发音官Speech语音Stop塞音重音超音特征Teeth齿龈隆骨Tiptongue舌尖Tone音/声Unrounded非圆唇音小舌Velar软腭Vocalcords声带浊音Voiceless清音Voicing浊音Vowel元音PartIIIMorphology形态学首字母缩词词缀词缀法逆成法紧缩法Borrowing借用morpheme粘着素缩略创新词合成法转换封闭类morpheme派生语素Free自由语素成语Inflection屈折化Inflectional屈折语素Jargon行话Lexicography辞典编纂Loan外来语素开放类Prefix前缀Productive能产的3

词根Stem词干后缀Suppletion异根Wordformation构词法PartIV句法学Abstract抽象名词Accusative宾格voice主动态Adjective形容词Adjunct附加语状语一致系照应Antecedent先行词省略号Apposition同位Article冠词定语Case格分裂集合名Comment述题Competence语言能力Complement补语predicate复合谓语复合句Concessionrelation让步关系Concrete具体名词Connective连接词Constituent句子成Contentword实词Continuous进行体Coordinateclause并列句Coordinatingconjunction并列连词Copula系动词Declarative陈述adequacy描写充分性Directobject直接宾语constituents非连续性

成分深层结构number双数Dummyword伪词construction向心构Ergative作格感叹句Existential存在句Exocentricconstruction离心结adequacy解释充分Feminine阴性Finiteclause限定分句Finite限定性动词Functionword功能词Genericterm泛指成分Genitive所有格；属格Gender性Gerundive动名词Habitual习惯体Head中心词ImmediateConstituent(ICAnalysis)直接成分析法mood祈使语气祈使句Imperfectiveaspect非完体Indirectobject间接宾语不定式Inflectionalaffix屈折前缀非正式言Intensifier强势语感叹词Interrogativesentence疑问句Intransitive不及物动词Intransitivity不及物性Irregular不规则动Labeledtreediagram加标记的形图语言器官Lexicalverb实词性动词Main主句Masculine阳性主句中动语态情态4

情态动Modification修饰Modifier修饰语Morphologicalprocess形态过程Move移位Negation否定Neuter中性Nominal名词性Nominal名词性分Nominalization名物化Nominativecase主格Non-placepredicate空位谓结构Numeral数词Object宾语Objective宾格Oblique斜格adequacy观充分性One-place一位述谓结拟声词Particle小品词词性Passivevoice被动语态tense过去完成时tense过去完成体Performance语言用；言行为pronoun人称代词拟人化verb短语动Phrase短语Phrasestructurerules(PS-rules)短语结构则Plural复数的复数性后置phrase后置短语谓词Preposition介词phrase介词性语tense现在时Progressive进行体principle投射原则代词性的Pronoun代词

Quantifier数量词Reciprocal互指代词Reflexivepronoun反身词Reflexiveverb反身动关系副关系状pronoun关系代词Rhetorical反意问句Sentence句子句子的句子性补sentence简单单数的单数性S-structure表层结Subject主语Subjective主格从属句Substantive实词句法功能Tag附加疑问时态Topic主题Transformational-generative(TGgrammar)转换生成语法verb及物动词及物性二位述结构动词的非格性Verb动词behavior言语行为Voice语态Wordclasses词类Wordorder词序Yes-noquestion是非问句；一疑问句PartV语义学施事反义词Antonymy反义关系Beneficiary受益者5

Colorword色彩词互补性反关系Componentialanalysis成分分析自相矛盾说法Deicticcenter指示心指示Downgrade语义降经历同形异音异同音异Hyponym下义下义Instrument工具地点有意义Naming命名Participant参与者角色Patient受事Person人称指示语deixis地点指语Polysemy一词多义world可能界Predication述谓结构分析Recipient接收所指所指对restrictions选择限制语义角意义Superordinate上义词Synonym同义词Synonymy同义关系Theme受事ro语义角色时间指示Truthcondition真值条件Valency配价PartVIPragmatics语用学Addressee说话象Adjacencypair邻接对Context语境上下文

Conversationalimplicature会话含义Cooperative合作原则Direct直接话语Discourse话语Distal远指百科知识Euphemism委婉语Focus焦点广义含义Givenvs.newinformation已知与未知信息Honorific敬语Illocutionaryact言外为Illocutionaryforce言外之力Implicature含义Indirectspeech间接话语principle信息原则Manner方式含Maxim方式则Maximquality质量准则Maxim数量准则Maxim关联则施为句verb施为动言后行为Potentialimplicature可能含义Potential可能预设事先声明Preparatorycondition准备件