2020年高考英语考点：阅读理解（科普类）（教师版）

专题18阅读理解（科普类）

1.C[2019・全国I]

Asdataandidentitytheftbecomesmoreandmorecommon,themarketisgrowingforbiometric（生物测

量）technologies-likefingerprintscans-tokeepothersoutofprivatee-spaces.Atpresent,thesetechnologiesare

stillexpensive,though.

ResearchersfromGeorgiaTechsaythattheyhavecomeupwithalow-costdevice（装置）thatgetsaroundthis

problem:asmartkeyboard.Thissmartkeyboardpreciselymeasuresthecadence（节奏）withwhichonetypesand

thepressurefingersapplytoeachkey.Thekeyboardcouldofferastronglayerofsecuritybyanalyzingthingslike

theforceofauser'stypingandthetimebetweenkeypresses.Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,the

keyboardcandeterminepeople'sidentities,andbyextension,whethertheyshouldbegivenaccesstothecomputer

it*sconnectedto-regardlessofwhethersomeonegetsthepasswordright.

Italsodoesn*trequireanewtypeoftechnologythatpeoplearen'talreadyfamiliarwith.Everybodyusesa

keyboardandeverybodytypesdifferently.

Inastudydescribingthetechnology,theresearchershad100volunteerstypetheword“touch"fburtimesusing

thesmartkeyboard.Datacollectedfromthedevicecouldbeusedtorecognizedifferentparticipantsbasedonhow

theytyped,withveryloweiTorrates.Theresearcherssaythatthekeyboardshouldbeprettystraightforwardto

commercializeandismostlymadeofinexpensive,plastic-likeparts.Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthe

nearfuture.

28.Whydotheresearchersdevelopthesmartkeyboard?

A.Toreducepressureonkeys.B.Toimproveaccuracyintyping

C.Toreplacethepasswordsystem.D.Tocutthecostofe-spaceprotection.

29.Whatmakestheinventionofthesmartkeyboardpossible?

A.Computersaremucheasiertooperate.

B.Fingerprintscanningtechniquesdevelopfast.

C.Typingpatternsvaryfrompersontoperson.

D.Datasecuritymeasuresareguaranteed.

30.Whatdotheresearchersexpectofthesmartkeyboard?alllosoisgitieocooil.

A.It'llbeenvironment-friendly.B.It'llreachconsumerssoon.

C.It'llbemadeofplasticsD.It'llhelpspeeduptyping.

31.Whereisthistextmostlikelyfrom?

A.Adiary.B.AguidebookC.Anovel.D.Amagazine.

【答案】28.D29.C30.B31.D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文。目前，数据和身份盗窃变得越来越普遍，指纹扫描等这些技术仍然是昂贵的。本

文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘，这项技术通过记录用户的打字习惯来识别主人，为网络空间用户保护

隐私。

28.D细节理解题。由第一段“Atpresent,thesetechnologiesarestillexpensive,though.”和第二段的“theyhave

comeupwithalow-costdevicethatgetsaroundthisproblem:asmartkeyboard.”可知，研究者们开发智能键盘是

为了降低e-space保护的成本。故选D。

29.C推理判断题。由第二段“Thesepatternsareuniquetoeachperson.Thus,thekeyboardcandeterminepeople's

identities”可知,因为每个人的打字方式不同，使智能键盘能够识别人的身份。故选Co

3（）.B推理判断题。由最后一段“Theteamhopestomakeittomarketinthenearfuture.“可知，研究者们希望智能

键盘能早日上市,也就是希望早日到达消费者手中。故选Bo

31.D推理判断题。本文介绍了一种新的科技——智能键盘,它能给e・space用户带来安全，由此可知,本文是

科技说明文，结合所给选项可知，本文可能来自于一本科研杂志上。故选De

2.D【2019・全国II]

Bacteriaareanannoyingproblemforastronauts.Themicroorganisms（微生物）fromourbodiesgrow

uncontrollablyonsurfacesoftheInternationalSpaceStation,soastronautsspendhourscleaningthemupeach

week.HowisNASAovercomingthisverytinybigproblem?It'sturningtoabunchofhighschoolkids.Butnot

justanykids.ItdependingonNASAHUNCHhighschoolclass,liketheonescienceteachersGeneGordonand

DonnaHimmelbergleadatFairportHighSchoolinFairport,NewYork.

HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASAengineers.Forthepasttwoyears,

Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,andtheythinkthey'reclosetoa

solution（解决方案）.“Wedon'tgivethestudentsanybreaks.TheyhavetodoitjustlikeNASAengineers,says

FlorenceGold,aprojectmanager.

“Therearenotests,Gordonsays."Thereisnogradedhomework.Therealmostarenogrades,otherthan4Are

youworkingtowardsyourgoal?'Basically,it'sTvegottoproducethisproductandthen,attheendofyear,

presentittoNASA/Engineerscomeandreallydoanin-personreview,and...it'snotaverynicethingattime.Ifs

ahardbusinessreviewofyourproduct/*

GordonsaystheHUNCHprogramhasanimpact（影响）oncollegeadmissionsandpracticallifeskills.uThese

kidsaresoabsorbedintheirstudiesthatIjustsitback.Idon'tteach."Andthatannoyingbacteria?Gordonsayshis

studentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,readyingaworkablesolutiontotestinspace.

32.WhatdoweknowaboutthebacteriaintheInternationalSpaceStation?

A.Theyarehardtogetridof.B.Theyleadtoairpollution.

C.Theyappeardifferentforms.D.Theydamagetheinstruments.

33.WhatisthepurposeoftheHUNCHprogram?

A.Tostrengthenteacher-studentrelationshipsB.Tosharpenstudents'communicationskills.

C.Toallowstudentstoexperiencezerogravity.D.Tolinkspacetechnologywithschooleducation

34.WhatdotheNASAengineersdoforthestudentsintheprogram?

A.Checktheirproduct.B.Guideprojectdesigns

C.Adjustworkschedules.D.Gradetheirhomework.

35.Whatisthebesttitleforthetext?

A.NASA:TheHomeofAstronauts.

B.Space:TheFinalHomeworkFrontier.

C.Nature:AnOutdoorClassroom.

D.HUNCH:ACollegeAdmissionReform.

【答案】32.A33.D34.A35.B

【解析】本文为说明文。本文介绍了HUNCH项目就是通过Gordon的学生找到如何杀死空间站的细菌这一

技术，把空间技术与带进课堂，与学校教育相结合，从而最终影响到大学入学。

32.A细节理解题。根据第一段中的"Bacteriaareannoyingproblemforastronauts...cleaningthemupeachweek.”

可知,细菌对宇航员来说是个令人讨厌的问题。这种来自我们身体的微生物在国际空间站的表面不受控制地

生长，宇航员每周要花几个小时来清理它们。也就是说它们很难去掉。其中的“themicroorganisms”包括

“bacteria”。由此可知,A项符合题意。

33.D推理判断题。根据第二段的“HUNCHisdesignedtoconnecthighschoolclassroomswithNASA

engineers.Gordon'sstudentshavebeenstudyingwaystokillbacteriainzerogravity,...”可知,Hunch旨在把高中教

室和NASA的工程师联系起来。Gordon的学生一直在研究如何在零重力下杀死细菌，结合最后一段中

的"GordonstudentsareemailingdailywithNASAengineersabouttheproblem,...”可知,学生每天都给NASA的

工程师发邮件一起探讨（如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术）这个问题。由此可推断出HUNCHprogram

的目的把空间技术与学校教育相结合。可知选D。

34.A细节理解题。根据第三段中的"I'vegottoproducethisproductandthen…It'sahardbusinessreviewofyour

product.”可知,NASA的工程师要检查学生所做的产品。分析选项可知A项符合题意，故选A。

35.B主旨大意题。本文介绍了HUNCH项目把如何杀死空间站的细菌这一空间技术引入Gordon学校的课

堂，参与宇航员航天课题研究的情况，因此《太空：最后的作业前沿》能全面概括文章的意思，故选B。

3.D【2019・全国III]

Monkeysseemtohaveawaywithnumbers.

AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearlydifferentsymbolsconsistingof

numbersandselectiveletterswith0-25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.Theresearchersthentestedhowthe

monkeyscombined-oradded-thesymbolstogetthereward.

Here*showHarvardMedicalSchoolscientistMargaretLivingstone,wholedtheteam,describedthe

experiment:Intheircagesthemonkeyswereprovidedwithtouchscreens.Ononepartofthescreen,asymbol

wouldappear,andontheothersidetwosymbolsinsideacirclewereshown.Forexample,thenumber7would

flashononesideofthescreenandtheotherendwouldhave9and8.Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthe

screentheywouldberewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice;iftheywentforthecircle,theywouldbe

rewardedwiththesumofthenumbers—17inthisexample.

Afterrunninghundredsoftests,theresearchersnotedthatthemonkeyswouldgoforthehighervaluesmore

thanhalfthetime,indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalueofeach

combination.

Whentheteamexaminedtheresultsoftheexperimentmoreclosely,theynoticedthatthemonkeystendedto

underestimate（低估）asumcomparedwithasinglesymbolwhenthetwowerecloseinvalue-sometimeschoosing,

fbrexample,a13overthesumof8and6.Theunderestimationwassystematic:Whenaddingtwonumbers,the

monkeysalwayspaidattentiontothelargerofthetwo,andthenaddedonlyafraction（小部分）ofthesmaller

numbertoit.

"Thisindicatesthatthereisacertainwayquantityisrepresentedintheirbrains,MDr.Livingstonesays."Butin

thisexperimentwhatthey'redoingispayingmoreattentiontothebignumberthanthelittleone.”

32.Whatdidtheresearchersdotothemonkeysbeforetestingthem?

A.Theyfedthem.B.Theynamedthem.

C.Theytrainedthem.D.Theymeasuredthem.

33.Howdidthemonkeysgettheirrewardintheexperiment?

A.Bydrawingacircle.B.Bytouchingascreen.

C.Bywatchingvideos.D.Bymixingtwodrinks.

34.WhatdidLivingstone'steamfindaboutthemonkeys?

A.Theycouldperformbasicaddition.B.Theycouldunderstandsimplewords.

C.Theycouldmemorizenumberseasily.D.Theycouldholdtheirattentionforlong.

35.Inwhichsectionofanewspapermaythistextappear?

A.Entertainment.B.Health.C.Education.D.Science.

【答案】32.C33.B34.A35.D

【解析】本文是一篇议论文。文章开篇指出猴子对数字有一定的概念，随后研究人员进行了一系列的实验来

验证这一理论。他们发现,猴子不仅能记住简单的数字，还能进行一定的运算。

32.C细节理解题。由第二段第一句"AteamofresearcherstrainedthreeRhesusmonkeystoassociate26clearly

diflerentsymbolsconsistingofnumbersandselectiveletterswith0-25dropsofwaterorjuiceasareward.''可知，研

究人员在正式对猴子进行实验前事先对猴子做了相关方面的训练，故选Co

33.B细节理解题。由第三段最后一句“Ifthemonkeystouchedtheleftsideofthescreentheywouldbe

rewardedwithsevendropsofwaterorjuice”可知,猴子在实验中通过触摸相应数字对应区域的屏幕来得到奖励,

故选B。

34.A推理判断题。由第四段“…indicatingthattheywereperformingacalculation,notjustmemorizingthevalue

ofeachcombination「可知，大量实验结果表明，猴子不仅仅是记住每种数字组合相加的结果值，而是可以完成

进一步的简单计算，故选A。

35.D推理判断题。文章首先给出了一个关于猴子对数字有一定概念的结论，随后介绍了研究人员对猴子进行

的数学实验的步骤及实验现象，这一类主题一般不在环境、健康板块，而相比教育，科研板块更符合文章实验研

究的性质，故选Do

4.C【2019•浙江卷】

Californiahaslosthalfitsbigtreessincethe1930s,accordingtoastudytobepublishedTuesdayandclimate

changeseemstobeamajorfactor（因素）.

Thenumberoftreeslargerthantwofeetacrosshasdeclinedby50percentonmorethan46,000squaremiles

ofCaliforniaforests,thenewstudyfinds.Noareawassparedorunaffected,fromthefoggynortherncoasttothe

SienaNevadaMountainstotheSanGabrielsaboveLosAngeles.IntheSierrahighcountry,thenumberofbig

treeshasfallenbymorethan55percent;inpartsofsouthernCaliforniathedeclinewasnearly75percent.

Manyfactorscontributedtothedecline,saidPatrickMcIntyre,anecologistwhowastheleadauthorofthe

study.Woodcutterstargetedbigtrees.Housingdevelopmentpushedintothewoods.Aggressivewildfirecontrolhas

leftCaliforniaforestscrowdedwithsmalltreesthatcompetewithbigtreesforresources（资源）.

ButincomparingastudyofCaliforniaforestsdoneinthe1920sand1930swithanotheronebetween2001

and2010,McIntyreandhiscolleaguesdocumentedawidespreaddeathofbigtreesthatwasevidentevenin

wildlandsprotectedfromwoodcuttingordevelopment.

Thelossofbigtreeswasgreatestinareaswheretreeshadsufferedthegreatestwatershortage.Theresearchers

figuredoutwaterstresswithacomputermodelthatcalculatedhowmuchwatertreesweregettingincomparison

withhowmuchtheyneeded,takingintoaccountsuchthingsasrainfall,airtemperature,dampnessofsoil,andthe

timingofsnowmelt（融雪）.

Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid,thebiggestfactorsdrivingupwaterstressinthestatehavebeenrising

temperatures,whichcausetreestolosemorewatertotheair,andearliersnowmelt,whichreducesthewatersupply

availabletotreesduringthedryseason.

27.Whatisthesecondparagraphmainlyabout?

A.Theseriousnessofbig-treelossinCalifornia.

B.TheincreasingvarietyofCaliforniabigtrees.

C.ThedistributionofbigtreesinCaliforniaforests.

D.TheinfluenceoffarmingonbigtreesinCalifornia.

28.Whichofthefollowingiswell-intentionedbutmaybebadforbigtrees?

A.Ecologicalstudiesofforests.

B.Banningwoodcutting.

C.Limitinghousingdevelopment.

D.Firecontrolmeasures.

29.WhatisamajorcauseofthewatershortageaccordingtoMcIntyre?

A.Inadequatesnowmelt.B.Alongerdryseason.

C.Awarmerclimate.D.Dampnessoftheair.

30.Whatcanbeasuitabletitleforthetext?

A.California'sForests:WhereHaveAlltheBigTreesGone?

B.CuttingofBigTreestoBeProhibitedinCaliforniaSoon

C.WhyAretheBigTreesImportanttoCaliforniaForests?

D.PatrickMcIntyre:GrowMoreBigTreesinCalifornia

【答案】27.A28.D29.C30.A

【解析】文章主要讲述了美国加利福尼亚州的森林面临着的巨大危机,大型树木在急剧减少，作者阐述了现象,

并分析了其原因。

27.A段落主旨题。根据文章第二段第三句Thenumberoftrees...declinedby50percent...morethan55

percent...75percent等数字可知,该段主要讲述/加州森林中大树急剧减少的严重性，故选A项。

28.D推理判断题。根据第三段第三句Aggressivewildfirepetewith...resources可知，由于激进的

森林防火措施，虽然一定程度上保护了森林，但同时也导致小树泛滥，与大树争抢资源，从而导致大树数量骤减,

所以选D项。

29.C细节理解题。根据最后一段Sincethe1930s,McIntyresaid...havebeenrisingtemperatures...reducesthe

water…可知，水资源短缺的一个主因是逐渐上升的气候温度，故选C项。

30.A主旨大意题。根据全文可知，主要讲述了美国加州森林中大树数量急剧下降的现象，并分析了原因。由此

A项能很好地概括全文。

5.D【2019•北京］

Bytheendofthecentury,ifnotsooner,theworld'soceanswillbebluerandgreenerthankstoawarming

climate,accordingtoanewstudy.

Attheheartofthephenomenonlietinymarinemicroorganisms（海洋微生物）calledphytoplankton.Because

ofthewaylightreflectsofftheorganisms,thesephytoplanktoncreatecolourfulpatternsattheoceansurface.Ocean

colourvariesfromgreentoblue,dependingonthetypeandconcentrationofphytoplankton.Climatechangewill

fuelthegrowthofphytoplanktoninsomeareas,whilereducingitinotherspots,leadingtochangesintheocean's

appearance.

Phytoplanktonliveattheoceansurface,wheretheypullcarbondioxide（二氧化碳）intotheoceanwhilegiving

offoxygen.Whentheseorganismsdie,theyburycarboninthedeepocean,animportantprocessthathelpsto

regulatetheglobalclimate.Butphytoplanktonarevulnerabletotheocean'swarmingtrend.Warmingchangeskey

characteristicsoftheoceanandcanaffectphytoplanktongrowth,sincetheyneednotonlysunlightandcarbon

dioxidetogrow,butalsonutrients.

StephanieDutkiewicz,ascientistinMIT'sCenterfbrGlobalChangeScience,builtaclimatemodelthat

projectschangestotheoceansthroughoutthecentury.Inaworldthatwarmsupby3℃,itfoundthatmultiple

changestothecolouroftheoceanswouldoccur.Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittle

phytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmake

conditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener."Notonlyarethequantitiesofphytoplankton

intheoceanchanging.,5shesaid,“butthetypeofphytoplanktonischanging.

42.Whatarethefirsttwoparagraphsmainlyabout?

A.Thevariouspatternsattheoceansurface.

B.Thecauseofthechangesinoceancolour.

C.Thewaylightreflectsoffmarineorganisms.

D.Theeffortstofuelthegrowthofphytoplankton.

43.Whatdoestheunderlinedword^vulnerable^inParagraph3probablymean?

A.Sensitive.B.BeneficialC.SignificantD.Unnoticeable

44.Whatcanwelearnfromthepassage?

A.Phytoplanktonplayadecliningroleinthemarineecosystem.

B.Dutkiewicz*smodelaimstoprojectphytoplanktonchanges

C.Phytoplanktonhavebeenusedtocontrolglobalclimate

D.Oceanswithmorephytoplanktonmayappeargreener.

45.Whatisthemainpurposeofthepassage?

A.Toassesstheconsequencesofoceancolourchanges

B.Toanalysethecompositionoftheoceanfoodchain

C.Toexplaintheeffectsofclimatechangeonoceans

D.Tointroduceanewmethodtostudyphytoplankton

【答案】42.B43.A44.D45.C

【解析】本文是一篇科普知识类文章。主要介绍了由于气候变暖导致海洋微生物发生变化，进而导致海洋颜

色的变化。

42.B主旨大意题。第一段的主要讲的是：根据一项新的研究,由于气候变暖，到本世纪末界上的海洋将

会更蓝更绿；第二段主要介绍了海洋的颜色取决于浮游植物的种类和浓度。因为气候变化将促进某些地区

浮游植物的生长，同时也会减少其他地区浮游植物的数量，从而导致海洋外观的变化。因此文章前两段的主要

讲的是“海洋颜色变化的原因故选B。

43.A猜测词义题。根据第三段最后一句可知：气候变暖会改变海洋的主要特征,并会影响浮游植物的

生长,因为它们不仅需要阳光和二氧化碳来生长，还需要营养物质。因此,此处的“vulnerable”是“易受影响的”

意思，即sensitive。significant重大的，有意义的;beneficial有益的；unnoticeable不明显的。故选A。

44.D推理判断题。从文章第四段中的“Themodelprojectsthatcurrentlyblueareaswithlittle

phytoplanktoncouldbecomeevenbluer.Butinsomewaters,suchasthoseoftheArctic,awarmingwillmake

conditionsriperforphytoplankton,andtheseareaswillturngreener."可知,“有更多浮游植物的海洋看起来更

绿。”故选D。

45.C主旨大意题。根据整篇文章的内容来看，主要解释气候变化会导致海洋颜色的改变，而这种改变主要是

因为浮游植物数量的变化，因此本文的主要目的是“解释气候变化对海洋的影响九故选Co

6.C12019・天津】

Howdoesanecosystem（生态系统）work?Whatmakesthepopulationsofdifferentspeciesthewaythey

are?Whyaretheresomanyfliesandsofewwolves?Tofindananswer,scientistshavebuiltmathematicalmodels

offoodwebs,notingwhoeatswhomandhowmucheachoneeats.

Withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciplesoperatinginfoodwebs.Mostfoodwebs,for

instance,consistofmanyweaklinksratherthanafewstrongones.Whenapredator（掠食动物）alwayseatshuge

numbersofasingleprey（猎物）,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked；whenapredatorlivesonvariousspecies,they

areweaklylinked.Foodwebsmaybedominatedbymanyweaklinksbecausethatarrangementismorestableover

thelongterm.Ifapredatorcaneatseveralspecies,itcansurvivetheextinction（灭绝）ofoneofthem.Andifa

predatorcanmoveontoanotherspeciesthatiseasiertofindwhenapreyspeciesbecomesrare,theswitchallows

theoriginalpreytorecover.Theweaklinksmaythuskeepspeciesfromdrivingoneanothertoextinction.

Mathematicalmodelshavealsorevealedthatfoodwebsmaybeunstable,wheresmallchangesoftoppredators

canleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentireecosystems.Inthe1960s,scientistsproposedthatpredatorsatthetopofa

foodwebhadasurprisingamountofcontroloverthesizeofpopulationsofotherspecies-includingspeciesthey

didnotdirectlyattack.

Andunplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-downcontrolbytoppredatorstobetrue.Inthe

ocean,wefishedfortoppredatorssuchascodonanindustrialscale,whileonland,wekilledofflargepredatorssuch

aswolves.Theseactionshavegreatlyaffectedtheecologicalbalance.

Scientistshavebuiltanearly-warningsystembasedonmathematicalmodels.Ideally,thesystemwouldtellus

whentoadapthumanactivitiesthatarepushinganecosystemtowardabreakdownorwouldevenallowustopull

anecosystembackfromtheborderline.Preventioniskey,scientistssaysbecauseonceecosystemspasstheirtipping

point（临界点）,itisremarkablydifficultfbrthemtoreturn.

46.Whathavescientistsdiscoveredwiththehelpofmathematicalmodelsoffoodwebs?

A.Thelivinghabitsofspeciesinfoodwebs.

B.Therulesgoverningfoodwebsoftheecosystems.

C.Theapproachestostudyingthespeciesintheecosystems.

D.Thedifferencesbetweenweakandstronglinksinfoodwebs.

47.Astronglinkisfoundbetweentwospecieswhenapredator

A.hasawidefoodchoice

B.caneasilyfindnewprey

C.stickstoonepreyspecies

D.canquicklymovetoanotherplace

48.Whatwillhappenifthepopulationsoftoppredatorsinafoodwebgreatlydecline?

A.Thepreyspeciestheydirectlyattackwilldieout.

B.Thespeciestheyindirectlyattackwillturnintotoppredators.

C.Thelivingenvironmentofotherspecieswillremainunchanged.

D.Thepopulationsofotherspecieswillexperienceunexpectedchanges.

49.WhatconclusioncanbedrawnfromtheexamplesinParagraph4?

A.Uncontrolledhumanactivitiesgreatlyupsetecosystems.

B.Rapideconomicdevelopmentthreatensanimalhabitats.

C.Speciesofcommercialvaluedominateotherspecies.

D.Industrialactivitieshelpkeepfoodwebsstable.

50.Howdoesanearly-warningsystemhelpusmaintaintheecologicalbalance?

A.Bygettingillegalpracticesundercontrol.

B.Bystoppingusfromkillinglargepredators.

C.Bybringingthebroken-downecosystemsbacktonormal.

D.Bysignalingtheurgentneedfortakingpreventiveaction.

【答案】46.B47.C48.D49.A50.D

【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了科学家通过建了一个数模找到了管理食物网的几个主要原则。体现

了人与大自然的和谐。

46.B细节理解题。根据第二段中的第•句withsuchmodels,scientistshavefoundoutsomekeyprinciples

operatinginfoodwebs,句中的principles与选项B中的rules对应，故答案为Bo

47.C细节理解题。注意本题中涉及的是astronglink。根据第二段中的第三句whenapredatoralwayseatshuge

numbersofasingleprey,thetwospeciesarestronglylinked,知当某一掠食动物只坚持吃一个品种时，它们之间

的关系就很强，故答案为C。

48.D推理判断题。根据第三段中的smallchangesofloppredatorscanleadtobigeffectsthroughoutentire

ecosystems以及其后举的例子知位于实食物网顶端的猎物对其他的物种的数量有着惊人的控制，即使是无直

接联系的物种，故答案为D其他的物种的数量会有意想不到的变化。

49.A推理判断题。根据第四段中的第一句话unplannedhumanactivitieshaveprovedtheideaoftop-down

controlbytoppredatorstobetrue是这一段的主题句，下面的例子是为了证明它的,根据最后一句，这些行为都

大大影响了生态平衡，可知认为的无计划的行为会扰乱生态平衡，故答案为A。

50.D推理判断题。根据最后一段中的preventioniskey,知预防系统提前发出信号以让人们采取措施防止生

态系统被破坏。

7.B【2019•江苏】

Inthe1960s,whilestudyingthevolcanichistoryofYellowstoneNationalPark,BobChristiansenbecame

puzzledaboutsomethingthat,oddly,hadnottroubledanyonebefore:hecouldn'tfindthepark'svolcano.Ithadbeen

knownforalongtimethatYellowstonewasvolcanicinnature—that'swhataccountedforallitshotspringsand

othersteamyfeatures.ButChristiansencouldn'tfindtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.

Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone（圆锥体）shapesofaFujior

Kilimanjaro,whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma（岩浆）pilesup.Thesecanformremarkablyquickly.In1943,a

Mexicanfarmerwassurprisedtoseesmokerisingfromasmallpartofhisland.Inoneweekhewastheconfused

ownerofaconefivehundredfeethigh.Withintwoyearsithadtoppedoutatalmostfourteenhundredfeetandwas

morethanhalfamileacross.AltogethertherearesometenthousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafew

hundredofthemextinct.Thereis,however,asecondlesknowntypeofvolcanothatdoesn'tinvolvemountain

building.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopeninasinglebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,the

caldera.Yellowstoneobviouslywasofthissecondtype,butChristiansencouldn'tfindthecalderaanywhere.

JustatthistimeNASAdecidedtotestsomenewhigh-altitudecamerasbytakingphotographsofYellowstone.

Athoughtfulofficialpassedonsomeofthecopiestotheparkauthoritiesontheassumptionthattheymightmakea

niceblow-upforoneofthevisitors'centers.AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailed

tospotthecaldera;almostthewholepark-2.2millionacres—wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemorethan

fortymilesacross-muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.AtsometimeinthepastYellowstone

musthaveblownupwithaviolencefarbeyondthescaleofanythingknowntohumans.

58.WhatpuzzledChristiansenwhenhewasstudyingYellowstone?

A.Itscomplicatedgeographicalfeatures.

B.Itsever-lastinginfluenceontourism.

C.Themysterioushistoryofthepark.

D.Theexactlocationofthevolcano.

59.Whatdoesthesecond-paragraphmainlytalkabout?

A.Theshapesofvolcanoes.

B.Theimpactsofvolcanoes.

C.Theactivitiesofvolcanoes.

D.Theheightsofvolcanoes.

60.Whatdoestheunderlinedword"blow-up"inthelastparagraphmostprobablymean?

A.Hot-airballoon.B.Digitalcamera.

C.Bigphotograph.D.Bird'sview.

【答案】58.D59.A60.C

【解析】本文是一篇科普说明文,旨在引领学生“飞临”美丽而有危险的黄石公园，探寻火山遗址,和科研人员在

黄石公园一起寻找火山的火山岩……

58.D细节理解题。根据第•段第徇，最后•句...hecouldn'tfindthepark'svolcano.ButChristiansencouldn*t

findtheYellowstonevolcanoanywhere.可知，在黄石公园的任何地方都没有找到火山，故此处他想要找到火山

的确切位置，故选D项。

59.A细节理解题。根据第二段Mostofus,whenwetalkaboutvolcanoes,thinkoftheclassiccone（圆锥体）shapes

ofaFujiorkilimanjaro,whicharecreatedwheneruptingmagma（岩浆）pilesup...Altogethertherearesometen

thousandofthesevolcanoesonEarth,allbutafewhundredofthemextinct.Thereishowever,asecondlessknown

typeofvolcanothatdoesn'tinvolvemountainbuilding.Thesearevolcanoessoexplosivethattheyburstopenina

singlebigcrack,leavingbehindavasthole,thecaldera.可知，第二段主要介绍了火山锥的形成以及火山的其他

构成类型，故选A项。

60.C细节理解题。根据第三段第三、四句AssoonasChristiansensawthephotos,herealizedwhyhehadfailed

tospotthecaldera:almostthewholepark------2.2millionacres-wascaldera.Theexplosionhadleftaholemore

thanfortymilesacross------muchtoohugetobeseenfromanywhereatgroundlevel.可知，几乎整个公园都是火山

口，也就是说这是一个放大的照片，故选C项。

8.D【2018・全国I]

Wemaythinkwe'reaculturethatgetsridofourworntechnologyatthefirstsightofsomethingshinyandnew,

butanewstudyshowsthatwekeepusingourolddevices（装置）wellaftertheygooutofstyle.That'sbadnewsfor

theenvironment-andourwallets—astheseoutdateddevicesconsumemuchmoreenergythanthenewerones

thatdothesamethings.

Tofigureouthowmuchpowerthesedevicesareusing,CallieBabbittandhercolleaguesattheRochester

InstituteofTechnologyinNewYorktrackedtheenvironmentalcostsforeachproductthroughoutitslife—from

whenitsmineralsareminedtowhenwestopusingthedevice.Thismethodprovidedareadoutforhowhome

energyusehasevolvedsincetheearly1990s.Devicesweregroupedbygeneration—Desktopcomputers,basic

mobilephones,andbox-setTVsdefined1992.Digitalcamerasarrivedonthescenein1997.AndMP3players,

smartphones,andLCDTVsenteredhomesin2002,beforetablets