2016年上外杯-初赛英语试题

2016年“上外杯”上海市高中英语竞赛初赛试题考生注意：一、本卷共10页、77小题，满分100分。答卷时间90分钟。二、本卷所有题目均为选择题，请将所选答案用2B铅笔点涂在答题卡上。I.Grammar（15分）Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)NowhereinItaly___1___acrisismorebeautifullyframedthaninVenice.Neitherlandnorwater,thecityliftslikeamiragefromalagoonattheheadoftheAdriatic.Forcenturiesithasthreatenedtovanish___2___thewavesoftheacquaalta,therelentlesslyregularfloodingcausedbyrisingtidesandsinkingfoundations.But___3___istheleastofitsproblems.JustaskMayorMassimoCacciari,professorofphilosophy,fluentinGerman,Latin,AncientGreek.AskabouttheacquaaltaandVenice___4___,andhesays,“Sogogetboots.”Bootsarefineforwater,butuselessagainsttheflood___5___causesmoreconcernforVenetiansthananylagoonspillover:thefloodoftourism.NumberofVenetianresidentsin2007:60,000.Numberofvisitorsin2007:21million.1.A.is B.has C.thereis D.isthere2.A.above B.beneath C.over D.in3.A.that B.it C.this D.here4.A.sunk B.beingsunk C.sinking D.sinks5.A.what B.that C.it D./【答案】1.D2.B3.A4.C5.B【解析】【分析】本文是一篇说明文。主要讲述威尼斯的危机。【1题详解】考查倒装句。句意：在意大利，没有哪个地方比威尼斯的危机描绘得更美了。分析句子可知，本句是一个therebe句型，表示在某个地方有什么，句首用的Nowhere，因此要用部分倒装，应用isthere，故选D【2题详解】考查介词。句意：几个世纪以来，它一直威胁要淹没在阿尔塔河的波浪下，这是由涨潮和下沉的地基造成的持续洪水。A.above在…上面；B.beneath在…下面；C.over超过；D.in在…里。分析句子可知，是淹没在波浪的下面，故选B。【3题详解】考查代词。句意：但这只是它的问题中最小的一个。分析句子可知，指代上文出现过的事情，应用that，故选A。【4题详解】考查动名词。句意：当被问及阿奎亚阿尔塔和威尼斯的沉没时，他说，“那就去买双靴子吧。”分析句子可知，空中的词作为about的宾语，应用动名词sinking，故选C。【5题详解】考查关系代词。句意：靴子在水里很好，但在对付洪水时就没用了。对威尼斯人来说，洪水比泻湖带来的溢出效应，更令人担忧：旅游业的泛滥。分析句子可知，空后面句子为定语从句，修饰先行词theflood，在从句中作主语，故选B。(B)Ittookhumansthousandsofyearstoexploreourownplanet,andcenturies___6___(comprehend)ourneighboringplanets.Nowadays,newworlds___7___everyweek.Todate,astronomershaveidentifiedmorethan370“exoplanets”—worldsorbitingstarsotherthanthesun.Thereisa“hotSaturn”260light-yearsfromEarththat___8___itsparentssorapidlythatayeartherelastslessthanthreedays.Circlinganotherstar150light-yearsoutisascorched“hotJupiter,”___9___upperatmosphereisbeingblastedofftoformagiganticcomet-liketail.Astronomershavefoundthreeplanetsorbitingapulsar—theremainsofaoncemightystar___10___intoaspinningatomicnucleusthesizeofacity.Someworldshaveevidentlyfallenintotheirsuns.Others____11____outoftheirsystemstobecome“floaters”thatwanderineternaldarkness.Amongallthese,scientistsareeagertofindahintofthefamiliar:planetsresemblingEarth.Thatis,planetsorbitingtheirstarsatjusttherightdistance—neithertoohotnortoocold—___12___lifeasweknowit.Wehavenotyetfoundplanetsthatarequitelikeourown,presumably___13___they’reinconspicuous.___14___aplanetassmallandslimasoursamidtheglareofitsstarisliketryingtoseeafireflyinafirworksdisplay.Yetbypushingtechnologytothelimits,astronomersarerapidlyapproachingtheday_____15_____theycanfindanotherEarth.Andwhentheydo,theycaninvestigateitforsignsoflife.6.A.comprehend B.comprehends C.tocomprehend D.comprehending7.A.arediscovered B.arebeingdiscovered C.willbediscovered D.aretobediscovered8.A.orbit B.orbiting C.orbits D.hasorbited9.A.where B.whose C.inwhich D.which10.A.shrink B.shrinks C.shrinking D.shrunk11.A.havethrown B.arethrowing C.havebeenthrown D.arebeingthrown12.A.support B.supporting C.thatsupport D.tosupport13.A.when B.if C.because D.as14.A.Tosee B.See C.Seeing D.havingseen15.A.that B.which C.when D.onwhich【答案】6.C7.B8.C9.B10.D11.C12.D13.C14.A15.C【解析】【分析】本文是一篇科普说明文。主要讲了人类对宇宙的探索和新发现。【6题详解】考查固定句式。句意：人类花了几千年来探索我们自己的星球，花了几个世纪来探索我们的邻近星球。“Ittakessb….todosth”是一个固定句式，意为花费某人（时间/金钱）做某事，故要用括号中所给词的todo形式，故答案为C。【7题详解】考查时态与语态。句意：现在，每周都有新的世界领域被发现。分析句子结构可知空格处要填谓语，主语newworlds与谓语之间是被动关系，根据时间状语Nowadays可知要用现在进行时的被动语态，结合主谓一致可知答案为B。【8题详解】考查时态。句意：距离地球260光年的“炽热土星”绕其母星公转的速度如此之快，以至于一年的时间不到三天。分析句子结构可知空格所在的句子是一个定语从句，修饰先行词hotSaturn，空格前的that充当定语从句的主语，空格处要填谓语成分，此处描写一个客观事实，故用一般现在时态，故答案为C。【9题详解】考查非限制性定语从句的引导词。句意：围绕着150光年外的另一颗恒星运行的是一颗被烧焦的“热木星”它的上层大气正在被炸开，形成一个巨大的彗星般的尾巴。分析句子结构可知空格所在的句子是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是hotJupiter，upperatmosphere是从句的主语，先行词与从句主语是所属关系，故答案为B。【10题详解】考查时态。句意：天文学家发现有三颗行星围绕着一颗脉冲星旋转——这颗曾经强大的恒星的残骸缩小成了一个城市大小的旋转的原子核。分析句子结构可知空格所在的句子缺少谓语，前句“Astronomershavefoundthreeplanetsorbitingapulsar”是现在完成时态，故空格所在的句子也要用现在完成时态，省略助动词have，故答案为D。【11题详解】考查时态。句意：另一些则被赶出了它们的系统，成为“漂浮物”，在永恒的黑暗中游荡。分析句子结构可知空格处填谓语，空格所在句的前一句“Someworldshaveevidentlyfallenintotheirsuns.”为现在完成时，故空格处也要用现在完成时，故答案为C。【12题详解】考查不定式做目的状语。句意：也就是说，行星在合适的距离——既不太热也不太冷——环绕它们的恒星运行，以维持我们所知的生命。分析句子结构可知，空格处填非谓语，此处用不定式做orbit的目的状语，故答案为D。【13题详解】考查连词。句意：我们还没有发现和我们的行星很像的行星，大概是因为它们不太显眼。分析空格前后句子的句意，可知后一句是前一句的原因，故答案为C。【14题详解】考查非谓语动词。句意：在耀眼的星光中看到一颗像我们地球一样纤细的行星，就像在烟花展览中看到一只萤火虫。分析句子“___9___aplanetassmallandslimasoursamidtheglareofitsstarisliketryingtoseeafireflyinafirworksdisplay.”的句子结构可知is之前是句子的主语，故空格处要用非谓语，排除B项，不表示进行或伴随，排除C选项，非谓语的动作与谓语的动作没有先后顺序，排除D选项，A选项不定式tosee表示“去看/要看”符合题意，故答案为A。【15题详解】考查定语从句的引导词。句意：当他们能找到另一个地球的那一天很快就要到来了。分析句子结构可知空格所在的句子是一个定语从句，且从句主干成分完整，需要关系副词来引导。先行词为theday，在句中作时间状语，用关系副词when来引导，故答案为C。II.Vocabulary（10分）Directions:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.选词填空(Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.)Allcompetitiveskiandsnowboardingeventsnowtakeplacelargelyonman-madesnow.Unlikeitsnatural___16___,themachine-madewhitestuffcanbecarefullytweakedtomakeamoredurableandconsistentsurface:oneperfectforrecord-breakingattempts.Snow-makingequipmentisviewedasessentialinmostskiareastoguarantee___17___throughouttheseasons.Thesnow“cannons”or“guns”thatmanufacturesnow___18___thenaturalformationofsnowflakes.Snowmachinestypicallyforcepressurizedwaterthroughanozzle(喷嘴),breakingintoamistoftinydroplets,andthenusecompressedairorfanstoblastthemintotheair.Asthedropletscool,themoleculeslineand___19___intoiceparticles.Thearttosnow-makingisadjustingthewaterandairtoensurethatthewaterdropsaresmallenoughandsentfarenoughsothattheywillfreezebeforetheyhittheground.Iftheairtemperatureisquitehigh,forexample,drippingthewatercontentanduppingtheairwouldcreatesmallerparticlesthataremorelikelytofreeze.Snow-makingmachinesalsofrequently____20____nucleatingagents(成核剂)inthewater:smallquantitiesofmaterialssuchasbacterialprotein,ontowhichthewatermoleculesattachandfreeze.By___21___freezing,theseagentsraisethetemperatureatwhichsnowcanbemade.Manyresortsnowusesophisticatedcomputersystemsthatautomaticallyadjusttheairandwater___22___fromsnowmachinesbasedonairtemperature,humidityandwind.Forracecourses,expertsadjustman-madesnowtocreateatough,fastandicycourseratherthanapowderyone.Askicourseisalsoheavily___23___andoftenintentionallyfloodedtocreatepatchesofice;thesefactorsgenerallydeterminethespeedofarace.Thereareotherreasonsforsnowmanufacturingtobeindemand,beyondthebenefitsofhavingasnowwhosepropertiescanbeorderedup.Somepredictthattheneedforsnowwill___24___withthewarmingeffectsofclimatechange,whicharealreadypushingsnowlinesuptheAlps.Butthiscomeswithenvironmentalcost.Makingsnow_____25_____energyandwater,andcanrobriversandcreeksinthesurroundingecosystems.Onewaytoconservethemountainenvironmentwouldbetoreusewintersportscompetitionfacilitiesratherthanbuildingnewones.【答案】16.E17.I18.A19.K20.D21.B22.F23.C24.G25.J【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了现在所有的滑雪和滑雪比赛都是在人造雪上进行的，以及造雪机的工作原理。【16题详解】考查名词。句意：与天然材料不同的是，这种机器制造的白色材料可以仔细调整，使其表面更加耐用和一致。counterpart意为“对应的事物”，根据Unlikeitsnatural(与其天然的对应物不同的是)，可知counterpart符合语境，故选E。【17题详解】考查名词。句意：在大多数滑雪场，造雪设备被认为是必不可少的，以保证所有季节雪的覆盖。名词coverage(覆盖)作动词guarantee(保证)的宾语，符合文意，故选I。【18题详解】考查动词。句意：制造雪的雪“大炮”或“枪”模仿雪花的自然形成。句中的thatmanufacturesnow为定语从句，修饰先行词Thesnow“cannons”or“guns”。动词mimic(模仿)作句中的谓语，符合文意，故选A。【19题详解】考查动词。句意：当水滴冷却时，分子排列并结晶成冰粒子。根据iceparticles.可知，动词crystallize(结晶)与and前的动词line(排列)在句中作并列谓语动词，符合文意，故选K。【20题详解】考查动词。句意：造雪机也经常在水中加入成核剂。根据上文Snow-makingmachines(造雪机)及下文nucleatingagentsinthewater(在水中成核剂)可知动词incorporate(加入)在句中作谓语，符合文意，故选D。【21题详解】考查动词。句意：通过触发冻结，这些药剂提高了造雪的温度。动词trigger意为“触发”，根据空前的by可知应使用triggering作介宾搭配，符合文意。故选B。【22题详解】考查名词。句意：许多度假村现在使用先进的计算机系统，根据空气温度、湿度和风自动调节造雪机的空气和水分输出。根据上文theairandwater及下文fromsnowmachines可知此处为and并列的两个名词，因此名词output(输出)符合语境，故选F。【23题详解】考查动词。句意：滑雪场也精心准备，并经常被故意淹没以形成一块块的冰;这些因素通常决定了比赛的速度。根据下文andoftenintentionallyfloodedtocreatepatchesofice(并且经常故意淹没以形成冰块)可知动词groomed(准备)符合文意，故选C。【24题详解】考查动词。句意：有人预测，随着气候变化的升温，对降雪的需求将急剧上升。根据上文theneedforsnowwill及下文withthewarmingeffectsofclimatechange可知此处用动词rocket(急剧上升)作句中谓语，符合文意，故选G。【25题详解】考查动词短语。句意：造雪会消耗能量和水资源，并会破坏周围生态系统中的河流和小溪。根据上文Makingsnow及下文energyandwater可知此处用动词短语chewsup(消耗)作句中谓语，符合文意，故选J。III.Cloze（25分）Directions:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagestherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.(A)WhenyouwalkonthestreetsofcitieslikeNewYorkandWashington,D.C.,it’shardtomissthesculptures.Manymarkparksandneighborhoods.Historicfiguresoftencanbeseenstandingupright.Ortheycanbeseensittingontheirhorses,stoicallystrikingapose.Moreoftenthannot,thesestatueshaveanotherthingincommon.It’stheir___26___.ThemajorityofpublicstatuesintheUnitedStatesareofmen.Oftheestimated5,193publicstatuesdepictinghistoricfiguresondisplaythroughouttheU.S.,only394areof___27___.Thisisaccordingtoastorywrittenin2011byTheWashingtonPost’sCariShane.Compoundingthisnumber,noneofthe44memorialsmaintainedbytheNationalParksService,liketheLincolnMemorialortheJeffersonMemorial,specifically___28___women.Agroupislookingtochangethis___29___.Thegroupiscalled

WhereAreTheWomen?Recently,itsuccessfullycampaignedtohavestatuesofwomen’srightspioneersSusanB.AnthonyandElizabethCadyStantonaddedtoNewYork’sCentralPark.Thepark,___30___,hadnostatuesofnon-fictionalwomenonitsgrounds.The___31___ofwomen’srepresentationposesaproblem.Leavingtheirstoriesoutfrompublicart___32___thesignificantrolesthatwomenhaveplayedinhistory.Currently,fewofthestatuesthatdoshowwomenoncitystreetsare___33___historicfigures.Instead,womenoftenappearasarchetypes.Theyaresymbolsofabstractconcepts.Ortheyarenamelessfiguresinamemorial.Onecampaignisn’tenoughtosolveongoingissuesofgenderdiscriminationand___34___intheU.S..Butbypressingtohonorrealwomenfromhistory,citiescanrestorethemtoastorythathas_____35_____themforsolong.Afterall,asitstandsnow,onlyfivepublicstatuesofhistoricwomenremaininNewYorkCity.ThestatuesareofJoanofArc,GoldaMeir,GertrudeStein,EleanorRooseveltandHarrietTubman.26.A.style B.material C.size D.gender27.A.men B.women C.leaders D.politician28.A.contributesto B.devotesto C.focuseson D.dependson29.A.ratio B.unfairness C.prejudice D.reality30.A.particularly B.notoriously C.deliberately D.exclusively31.A.existence B.ignorance C.lack D.absence32.A.hidesaway B.takesaway C.putsaway D.clearaway33.A.modeledon B.basedon C.developedfrom D.derivedfrom34.A.poverty B.bias C.inequality D.gap35.A.shadowed B.faked C.concealed D.ignored【答案】26.D27.B28.C29.A30.B31.C32.B33.A34.C35.D【解析】【分析】这是一篇新闻报道。文章讲述了，从美国公众雕像中缺乏女性形象可以看出美国社会中持续存在的性别歧视和不平等问题。【26题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：就是他们的性别。A.style风格；B.material材料；C.size尺寸；D.gender性别。由下文的ThemajorityofpublicstatuesintheUnitedStatesareofmen可知，美国公众雕像的性别是男性。故选D项。【27题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：在全美展出的5193座描绘历史人物的公共雕像中，只有394座是女性。A.men男人；B.women女人；C.leaders领导者；D.politician政客。由上文的ThemajorityofpublicstatuesintheUnitedStatesareofmen可知，美国公众雕像大部分是男性，只有少数是女性。故选B项。【28题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：加上这个数字，国家公园管理局维护的44个纪念馆，如林肯纪念堂或杰斐逊纪念馆，都没有一个特别关注女性。A.contributesto导致；B.devotesto致力于；C.focuseson关注；D.dependson依靠。由上文语境可知，美国公众雕像只有少数是女性，可推断出44个纪念馆中也不怎么关注女性。故选C项。【29题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一个团体正在寻求改变这个比例。A.ratio比率；B.unfairness不公平；C.prejudice偏见；D.reality现实。由上文语境可知，美国公共雕像中，男女性别比例差距太大，此处指一个团体想要改变这个不平等的比例。故选A项。【30题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：众所周知，公园里没有非虚构的女性雕像。A.particularly尤其；B.notoriously众所周知地；C.deliberately故意地；D.exclusively排他地。由下文语境可知，美国社会把女性从公共艺术中抹去，城市街道上展示女性的雕像中，很少有是模仿历史人物的，说明纽约中央公园众所周知只有虚构的女性雕像。故选B项。【31题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：缺乏妇女代表性是一个问题。A.existence存在；B.ignorance无知；C.lack缺乏；D.absence缺席。由下文的Leavingtheirstoriesoutfrompublicart可知，美国社会把女性从公共艺术中抹去，说明了缺乏妇女代表性的问题。故选C项。32题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：把她们的故事从公共艺术中抹去，就剥夺了女性在历史上所扮演的重要角色。A.hidesaway躲开；B.takesaway夺走；C.putsaway收起；D.clearaway收拾餐具。由本处语境可知，此处指把女性从公共艺术中抹去，就会剥夺女性在历史上所扮演的重要角色，忽视女性的作用。故选B项。【33题详解】考查动词短语辨析。句意：目前，在城市街道上展示女性的雕像中，很少有是模仿历史人物的。A.modeledon仿照；B.basedon根据；C.developedfrom从……中发展；D.derivedfrom源于。由上文语境可知，纽约中央公园众所周知只有虚构的女性雕像，把女性从公共艺术中抹去，就会剥夺女性在历史上所扮演的重要角色和下文的theyarenamelessfiguresinamemorial可知，说明城市街道上展示的女性雕像，很少是模仿历史人物的。故选A项。【34题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：一场运动不足以解决美国持续存在的性别歧视和不平等问题。A.poverty贫穷；B.bias偏见；C.inequality不平等；D.gap差距。由全文语境可知，本文从美国公众雕像中缺乏女性形象可以看出美国社会中持续存在的性别歧视和不平等问题。故选C项。【35题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：但通过敦促人们尊重历史上真正的女性，城市可以让她们重回一个长期以来忽视她们的故事。A.shadowed跟踪；B.faked伪造；C.concealed隐藏；D.ignored忽视。由全文语境可知，美国公众雕像中缺乏女性形象，把女性从公共艺术中抹去，剥夺女性在历史上的重要作用，说明女性长期以来是被忽视的。故选D项。(B)Supposethat54.3percentofyourcountry’spopulationhadcancer.Thatfiguremightsetoffanationwide___36___—asearchforsomethingwrongwithpeople’sdiet,theenvironment,aciditylevels.Infact,that’sthepercentageofAmericanswhoshowapositiveskinresponsetooneormoreallergens.The___37___ofallergy—sneezing,itching,rashes—aresignsofanimmunesystemrunningamok,attackingforeigninvaders—allergens—thatmeannoharm.Allergies___38___kill.Theyjustmakethesufferermiserable—sometimesforbriefperiods,andsometimesforlife.Allergiesareessentiallyanepidemicofmodernity.Ascountriesbecomemoreindustrialized,thepercentageofpopulationaffectedbythemtendstogrowhigher.ThereareremoteareasofSouthAmericaorAfricawhereallergiesarevirtually___39___.Here’showanallergydevelops:Oneday,abodyisexposedtoaproteininsomethingthatseemsperfectly____40____—thewheatflour,say,inahome-bakedmuffin.Butforsomeunclearreason,thebodylooksattheproteinandseestrouble.Therewillbeno___41___atfirst,butthebodyisremembering—andplanning.ThatfirstexposurecausestheimmunesystemtoproduceanantibodycalledIgE(immunoglobulinE).ThenIgEantibodiesattachtocertaincells,calledmastcells,intissuethroughoutthebody.Theretheystaylike___42___soldierswaitingforwar.Withasecondexposure,evenmonthslater,someoftheallergenbindswiththeIgEonthemastcell.Thistimethemastcellreleasesafloodof___43___chemicals,whichcauseinflammationanditching.Thereis,unquestionably,a___44___componenttoallergies.Achildwithoneasthmaticparenthasagoodchanceofdevelopingthecondition.Ifbothparentshaveasthma,thechanceofoccurrenceincreases.Still,theriseinallergiesistoorapidtobeexplained____45____bygenetics.“Thegeneticpoolcan’tchangethatmuchinsuchashorttime,”saysDonaldLeung,directorofanallergy-immunologyprogramintheU.S.“Therehavetobeenvironmentaland___46___factorsaswell.”Dozensoftheorieshaveblamedeveryonefromurbanlandscapersfor___47___maleplants(theonesthatproducepollen),towomenwhodon’tbreastfeed.Breastfeeding,thetheorygoes,confersgreaterprotectionagainstallergies.Anotherprobablefactor:diet.“Reducedfreshfruitandvegetableintake,moreprocessedfood,fewerantioxidants,andlowintakeofsomeminerals—theseareallshowntobea___48___,”saysprofessorofmedicineHaroldNelson,consideredoneoftheforemostexpertsonallergiesintheU.S.Anotherprimeculprit:environmentalpollutants.Exactlywhatpollutantsandinwhatquantitiesarea___49___ofheateddebate.Oneofdozensofexamples:Childrenwhoareraisednearmajorhighwaysandareexposedtodieselfumesfromtrucksregistera(n)___50___sensitivitytoallergenstheyalreadyreactto.36.A.awareness B.shame C.panic D.campaign37.A.causes B.diagnosis C.features D.manifestation38.A.absolutely B.rarely C.normally D.randomly39.A.prevalent B.nonexistent C.available D.extinct40.A.harmless B.popular C.nutritious D.common41.A.warns B.unease C.symptoms D.mistakes42.A.brave B.sophisticated C.wary D.skillful43.A.infectious B.poisonous C.annoying D.irritating44A.relative B.hereditary C.occasional D.natural45.A.mainly B.definitely C.necessarily D.solely46.A.behavioral B.human C.social D.emotional47.A.avoiding B.promoting C.planting D.favoring48.A.venture B.reason C.risk D.chance49.A.source B.pool C.focus D.topic50.A.flexible B.mild C.increased D.threatening【答案】36.C37.D38.B39.B40.A41.C42.C43.D44.B45.D46.A47.D48.C49.A50.C【解析】【分析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了过敏的形成及引起过敏的因素。【36题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：那个数据可能会引起全国范围内的恐慌。A.awareness意识；B.shame羞愧；C.panic恐慌，惊慌；D.campaign运动。上一句提到“假设全国有54.3%的人口患有癌症”及空后“寻找人们的饮食，环境、酸度水平的问题”可知，此处指这个数据会引起“恐慌”，故选C项。【37题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：过敏症状——打喷嚏，瘙痒，皮疹——是免疫系统紊乱，攻击外来入侵者的信号。A.causes原因；B.diagnosis诊断；C.features特点；D.manifestation表现。根据“sneezing,itching,rashes”可知，这些是过敏的“表现”，故选D项。【38题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：过敏很少致命。A.absolutely绝对地；B.rarely很少，罕见地；C.normally正常地；D.randomly随便地。根据下一句“Theyjustmakethesufferermiserable”可知，过敏“很少”致命，只是让一些过敏的人生活悲惨，故选B项。【39题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：在南美洲或者非洲有一些偏远地区过敏实际上不存在。A.prevalent普遍的，流行的；B.nonexistent不存在的；C.available可获得的，可利用的；D.extinct灭绝的。上文提到“过敏实质上是现代的流行病。国家变得越工业化，被过敏影响的人口比例就越高”，所以在南美洲或者非洲的偏远地区应是“不存在”，故选B项。【40题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：一天，身体接触了看起来完全无害的蛋白质。A.harmless无害的；B.popular流行的，受欢迎的；C.nutritious有营养的；D.common普通的。根据“thewheatflour,say,inahome-bakedmuffin”及下一句的转折词But和“thebodylooksattheproteinandseestrouble”可知，此处指蛋白质看起来“无害”，故选A项。【41题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：起初不会有症状，但是身体记得——并且计划着。A.warns警告；B.unease不安，忧虑；C.symptoms症状；D.mistakes错误。本段主要讲过敏是如何引起的，结合空后的转折可知，此处指起初没有“症状”，故选C项。【42题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：它们在那儿像等待战争的机警的战士一样。A.brave勇敢的；B.sophisticated复杂的，老练的；C.wary机警的，留神的；D.skillful熟练的，有技巧的。根据“waitingforwar”可知，此处指“机警的”战士，故选C项。【43题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：这时肥大细胞释放出大量的刺激性化学物质，引起炎症和瘙痒。A.infectious传染的；B.poisonous有毒的；C.annoying讨厌的，恼人的；D.irritating刺激性的，激怒的。根据“whichcauseinflammationanditching”可知，肥大细胞会释放“刺激性的”化学物质，引起炎症和瘙痒，故选D项。【44题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：毫无疑问，过敏有遗传成分。A.relative相关的；B.hereditary遗传的；C.occasional偶然的；D.natural天然的。根据下文“父母中有一方得哮喘，孩子过敏的几率更大”可知，此处指“遗传的”成分，故选B项。【45题详解】考查副词词义辨析。句意：还有，过敏增加得太快而不能仅仅通过基因解释。A.mainly主要地；B.definitely肯定，当然；C.necessarily必要地；D.solely单独地，仅仅。根据下一句“基因库不能在如此短的时间内改变那么多”及“Therehavetobeenvironmentaland___11___factorsaswell.”可知，此处指不能“仅仅”通过基因解释。故选D项。【46题详解】考查形容词词义辨析。句意：也必须有环境和行为方面的因素。A.behavioral行为的，行为方面的；B.human人类的；C.social社会的；D.emotional情感的。根据下一句“urbanlandscapersfor___12___maleplants”及“womenwhodon’tbreastfeed”可知，下文列举了景观设计师和一些女性的行为，所以此处指“行为方面的”因素，故选A项。【47题详解】考查动词词义辨析。句意：很多理论把过敏归咎于每个人，从支持雄株（产生花粉的植物）的城市景观设计师到不用母乳喂养的女性。A.avoiding避免；B.promoting提升，促进；C.planting种植；D.favoring支持，赞成。根据“maleplants(theonesthatproducepollen)”并结合常识可知，花粉会造成过敏，所以很多理论谴责景观设计师是因为他们“支持”产生花粉的雄株，故选D项。【48题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：这些都被表明是一种风险。A.venture冒险；B.reason理由；C.risk风险，危险；D.chance机会。根据本段首句“Anotherprobablefactor:diet.”可知，本段是讲述另一种可能的因素——饮食，结合“Reducedfreshfruitandvegetableintake,moreprocessedfood,fewerantioxidants,andlowintakeofsomeminerals”可知，减少新鲜水果和蔬菜的摄入，更多加工食品，更少的抗氧化剂和矿物质的低摄入都是可能造成过敏的“风险”因素，故选C项。【49题详解】考查名词词义辨析。句意：究竟何种污染以及多大的量则是讨论的热点。A.source来源，源头；B.pool游泳池，池塘；C.focus焦点；D.topic话题。根据上一句可知，上文提到导致过敏的另一个元凶：环境污染物，此处指何种污染物以及多大的量引起了激烈的讨论，asourceof意为“……的来源，……的原因”，符合语境，故选A项。50题详解】考查形容词词义辨析，句意：住在主要干道附近和接触卡车排出的柴油烟雾的孩子对过敏原显示出提高的敏感性。A.flexible灵活的；B.mild温和的，轻微的；C.increased增加的，提高的；D.threatening威胁性的，危险的。根据“Childrenwhoareraisednearmajorhighwaysandareexposedtodieselfumesfromtrucks”并结合常识可推知，住在主要干道附近和接触卡车排出的柴油烟雾的孩子受到环境污染物的影响，应是更容易过敏，所以对过敏原显示出“提高的”敏感性。故选C项。IV.ReadingcomprehensionSectionA(10分)Directions:(YouaregoingtoreadfourreviewofasciencedocumentaryseriesonTV.Forquestions1-10,choosefromthereviews(A-D).Thereviewsmaybechosenmorethanonce.)ReviewsofTVsciencedocumentaryseriesPaulHansenlooksatthelatestscienceprogrammes.AScienceforAllFortunatelyformeandnon-scientistseverywhere,themakersofScienceforAllaretheretoplugthegapsinourknowledge.Theseriesisratherlikeaknowledgeableparentwhodoesn’tmindbeingpesteredbywide-eyedandcuriouschildren:Ittakesthetimetoexplainallthosefascinatingmysteriesofnatureinanentertainingandunderstandableway.Thelastseriesopenedmyeyestoallmannerofinterestingfactsanddemystifiedsomeoftheproblemsfacedbymodernphysics.Andthenewseriesshownolackofinspirationforsubjectstotackle:everythingfromtheexistenceoflifeonotherplanetstotheoddpropertiesofhumanmemoryarerightlyconsideredsuitablesubjects.So,whileit’sashamethatfactualprogramsaregettingincreasinglyscarcethesedays,it’sacomfortthatScienceforAllshowsnosignsofdippinginqualityordisappearingfrompublicview.BOutinSpaceAlthoughIwasn’texpectingmuchfromthisseries,I’mpleasedthattheproducersofOutinSpacepersistedwiththeirunpromisingsubject.Inthecourseofthefirstprogramwelearnabouthurricanes,deserts,andevenhowtheMoonwasmade;abewilderingmixofphenomenathat,wewereassured,wereallcausedbyeventsbeyondourplanets’atmosphere.That’snottosaytheprogramexploredtheminanygreatdetail,preferringtoskipbreathlesslyfromonetothenext.Theessentiallogicoftheseriesseemedtobethatifyoutakeanynaturalphenomenonandask“why?”enoughtimes,theanswerwilleventuallybethatit’ssomethingtodowithspace.Thetwopresentersattemptedtogetitalltofittogether,bytakingpartinexcitingactivities.Sadly,theseonlyoccasionallysucceeded.CStarsandPlanetsThesecondseriesofStarsandPlanetsisanattempttotakeadvantageofthesuccessofthefirst,whichunexpectedgainedasubstantialgeneralaudience.Likeitspredecessor,thisisbigonamazingphotographyandfabulousgraphics,mostofwhicharemuchlesssuccessfulatcommunicatingtheimmensityoftheideasinvolvedthanonehumanbeingtalkingtoyoudirectly.Thistimethescopeisgivenwider,astronomicallyspeaking.Whatwearebeingintroducedtohereareambitiousideasabouttimeandspace,andthepresentersucceedsratherbetterthanyoumightexpect.Ithelpsthathedoesn’tgotoodeep,asonceyoustartthinkingaboutitthisistrickystufftogetyourheadaround.Thepointofsuchprogramsislesstoexplaineverydetailthantoarouseageneralizedsenseofamazementthatmightleadtofurtherthinking,andStarsandPlanetsiscertainlygoodatthat.DRobotTechnologyThisground-breakingsciencedocumentaryseriesfollowsagroupofexpertsastheyattempttobuildacompleteartificialhumanfromroboticbodyparts.Theprojectseesscientistsusethelatesttechnologyfromtheworld’smostrenownedresearchcentersandmanufacturers.Itistherealizationofalong-helddreamtocreateahumanfrommanufacturedparts,usingeverythingfrombionicarmsandmechanicalhearts,eyeimplantsandmicrochipbrains.Theseriesexplorestowhatextentmoderntechnologyiscapableofreplacingbodyparts—orevenimprovingtheirabilities.Thepresenter,veryappropriately,hasanartificialhandhimself.Thisambitiousseriesgivesusaguidedtourofthewondersofmoderntechnology.Thoughitcanbeaslightlyupsettingjourneyattimes,itengagestheaudienceinarevolutionthatischangingthefaceofmedicine.Inwhichreviewdoesitsaythat:51.aneffortwasmadetoconnectanumberofunrelatedissues?52.thetopicscoveredarewellchosen?53.viewersareshownhowsciencecanoccasionallydobetterthannature?54.theseriesdealswithsomethingpeoplehavehopedtoachieveforawhile?55.theseriesunfortunatelydidn’tspendalotoftimeexplainingthetopicscovered?56.viewersareclearlyinformed?57.it’sgoodthatviewersarenotrequiredtoconsiderallaspectsofthesubjectcarefully?58.theserieswasworthmakingdespitethetopicnotappearingveryinterestingatfirst?59.viewersmaynotalwaysfindtheseriescomfortabletowatch?60.theseriesachievesitsaimsbyastonishingitsviewers?【答案】51.B52.A53.D54.D55.B56.A57.C58.B59.D60.C【解析】【分析】文章是应用文，主要是关于科学记录片的四个回顾。【51题详解】小题意思是“努力把不相关的问题联系起来”，符合B中说到的“Theessentiallogicoftheseriesseemedtobethatifyoutakeanynaturalphenomenonandask“why?”enoughtimes,theanswerwilleventuallybethatit’ssomethingtodowithspace.”这个系列的基本逻辑似乎是，如果你对任何自然现象问“为什么?”“很多次，答案最终会是，这与空间有关。文章说到无论说什么都会和空间联系起来，所以符合第一小题。故选B项。【52题详解】小题意思是“所涵盖的主题都选得很好”，A中说到“everythingfromtheexistenceoflifeonotherplanetstotheoddpropertiesofhumanmemoryarerightlyconsideredsuitablesubjects.”从其他星球上是否有生命存在到人类记忆的奇怪特性，一切都被正确地认为是合适的主题。所以这里是主题都选得很好。故选A项。【53题详解】小题意思是“在哪一个回顾中观众可以看到，科学有时可以比自然做得更好”。D中提到“Theseriesexplorestowhatextentmoderntechnologyiscapableofreplacingbodyparts—orevenimprovingtheirabilities.”这个系列探索了现代科技在多大程度上可以替换身体的部分，甚至提高他们的能力。可知，现代科技可以替换身体部分，强调科技的先进。故选D项。【54题详解】小题意思是“哪个系列涉及的是人们一直以来希望实现的目标”。D中提到“Itistherealizationofalong-helddreamtocreateahumanfrommanufacturedparts,”它实现了一个长期以来的梦想，用人造零件创造出人类。所以这里D涉及了人们一直以来希望实现的目标。故选D项。【55题详解】小题意思是“哪个系列并没有花很多时间来解释所涉及的主题”。B中提到“That’snottosaytheprogramexploredtheminanygreatdetail,preferringtoskipbreathlesslyfromonetothenext.”这并不是说，这个项目探索了任何伟大的细节，宁愿从一个跳到下一个。可知B系列没有讨论细节，所以没有花时间解释主题。故选B项。56题详解】小题意思是“哪个系列中观众被清楚地告知”。A中提到“Fortunatelyformeandnon-scientistseverywhere,themakersofScienceforAllaretheretoplugthegapsinourknowledge.”对我和其他地方的非科学家来说，幸运的是，为所有人创造科学的人在那里填补我们知识的空白。提到了观众是非科学家。故选A项。【57题详解】小题意思是“观众不需要仔细考虑主题的所有方面，这很好”。C中提到“Thepointofsuchprogramsislesstoexplain