2011北京大学博士英语考试试题及解析

PartTwo：StructureandWrittenExpression（20%）Directions：Foreachquestiondecidewhichofthefourchoicesgivenwillmostsuitablycompletethesentenceifinsertedattheplacemarked.MarkyourchoicesontheAnswerSheet.11．Whethertheextensionofconsciousnessisa“goodthing”forhumanbeingisaquestionthatawidesolution.A．admitsofB.requiresofC.needsofD.seeksfor12．Inaculturelikeours,longallthingsasameansofcontrol,itissometimesabitofashocktoberemindedthatthemediumisthemessage.A．accustomedtosplitanddividedB．accustomedtosplittinganddividingC．accustomedtosplitanddividingD．accustomedtosplittinganddivided13．Applepieisneithergoodnorbad;itisthewayitisusedthatdeterminesitsvalue.A.atitselfB.asitselfC.onitselfD.initself14．usearlier,yourrequesttothefull.A.Youhavecontacted…wecouldcomplywithB.Hadyoucontacted…wecouldhavecompliedwithC.Youhadcontacted…couldwehavecompliedwithD.Haveyoucontacted…wecouldcomplywith15．TheAmericanRevolutionhadnomedievallegalinstitutionstoortorootout,apartfrommonarchy.A.discardB.discreetC.discordD.disgorge16.Livingconstantlyintheatmosphereofslave,hebecameinfectedtheunconscioustheirpsychology.Noonecanshieldhimselfsuchaninfluence.A.on…by…atB.by…for…inC.from…in…onD.through…with…from17.Theeffectofelectrictechnologyhadatfirstbeenanxiety.Nowitappearstocreate.A.boreB.boredC.boredomD.bordom18.Jazztendstobeacasualdialogueformofdancequiteinthereceptiveandmechanicalformsofthewaltz.A.lackedB.lackingC.forlackofD.lackof19.Therearetoomanycomplainsaboutsocietymovetoofasttokeepupwiththemachine.A.thathavetoB.havetoC.havingtoD.hasto20.Thepoorgirlspentoverhalfayearinthehospitalbutsheisnowforit.A.nonetheworseB.nonethebetterC.neverworseD.neverbetter21.Asthesilentfilmsound,sodidthesoundfilmcolor.A.criedoutfor…criedoutforB.cryoutfor…cryoutforC.hadcriedoutfor…criedoutforD.hadcriedoutfor…cryoutfor22.Whilehiseffortsweretremendoustheresultsappearedtobevery.A.triggerB.meagerC.vigorD.linger23.Westernmanishimselfbeingde-Westernizedbyhisownspeed-up,byindustrialtechnology.A.asmuchtheAfricansaredetribalizedB.theAfricansaremuchbeingdetribalizedC.asmuchastheAfricansarebeingdetribalizedD.asmuchastheAfricansaredetribalized24.Weadmirehiscourageandself-confidence.A.canbutB.cannotonlyC.cannotbutD.canonlybut25.Inthe1930’s,whenmillionsofcomicbooksweretheyoungwithfightingandkilling,nobodyseemedtonoticethattheviolenceofcarsinthestreetswasmorehysterical.A.inundatingB.imitatingC.immolatingD.insulating26.youpromiseyouwillworkhard,supportyoutocollege.A.Ifonly…willIB.Only…IwillC.Onlyif…willID.Onlyif…Iwill27.ItisoneoftheironiesofWesternmanthathehasneverfeltinventionasathreattohiswayoflife.A.anyconcernwithB.anyconcernaboutC.anyconcerninD.anyconcernat28.Oneroomschools,withallsubjectsbeingtaughttoallgradesatthesametime,simplywhenbettertransportationpermitsspecializedspacesandspecializedteaching.A.resolvedB.absolvedC.dissolvedD.solved29.Peoplearelivinglongerandnotsavingenough,whichmeanstheywilleitherhavetoworklonger,livelessinretirementorbailedbythegovernment.A.in…for…upB.for…on…outC.by…in…onD.on…for…out30.Thecountrysdeficitthatyeartoarecord1698billiondollarsA.soaredB.souredC.soredD.sourcedPartThree:CloseTest(10%)Directions:ReadthefollowingpassagecarefullyandchooseONEbestwordforeachnumberedblank.MarkyouranswersontheAnswerSheet.2009wastheworstyearfortherecordlabelsinadecade31was2008,andbeforethat2007and2006.Infact,industryrevenueshavebeen32forthepast10years.Digitalsalesaregrowing,butnotasfastastraditionalsalesarefalling.Maybethat’sbecauseillegaldownloadsaresoeasy.Peoplehavebeen33intellectualpropertyforcenturies,butitusedtobeatime-consumingwaytogeneratemarkedly34copies.Thesedays,high-qualitycopiesare35.AccordingtothePewInternetproject,peopleusefile-sharingsoftwaremoreoftenthantheydoiTunesandotherlegalshops.I’dliketobelieve,asmanyofmyfriendsseemto,thatthispracticewon’tdomuchharm.ButevenasI’veheardoverthepastdecadethatthingsweren’t36bad,thatthemusicindustrywasmovingtoanew,betterbusinessmodel,eachyear’snumbershavebeenworse.Maybeit’stimetoadmitthatwemayneverfindawayto37consumerswhowantfreeentertainmentwithcreatorswhowanttogetpaid.38onthisproblem,thecomputationalneuroscientistAndersSandbergrecentlynotedthatalthoughwehavestronginstinctivefeelingsaboutownership,intellectualpropertydoesn’talways39thatframework.Theharmdonebyindividualactsofpiracyistoosmallandtooabstract.“Thenatureofintellectualproperty,”hewrote,“makesithardtomaintainthesocialandempathic40thatkeep(s)usfromtakingeachother’sthings.”31.A.AsB.SameC.ThusD.So32.A.stagnatingB.decliningC.increasingD.stultifying33.A.takingB.robbingC.stealingD.pirating34.A.upgradedB.inferiorC.ineffectiveD.preferable35.A.numerousB.ubiquitousC.accessibleD.effortless36.A.soB.thisC.thatD.much37.A.satisfyB.helpC.reconcileD.equate38.A.BasedB.CapitalizingC.ReflectingD.Drawing39.A.matchupwithB.fillinC.fitintoD.setup40.A.constraintsB.consciousnessC.normD.etiquettePartIV:ReadingComprehension(20%)Directions:Eachofthefollowingfourpassagesisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.Foreachquestionorunfinishedstatement,fouranswersaregiven.Readthepassagescarefullyandchoosethebestanswertoeachquestion.MarkyourchoicesontheAnswerSheet.PassageOneCancerhasalwaysbeenwithus,butnotalwaysinthesameway.Itscareandmanagementhavedifferedovertime,ofcourse,butso,too,haveitsidentity,visibility,andmeanings.Pickupthethreadofhistoryatitsmostdistantendandyouhavecancerthecrab—sonamedeitherbecauseoftheramifyingvenousprocessesspreadingoutfromatumororbecauseitspainisPassageThreeCharlesDarwin’s“OntheOriginofSpecies”iscreditedwithsparkingevolution’srevolutioninscientificthought,butmanyobservershadponderedevolutionbeforehim.Itwasunderstandingtheidea’ssignificanceandsellingittothepublicthatmadeDarwingreat,accordingtotheArnoldArboretum’snewdirector.WilliamFriedman,theArnoldProfessorofOrganismandEvolutionaryBiologywhotookoverasarboretumdirectorJan．1,hasstudiedDarwin’swritingsaswellasthoseofhispredecessorsandcontemporaries.WhileDarwiniswidelycreditedasthefatherofevolution,Friedmansaidthe“historicalsketch”thatDarwinattachedtolaterprintingsofhismasterpiecewasintendedtomollifythosewhodemandedcreditfortheirownearlierideas.Thehistoricalsketchgrewwitheachsubsequentprinting,FriedmantoldanaudienceMonday(Jan．10),until,bythe6thedition,34authorswerementionedinit.Scholarsnowbelievethatsomewherebetween50and60authorshadbeatenDarwinintheirwritingsaboutevolutionIncludedwasDarwin’sgrandfather,ErasmusDarwin,aphysicianwhoirritatedclergymenwithhisinsistencethatlifearosefromlowerforms,specificallymollusks.Friedman’stalk,“ADarwinianLookatDarwin’sEvolutionistAncestors,”tookplaceatthearboretum’sHunnewellBuildingandwasthefirstinanewDirector’sLectureSeries.ThoughothershadclearlyponderedevolutionbeforeDarwin,hewasn’twithoutoriginality.FriedmansaidthatDarwin’sthinkingonnaturalselectionasthemechanismofevolutionwassharedbyfew,mostprominentlyAlfredWallace,whosewritingonthesubjectafteryearsinthefieldspurredDarwin’swritingof“OntheOriginofSpecies.”Althoughthebookrunsmorethan400pages,FriedmansaiditwasneverthebookonevolutionandnaturalselectionthatDarwinintended.In1856,threeyearsbeforethebookwaspublished,hebeganworkonadetailedtomeonnaturalselectionthatwouldn’tseepublicationuntil1975.Theseminaleventincreating“OntheOriginofSpecies”occurredin1858,whenWallacewroteDarwindetailingWallace’sideasofevolutionbynaturalselection.ThearrivalofWallace’sideasgalvanizedDarwinintowriting“OntheOriginofSpecies”asan“abstract”oftheideashewaspainstakinglylayingoutinthelargerwork.ThiswasaluckybreakforDarwin,becauseitforcedhimtowritehisideasinplainlanguage,whichledtoabookthatwasnotonlyrevolutionary,despitethosewho’dtreadsimilargroundbefore,butthatwasalsoveryreadable.ThoughothersthoughtaboutevolutionbeforeDarwin,scientificdiscoveryrequiresmorethanjustanidea.Inadditiontotheconcept,discoveryrequirestheunderstandingofthesignificanceoftheidea,somethingsomeoftheearlierauthorsclearlydidnothave—suchasthearboristwhoburiedhisthoughtsonnaturalselectionintheappendixofabookonnavaltimber.Lastly,scientificdiscoverydemandstheabilitytoconvinceothersofthecorrectnessofanidea.Darwin,through“OntheOriginofSpecies,”wastheonlythinkerofthetimewhohadallthreeofthosetraits,Friedmansaid.“Darwinhadtheabilitytoconvinceothersofthecorrectnessoftheidea,”Friedmansaid,addingthatevenWallace,whoseclaimtonewthinkingonevolutionandnaturalselectionwasstrongerthanalltheothers,paidhomagetoDarwinbytitlinghis1889bookonthesubject,“Darwinism.”51.AccordingtoWilliamFriedman,Darwin’s“OntheOriginofSpecies”isgreatinthat.A.itwasthemoststudiedbylaterscientistsB.ithadsignificantideasaboutevolutionC.itwasthefirsttotalkaboutevolutionD.itwaswellreceivedbythepublic52.FriedmanbelievesthatDarwinattacheda“historicalsketch”tolaterprintingsofhisbookinanattemptto.A.credittheideasaboutevolutionbeforehisB.claimhimselfasthefatherofevolutionC.introducehisgrandfathertothereaderD.summarizehispredecessorswork53.InFriedmansview,Darwinsoriginalityliesin.A.histhinkingonnaturalselectionasthemechanismofevolutionB.hissharingideasaboutevolutionwithhiscontemporariesC.thewayhewrote“OntheOriginofSpecies”D.thewayhelecturedontheideasofevolution54.WehavelearnedthatatfirstDarwinintendedtowritehisideain.A.amuchlargerbookB.a400pagebookC.scientifictermsD.plainlanguage55.ScientificdiscoveryrequiresallthefollowingExpect.A.comingupwithanewideaB.understandingthesignificanceoftheideaC.makingclaimstotheideabywritingbooksD.convincingothersofthecorrectnessoftheidesPassageFourManyadultsmaythinktheyaregettingenoughshut-eye,butinamajorsleepstudyalmost80percentofrespondentsadmittedtonotgettingtheirprescribedamountofnightlyrest.So,whatexactlyistherightamountofsleep?Researchshowsthatadultsneedanaverageofseventoninehoursofsleepanightforoptimalfunctionality.Readontoseejusthowmuchofanimpactmoderatesleepdeprivationcanhaveonyourmindandbody.Bygettinglessthansixhoursofsleepanight,youcouldbeputtingyourselfatriskofhighbloodpressure.Whenyousleep,yourheartgetsabreakandisabletoslowdownforasignificantperiodoftime.Butcuttingbackonsleepmeansyourhearthastoworkovertimewithoutitsallottedbreak.Inconstantlydoingso,yourbodymustaccommodatetoitsnewconditionsandelevateyouroveralldailybloodpressure.Andtheheartisn’ttheonlyorganthatisovertaxedbyalackofsleeps.Thelesssleepyouget,thelesstimethebrainhastoregulatestresshormones,andovertime,sleepdeprivationcouldpermanentlyhinderthebrain’sabilitytoregulatethesehormones,leadingtoelevatedbloodpressure.Weallhangaroundinbedduringourboutsofillness.Butdidyouknowthatskippingoutonthebedrestcanincreaseyourriskofgettingsick?Prolongedsleepdeprivationhaslongbeenassociatedwithdiminishedimmunefunctions,butresearchershavealsofoundadirectcorrelationbetween“modest”sleepdeprivation—lessthansixhours—andreducedimmuneresponse.Sotrytotoughenupyourimmunesystembygettingatleastsevenhoursofsleepanight,andmaintainingahealthydiet.You’llbegladyougotthatextrahourofsleepthenexttimethatbugcomesaroundandleaveseveryoneelsebedriddenwithafeverforthreedays.DuringdeepREMsleep,yourmuscles(exceptthoseintheeyes)areessentiallyimmobilizedinordertokeepyoufromactingoutonyourdreams.Unfortunately,thiseffortyourbodymakestokeepyousafewhiledreamingcansometimesbackfire,resultinginsleepparalysis.SleepparalysisoccurswhenthebrainisarousedfromitsREMcycle,butthebodyremainsinitsimmobilizingstate.Thiscanbequiteafrighteningsensationbecause,whileyourmindisslowlyregainingconsciousness,ithasnocontroloveryourbody,leavingsomewithafeelingofpowerlessness,fearandpanic.Mostpeopleexperiencethiseeriephenomenaatleastonceintheirlives,butthosewhoaresleepdeprivedaremorelikelytohavepanickedepisodesofsleepparalysisthatareusuallyaccompaniedbyhallucinations,aswell.Forasecond,imagineallofyourmemoriesareerased;everybirthday,summervacation,evenwhatyoudidyesterdayafternooniscompletelylost,becauseyouhavenorecollectionofthem.It’sachillingthought,butthatiswhatalifewithoutsleepwouldbelike.Sleepisessentialtothecognitivefunctionsofthebrain,andwithoutit,ourabilitytoconsolidatememories,learndailytasks,andmakedecisionsisimpairedbyalargedegree.ResearchhasrevealedthatREMsleep,ordream-sleep,helpssolidifythe“fragile”memoriesthebraincreatesthroughoutthedaytothattheycanbeeasilyorganizedandstoredinthemind’slong-termcache.56.Accordingtothepassage,whatisthemeaningof“sleepdeprivation”?A.Tosleepforanaverageperiodoftime.B.Tosleepdeeplywithoutdreaming.C.Tosleeplessthanneeded.D.Tosleepmodestly.57.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtoParagraph3?A.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewithsleepdeprivationwillbeabeletosleeplonger.B.Wheneveryoneelsegetsafever,thosewhousuallyhaveadequatesleepwillbealright.C.Onlymodestsleepdeprivationcouldweakentheimmunesystem.D.Prolongedsleepdeprivationwillnothaveimpactontheimmunesystem.58.Whyistheretheso-called“sleepparalysis”?A.Itoccurswhenyouareunabletowakeupfromdreamswhileyouaresleeping.B.Itoccurswhenyoubrainimmobilizesyourbodyinordertokeepyoufromdreaming.C.BecauseyouareusuallytoofrightenedtomoveyourbodywhenwakingupfromdeepREMsleep.D.Becauseyourbody,immobilizedwhendreaming,maystillbeunabletomoveevenwhenyourbrainiswakingup.59.WhichofthefollowingstatementsisTRUEaccordingtothelastparagraph?A.Memoriesarepartofthecognitivefunctionofthebrain.B.Memoriescreatedduringthedaytimeareusuallyfragileandimpaired.C.Youarelikelytoloseyourmemoriesofyesterdayafteranight’ssleep.D.Longtermmemorycannotbeformedwithoutdream-sleep.60.Whateffectsofsleepdeprivationonhumanmindandbodyarediscussedinthispassage?A.Highbloodpressure,atoughenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.B.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,sleepparalysis,andlongtermmemory.C.Bloodpressure,immunesystem,thebrainandthebody,andmemory.D.Highbloodpressure,aweakenedimmunesystem,sleepparalysis,andmemoryloss.PartV:Proofreading(15%)Directions:Inthefollowingpassage,therearealtogether15mistakes,ONEineachnumberedandunderlinedpart.Youmayhavetochangeaword,addaword,orjustdeleteaword.Ifyouchangeaword,crossitwithaslash(/)andwritethecorrectwordbesideit.Ifyouaddaword,writethemissingwordbetweenthewords(inbrackets)immediatelybeforeandafterit.Ifyoudeleteaword,crossitoutwithaslash(/).PutyouranswerontheAnswerSheet(2).Examples:eg.1(61)Themeetingbegun2hoursago.CorrectionputontheAnswerSheet(2):(61)begunbeganeg.2(62)Scarcelytheysettledthemselvesintheirseatsinthetheatrewhenthecurtainwentup.CorrectionputontheAnswerSheet(2):(62)(Scarcely)had(they)eg.3(63)NeverwillInotdoitagain.CorrectionputontheAnswerSheet(2):(63)notWal-MartannouncedThursdayafternoonthatitwouldintroduceaprogramnationwidecalled(61)“PickUpToday”thatallowscustomerstosubmitordersonlineandpickuptheiritemsfewhourslaterintheirlocalstore.(62)Themoveisnotrevolutionary—SearsandNordstrom,asinstance,alreadyhavesimilarprograms.(63)Retailerssaythattyingonlineandin-storeinventorytogetherletsthemtosellmoreproducts.(64)Nordstromrecentlycombineditsinventorysothatiftheonlinestockroomisoutofajacket,astorethathasitcanshiptotheWebcustomer.(65)Encouragecustomerstoretrieveitemstheyhaveorderedonlineinastoreincreasesvisitstothestores,whichusuallyincreasessales.(66)BestBuyoffersbothstorepickupand“shiptostore,”whereitemsareshippedfreefromalocalstore.AceHardware,J．C．PenneyandWal-Martitselfareamongtheothersoffering“shiptostore”programs.InWal-Mart’sprogram,(67)thatisexpectedtobenationwidebyJune,customerscanselectfromamong40,000itemsonline.(68)Theywillsendatextmessageore-mailalertingthemwhentheorderisready,whichusuallytakesaboutfourhours.(69)“Notonlyweseeitasaniceconvenienceforcustomers,butwealsosawitasawaytodriveincrementaltraffictothestores,andincrementalsales,”saidSteveNave,seniorvicepresidentandgeneralmanagerofWalmart．Com.(70)Theprogramwillincludeabout40000itemslikewiseelectronics,toys,homedécorandsportinggoods.(71)Asofnow,itdoesnotincludegroceries,thoughMr．Navediddismissthatpossibility.(72)“We’renotreadytotalktodayabouteverythingthat’sgoingoningrocery,”hesaid“Whatwe’vetriedtodois(73)focusonthosecategorieswherecustomersaremostlikelytobewillingtomakethepurchaseaftertheytouchitorlookatit.(74)Thisisaconvenientplay,tryingtofigureoutwhatarethethingsthataregoingtodrivemorecustomersintothestores.”Wal-Martalsoannouncedthat(75)itwasshortenedthetimecustomerswouldhavetowaitforship-to-storeitems,tofourtosevendays,fromsevento10days.PartVI:Writing(15%)Directions:Readthefollowingparagraphandthenwritearesponsepaperofabout250to300words.WriteitnearlyontheAnswerSheet(2).InChina,minimumwagebecomeshigherinmanyplaces.Butpeopledisagreeoveritsbenefitsanddrawbacks.Supporterssayitincreasestheworker’sstandardofliving,whileopponentssayitincreaseunemployment.Whatdoyouthink?PartIIStructureandWrittenExpression（20%）11.【A】A项admitsof“容许，有……的可能”；B项requiresof“要求，要求得到”；C项needsof“满足需要”；D项seeksfor“寻找，追求，探索”。结合本题的句子大意：对人类来说，意识的扩展是否是一件好事是一个可能有广泛答案的问题。因此，A项符合题意。12.【B】在固定词组accustomedto中，“to”为介词，后面需跟名词或动名词；句中的“and”连接的两个动词为并列关系，因此都应该用动名词形式，故选B。13．【D】各个选项中，只有D项“initself”是一个固定短语，意为“以其本身而言，本质上”，其他选项at/as/onitself短语均不存在。故选D。14.【B】在由“if”引导的表示虚拟的条件状语从句中，有时可以省去连词“if”，将助动词、情态动词、be或have等词提到主语之前。本句表示的是与过去事实相反的情况，从句需要用过去完成时，主句用would/could/might/should+现在完成时，故选B。15．【A】A项discard“丢弃,抛弃”；B项discreet“小心的,慎重的,有思虑的,贤明的”；C项discord“不和”；D项disgorge“吐出”。句中“or”的前后为并列关系，所选词语应与rootout意义相近，再结合本题句子大意：除了君主制，美国革命没有中世纪法律机构或根除。故选A。16．【D】infectedthrough为固定短语，“通过……感染”；theunconsciouswiththeirpsychology“无意识的心理”；shieldfrom为固定搭配短语，“使某人摆脱……”。句子大意为：不断生活在奴隶的氛围下，他通过他们无意识的心理而得到了感染。没有人可以保护自己摆脱这样的影响。故选D。17．【C】A项bore“令人讨厌的人”；B项bored“无聊的,无趣的,烦人的”；C项boredom“无聊，无趣，厌倦”；D项bordom是一个错误单词。create后应跟名词，再结合句意：最早电动技术的影响是焦虑，现在好像产生了，结合4个选项，只有C项最符合题意。18．【B】本题中，用lack修饰dance，由于两者是主动关系，所以用现在分词，故选B。19．【C】本题可以用排除法。首先，空格前的“therebe”句型结构完整，不缺成分，所以排除B、D两项；空格后内容是“complains”的具体内容，如果跟that从句，则不能放在society后，容易产生歧义，所以排除A项。故选C。20．【B】本题考查固定搭配，nonethebetterforit意为“不因此而好些”。故选B。21．【D】本题可以用排除法。首先，后半句中的did修饰空格处动词短语，因此空格处应该用动词原形，故排除A、C两项；其次，由于前半句描述的事情发生在后半句描述的事情之前，后半句用过去时，那么前半句应该用过去完成时，故排除A、B两项。因此选C。22.【B】A项trigger“引发,引起,触发”；B项meager“贫乏的，不足的”；C项vigor“精力，活力”；D项linger“逗留,闲荡,拖延,游移”。结合句子大意：虽然他的努力是巨大的，但是结果好像非常。因此，空格处选B项最符合题意。23．【C】本题考查句型“as…as”，即“像……一样”，且本句为被动句，结合句子大意：西方人被自己本身较快的速度西化了，就像工业技术使非洲人丧失部落特性一样。因此，C项最符合题意。24.【C】A项canbut“只能，不得不”；B项cannotonly“不能只”；C项cannotbut“不得不，禁不住”；D项无此用法。结合句子大意：我们禁不住佩服他的勇气和自信。故选C。25.【A】A项inundating“淹没，泛滥，使充满”；B项imitating“模仿，仿效，仿制，仿造”；C项immolating“牺牲,献出,献祭”；D项insulating“使绝缘,隔离”。结合句子大意：二十世纪三十年代，当成千上万的漫画书用打斗和杀戮淹没了年青一代时，没有人意识到其实街道上汽车的暴力损害更疯狂一些。因此A项最符合题意。26.【C】本题为倒装句，前后都应倒装，其中onlyif“只有”，用于倒装；而ifonly“但愿”，用虚拟语气，故排除。故选C。27.【B】本题考查固定用法：concernabout+sthorsb“对……的关心／忧虑”。故选B。28.【C】A项resolved“决心,决定,决心要”；B项absolved“宣布免除”；C项dissolved“解散，使终结”；D项solved“解决，解答”。结合句子大意：一间教室的学校，同时教所有年级所有的科目，当较好的交通设施允许专业空间和专业教学时，这种学校就被解散了。所以C项符合题意。29.【B】liveon“靠……生活”，bailout“帮助摆脱困境”，结合句子大意：人们的寿命越来越长，但是储蓄不够多，这就意味着人们必须延长工作时间，更少依赖退休，或者靠政府摆脱困境。所以B项符合题意。30.【A】A项soared“飙升，骤然上升”；B项soured“发酵，变酸，厌烦”；C项sored“弄伤”；D项sourced“发起，寻求来源”。结合句子大意：那一年，这个国家的赤字突然飙升到1698亿美元的纪录。故A项符合题意。PartⅢClozeTest31.【D】本题考查so的固定用法，即“so+助动词/情态动词/be动词”表示“也是，也一样”。结合空格所在句子大意：对唱片公司来说，2009年是过去十年最糟糕的一年。2008年、之前的2007年和2006年亦是如此。故选D。32.【B】空格所在句子大意为：事实上，行业收入在过去十年一直在下降。A项stagnating“(使)淤塞,(使)停滞,(使)沉滞,(使)变萧条”；B项declining“下倾,下降,下垂”；C项increasing“增加,加大”；D项stultifying“使显得愚笨,使变无效,使成为徒劳”。B项符合文意。33.【D】空格所在句子大意为：几个世纪以来，一直有人在盗用知识产权，不过，生产明显低劣的复制品曾经是耗费时间的方式。A项taking“拿走,取,占领,获得”；B项robbing“抢夺,抢掠,剥夺”；C项stealing“偷,窃取,偷窃,偷盗”；D项pirating“盗印,盗版,掠夺,翻印”。D项符合文意。34.【B】空格所在句子大意参考第33题。A项upgraded“使升级,提升,改良品种”；B项inferior“下等的,差的,卑的”；C项ineffective“无效的,(指人)工作效率低的”；D项preferable“更可取的,更好的,更优越的”。B项符合文意。35.【D】空格所在句子大意为：如今，制作高品质的复制品已经是轻而易举的事情了。A项numerous“众多的,许多的,无数的”；B项ubiquitous“到处存在的,(同时)普遍存在的”；C项accessible“易接近的,可到达的,易受影响的,可理解的”；D项effortless“容易的,不费力气的”。D项符合文意。36.【C】空格所在句子大意为：正如我在过去十年内听说的那样，形势并没有那么糟糕，音乐行业正转向一个新的更好的商业模式，不过每年的数量优势却越来越差。这里用“that”代替上段提到的一种情况。37.【C】空格所在句子大意为：也许是时候承认，我们永远也无法找到一种方式，把需要免费娱乐的消费者和希望得到报酬的创作者协调起来。A项satisfy“满足,使满意,说服,使相信”；B项help“帮助,助长,接济”；C项reconcile“使和解,使和谐,使顺从”；D项equate“使相等”。所选词语构成“sbwithsb”的结构，只有C项正确。38.【C】空格所在句子大意为：最近，计算机神经科学家安德斯·桑贝格反思了这个问题。A项Based(on)“基于”；B项Capitalizing(on)“利用”；C项Reflecting(on)“思考,反省,怀疑,导致,责备”；D项Drawing(on)“戴上,吸收,利用,引诱”。C项符合文意。39.【C】空格所在句子大意为：他指出，虽然我们对所有权有强烈的本能感觉，但是，知识产权并不总是符合那种框架。A项matchupwith“和……相配”；B项fillin“填充,填写,填满,替代”；C项fitinto“适合”；D项setup“设立,竖立,架起,升起”。C项符合文意。40.【A】空格所在句子大意为：知识产权的本质使它很难保持社会和移情限制，阻止我们相互使用彼此的作品。A项constraints“约束,强制,局促”；B项consciousness“意识,知觉,自觉,觉悟,个人思想”；C项norm“标准,规范”；D项etiquette“礼节”。A项符合文意。PartⅣReadingComprehensionPassageOne41．【D】本题考查事实细节。根据文章第一段中的“TheancientEgyptiansknewaboutmanytumorsthathadabadoutcome,andtheGreeksmadeadistinctionbetweenbenigntumors(oncos)andmalignantones(carcinos)”可知，古埃及人知道许多种带来恶果的肿瘤，而希腊人已经区分出良性肿瘤和恶性肿瘤了，所以答案为D。42.【D】本题考查推理判断能力。文章中共有三处提及恐惧，但和癌症并提则在最后一段，威廉·巴契南认为过度恐惧会导致癌症，但这并不等于说人们惧怕癌症，故不选B。根据最后一段中的“AmongtheRomanticsandtheVictorians,sufferinganddyingfromtuberculosismightbeconsideredabadgeofrefinement;cancerdeathwasnothingofthesort”可知，在浪漫主义时期和维多利亚时期，受肺结核折磨甚至死于肺结核被当成是文雅的标志；患癌死亡那就完全不同了，排除C；通读全文，A项文中没有提到；根据最后一段中的“Intheeighteenthandnineteenthcenturies,somephysiciansattributedcancer—notablyofthebreastandtheovaries—topsychologicalandbehavioralcauses”可知，在十八九世纪，一些医生将癌症——尤其是乳房癌和子宫癌——的产生归咎到心理或行为方面，所以D项正确。43.【C】本题考查推理能力。根据文章第二段最后两句话可知，癌症致死的苦状令人畏惧，但是恐惧并没有成为公众意识中的关注焦点，而现在不同了。医学史家罗伊·波特将其说成是“最卓越的现代病”，慕克吉称其为“现代性最典型的产物”，这就是其中一方面的原因。所以C项“现在，人们以全新的方式理解癌症”正确。44.【D】本题考查推理能力。根据文章最后一段第一、二句话可知，人们曾经认为癌症是一种“文明病”，病因与神经衰弱症和糖尿病类似；前者是因现代生活的压力而产生的神经衰弱，后者是因饮食不良和懒惰而产生。在十八九世纪，一些医生将癌症——尤其是乳房癌和子宫癌——的产生归咎到心理或行为方面。这里提到神经衰弱症和糖尿病是为了说明癌症和它们类似，和心理和行为有关，选D。45.【A】本题考查推理能力。根据文章第一段第一、二句可知，癌症始终如影随形，但是纠缠的方式却有变化。诊治处理方法当然也随着时代进步有变化，而其存在性质、表现和意义也发生了改变。作者在这两句话中隐藏了自己的观点。所以选A。PassageTwo46.【C】本题考查概括推理能力。根据第一段内容可知。A、B项说法错误，根据常识可知D项错误，所以C项符合题意。47.【D】本题是细节推断题。根据第五段内容可知，现代经济的惊人发明会使一小部分企业家变得非常富有，所以A项错误；根据最后一段内容可知，超级精英对政治的影响力很大，所以他们会担心日益扩大的收入的不平等会给社会和政治带来影响，所以D项符合题意。48.【D】本题考查推断能力。根据第五段中的“Thewondrousinventionsofthemoderneconomy—Google,Amazon,theiPhonebroadlyimprovedthelivesofmiddleclassconsumers,evenastheymadeatinysubsetofentrepreneurshugelywealthy”可知，现代经济的惊人发明广泛提高了中产阶级消费者的生活，使一小部分企业家变得非常富有，所以D项符合题意。49.【C】本题考查细节推理。根据最后一段内容可知，金融危机后，许多寄生银行家和精英为了自己的利益而操纵游戏，这产生了广泛且不合理的恐惧——多数人不只生活在富人经济学中，还生活在富人政治中，富人政治影响力很大，又有狭隘利己主义的动机和对别人的冷漠，所以选C。50.【A】本题考查概括能力。通读全文可知，本文主要介绍美国经济也存在自身的问题——贫富差距，富有消费者虽然数量很少，但是他们占据了不成比例的巨大收入和消费。非富有者数量很大，但是他们只咬了国家馅饼的一小口，这非常令人惊奇，所以A选项符合题意。51．【D】本题考查事实细节。根据文章第一段最后一句“ItwasunderstandingtheideassignificanceandsellingittothepublicthatmadeDarwingreat,accordingtotheArnoldArboretumsnewdirector”可知，根据哈佛大学阿诺德树木园新主管的观点，了解进化论观点的重要性并让公众广泛接受才使达尔文变得伟大，所以D项正确。52.【A】本题考查事实细节。根据第二段中的“Friedmansaidthe‘historicalsketchthatDarwinattachedtolaterprintingsofhismasterpiecewasintendedtomollifythosewhodemandedcreditfortheirownearlierideas”可知，弗里德曼说达尔文在后来杰作印刷品中附上的“历史梗概”是为了缓和那些为自己早期观点要求声望的人的情绪，所以A项正确。53.【B】本题考查事实细节。根据文中第五段中的“FriedmansaidthatDarwinsthinkingonnaturalselectionasthemechanismofevolutionwassharedbyfew,mostprominentlyAlfredWallace,whosewritingonthesubjectafteryearsinthefieldspurredDarwinswritingof‘OntheOriginofSpecies’”可知，里德曼说，达尔文关于自然选择作为进