2016年6月英语四级真题及答案卷一

一、作Directions：Forthispart,youareallowed30minutestowriteatoexpressyourthankstoyourparentsoranyfamilymembersuponmakingmemorableachievement.Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words.二、SectionDirectionsInthissectionyouwillhearthreenewsreportsAttheendofeachnewsreport，youwillheartwoorthreequestions。Boththenewsreportandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce。Afteryouhearaquestion，youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedB)C)andD)ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Questions1and2arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard。1。A)TheInternationalLaborOrganization’skeyobjective。ThebasicsocialprotectionforthemostvulnerableRisingunemploymentworldwideGlobaleconomicrecovery2A)ManycountrieshavenottakenmeasurestocreateenoughjobsFewcountriesknowhowtoaddressthecurrenteconomiccrisisFewcountrieshaverealizedtheseriousnessofthecurrentcrisisManycountriesneedsupporttoimprovetheirpeople’slivelihood。Questions3and4arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard。3。A)Servestandardizedfoodnationwide。Putcalorieinformationon IncreaseproteincontentinthefoodOfferconvenientfoodtocustomers。4。A)Theywillbefined。TheywillbeclosedTheywillgetawarningTheywilllosecustomersQuestions5to7arebasedonthenewsreportyouhavejustheard。5。A)Inabilitytoimplementtheirbusinessns。InabilitytokeepturningoutnovelproductsLackofasuccessfulbusinessmodeloftheirownFailuretointegrateinnovationintotheirbusiness。6。A)Itisthesecrettobusinesssuccess。ItisthecreationofsomethingnewItisamagictooltobringbigrewardsItisanessentialpartofbusinessculture。7。A)Itshardworkingemployees。ItsflexiblepromotionstrategyItsinnovationcultureItswillingnesstomakeinvestments。SectionBDirections：Inthissection，youwillheartwolongconversations。Attheendofeachconversationsyouwillhearfourquestions。Boththeconversationsandthequestion-swillbespokenonlyonceAfteryouhearaquestion。YoumustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA)，B)，C)andD)。ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Questions8to11arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard。8。A)He’sgotaddictedtotechnology。HeisnotverygoodatsocializingHeiscrazyabouttext-messagingHedoesnottalklongonthephone。9。A)Talkbig。TalkatlengthGossipalotForgetherself10A)HethoughtitwascoolHeneededthepracticeHewantedtostayconnectedwiththemHehadanurgentmessagetosend。11A)Itposesachallengetoseniors。ItsavesbothtimeandmoneyItischildishandunprofessionalItiscoolandconvenientQuestions12to15arebasedontheconversationyouhavejustheard。12。A)Hewantstochangehisjobassignment。HeisunhappywithhisdepartmentmanagerHethinkshedeservesextrapayforovertimeHeisoftensingledoutforcriticismbyhisboss。13。A)Hisworkloadwasmuchtooheavy。HisimmediatebossdidnottrusthimHiscolleaguesoftenrefusedtocooperateHissalarywastoolowforhisresponsibility。14。A)Heneverknowshowtorefuse。HeisalwaysreadytohelpothersHisbosshasalotoftrustinhimHisbosshasnosenseoffairness。15。A)Putallhiscomintsinwriting。WaitandseewhathappensnextLearntosaynowhennecessaryTalktohisboss SectionDirectionsInthissectionyouwillhearthreepassagesAttheendofeachpassage，youwillhearthreeorfourquestions。Boththepassageandthequestionswillbespokenonlyonce。Afteryouhearaquestion，youmustchoosethebestanswerfromthefourchoicesmarkedA)，B)，andD)。ThenmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet1withasinglelinethroughthecentre。Questions16to18arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard。16。A)Theimportanceofsleeptoahealthylife。ReasonsforAmericansdeclineinsleepSometipstoimprovethequalityofsleepDiseasesassociatedwithlackofsleep。17。A)Theyaremorehealth-conscious。TheyarechangingtheirlivinghabitsTheygetlessandlesssleepTheyknowthedangersoflackofsleep。18。A)Theirweightwillgodown。TheirmindfunctionwilldeteriorateTheirworkefficiencywilldecreaseTheirbloodpressurewillriseQuestions19to21arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard。19。A)Howmuchyoucanaffordtopay。WhatcourseyouaregoingtochooseWhichuniversityyouaregoingtoapplytoWhenyouaregoingtosubmityourapplication20A)ThelistofcoursesstudiedThefullrecordofscoresThereferencesfromteachers alstatement21A)SpecifywhattheywouldliketodoaftergraduationDescribeindetailhowmuchtheywouldenjoystudyingIndicatetheyhavereflectedandthoughtaboutthesubject。D)Emphasizethattheyadmiretheprofessorsintheuniversity。Questions22to25arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard。22。A)Itwasequippedwithrubbertyres。Itwasbuiltinthelate19thcenturyItwaspurchasedbytheRoyalfamilyItwasdesignedbyanEnglishengineer。23。A)Theyconsumedlotsofpetrol。TheytooktwopassengersonlyTheyweredifficulttodriveTheyoftenbrokedown24A)TheywereproducedontheassemblylineTheywerebuiltwithlesscostlymaterialsTheyweremodeledafterBritishcarsTheyweremadeforordinaryuse25A)ItmadenewsallovertheworldItwasbuiltfortheRoyalfamilyItmarkedanewerainmotortravelItattractedlargenumbersofmotorists三、选词填SectionDirections：Inthissection，thereisapassagewithtenblanks。Youarerequiredtoselectonewordforeachblankfromalistofchoicesgiveninawordbankfollowingthepassage。Readthepassagethroughcarefullybeforemakingyourchoices。Eachchoiceinthebankisidentifiedbyaletter。PleasemarkthecorrespondingletterforeachitemonAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentreYoumaynotuseanyofthewordsinthebankmorethanonce。Questions26to35arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustPhysicalactivitydoesthebodygood,andthere’sgrowingevidencethatithelpsthebraintoo.ResearchersintheNetherlandsreportthatchildrenwhogetmoreexercise,whetheratschoolorontheirown, tohavehigherGPAsandbetterscoresonstandardizedtests.Ina of14studiesthatlookedatphysicalactivityandacademic ,investigatorsfoundthatthemorechildrenmoved,thebettertheirgradeswereinschool, inthebasicsubjectsofmath,Englishandreading.Thedatawillcertainlyfueltheongoingdebateoverwhetherphysicaleducationclassesshouldbecutasschoolsstruggleto onsmallerbudgets.Theargumentsagainstphysicaleducationhaveincludedconcernsthatgymtimemaybetakingawayfromstudytime.WithstandardizedtestscoresintheU.S. inrecentyears,someadministratorsbelievestudentsneedtospendmoretimeintheclassroominsteadofontheyground.Butasthesefindingsshow,exerciseandacademicsmaynotbe exclusive.Physicalactivitycanimproveblood tothebrain,fuelingmemory,attentionandcreativity,whichare tolearning.Andexercisereleaseshormonesthatcanimprove andrelievestress,whichcanalsohelplearning.Sowhileitmayseemasifkidsarejustexercisingtheirbodieswhenthey’rerunningaround,theymayactuallybeexercisingtheirbrainsaswell.四、段落匹SectionDirections：Inthissection，youaregoingtoreadapassagewithtenstatementsattachedtoitEachstatementcontainsinformationgiveninoneoftheparagraphs。Identifytheparagraphfromwhichtheinformationisderived。Youmaychooseaparagraphmorethanonce。EachparagraphismarkedwithaletterAnswerthequestionsbymarkingthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2。FindingtheRightHome—andContentment,Whenyourelderlyrelativeneedstoentersomesortoflong-termcarefacility—amomentfewparentsorchildrenapproachwithoutfear—whatyouwouldlikeistohaveeverythingmadeclear.Doesassistedlivingreallymarkagreatimprovementoveranursinghome,orhastheindustrysimplyhiredbetterinteriordesigners?Arenursinghomesasbadaspeoplefear,oristhatanout-modedstereotype(固定看法)? ngone’sreallysteerfamiliestothebestces?Itisgenuinelyhardtoknow.Iamabouttomakethingsmorecomplicatedbysuggestingthatwhatkindoffacilityanolder livesinmaymatterlessthanwehaveassumed.Andthatthecharacteristicsadultchildrenlookforwhentheybeginthesearcharenotnecessarilythethingsthatmakeadifferencetothepeoplewhoaregoingtomovein.Iamnottalkingaboutthequalityofcare,letmehastilyadd.Nobodyflourishesinagloomyenvironmentwithirresponsiblestaffandapoorsafetyrecord.Butanaccumulatingbodyofresearchindicatesthatsomedistinctionsbetweenonetypeofeldercareandanotherhavelittlerealbearingonhowwellresidentsdo.Themostrecentofthesestudies,publishedinThejournalAppliedGerontology,surveyed150Connecticutresidentsofassistedliving,nursinghomesandsmallerresidentialcarehomes(knowninsomestatesasboardandcarehomesoradultcarehomes).ResearchersfromtheUniversityofConnecticutHealthCenteraskedtheresidentsalargenumberofquestionsabouttheirqualityoflife,emotionalwell-beingandsocialinction,aswellasaboutthequalityofthefacilities.“Wethoughtwewouldseedifferencesbasedonthehousingtypes,”saidtheleadauthorofthestudy,JulieRobison,anassociateprofessorofmedicineattheuniversity.Areasonableassumption—don’tfamiliesstruggletoavoidnursinghomesandsufferrealguiltiftheycan’t?Intheinitialresults,assistedlivingresidentsdidpaintthemostpositivepicture.Theywerelesslikelytoreportsymptomsofdepressionthanthoseintheotherfacilities,forinstance,andlesslikelytobeboredorlonely.Theyscoredhigheronsocialinction.Butwhentheresearcherspluggedinanumberofothervariables,suchdifferencesdisappeared.Itisnotthehousingtype,theyfound,thatcreatesdifferencesinresidents’responses.“Itisthecharacteristicsofthespecificenvironmenttheyarein,combinedwiththeirown characteristics—howhealthytheyfeeltheyare,theirageandmaritalstatus,”Dr.Robisonexined.Whetherresidentsfeltinvolvedinthedecisiontomoveandhowlongtheyhadlivedtherealsoprovedsignificant.An whodescribesherselfasinpoortherefore,mightbenolessdepressedinassistedliving(evenifherchildrenpreferredit)thaninanursinghome.A whobadinputintowherehewouldmoveandhashadtimetoadapttoitmightdoaswellinanursinghomeasinasmallresidentialcarehome,otherfactorsbeingequal.Itisan ctionbetweenthe andthece,notthesortofceinitself,thatleadstobetterorworseexperiences.“Youcan’tjustsay,‘Let’sputthisinaresidentialcarehomeinsteadofanursinghome—shewillbemuchbetteroff,”Dr.Robisonsaid.Whatmatters,sheadded,“isacombinationofwhatpeoplebringinwiththem,andwhattheyfindthere.”Suchfindings,whichruncountertocommonsense,havesurfacedbefore.Inamulti-statestudyofassistedliving,forinstance,UniversityofNorthCarolinaresearchersfoundthatahostofvariables—thefacility’stype,sizeorage;whetherachainownedit;howattractivetheneighborhoodwas—hadnosignificantrelationshiptohowtheresidentsfaredintermsofillness,mentaldecline,hospitalizationsormortality.Whatmatteredmostwastheresidents’physicalhealthandmentalstatus.Whatpeoplewerelikewhentheycameinhadgreaterconsequencethanwhathappenedonetheywerethere.AsIwasconsideringallthis,apressreleasefromarespectedresearchfirmcrossedmydesk,announcingthatthefive-starratingsystemthatMedicaredevelopedin2008tohelpfamiliescomparenursinghomequalityalsohaslittlerelationshiptohowsatisfieditsresidentsortheirfamilymembersare.Asamatteroffact,consumersexpressedhighersatisfactionwiththeone-starfacilities,thelowestrated,thanwiththefive-starones.(Moreonthisstudyandthestarratingswillappearinasubsequentpost.)Beforewecollectivelytearourhairout—howarewesupposedtofindourwayinalandscapethisconfusing?—hereisathoughtfromDr.PhilipSloaneageriatrician(老年病学专家)attheUniversityofNorthCarolina：“Inaway,thatcouldbeliberatingforfamilies.”Ofcourse,sonsanddaughterswanttovisitthefacilities,talktotheadministratorsandresidentsandotherfamilies,anddoeverythingpossibletofulfilltheirduties.Butperhapstheydon’thavetoturnthemselvesintoprivateinvestigatorsorCongressional mittees.“Familiescanlookabitmoreforwheretheresidentsaregoingtobehappy，”Dr.Sloanesaid.Andinvolvingthefutureresidentintheprocesscanbeveryimportant.Weallhaveourownideasaboutwhatwouldbringourparentshappiness.Theyhavetheirideas,too.Afriendrecentlytookhermothertovisitanexpensiveassistedliving/nursinghomenearmytown.Ihaveseenthisce—itiselegant,insideandout.Butnobodygreetedthedaughterandmotherwhentheyarrived,thoughthevisithadbeennned;nobodyintroducedthemtotheotherresidents.Whentheyhadlunchinthediningroom,theysataloneatatable.Thedaughterfearedhermotherwouldbeignoredthere,andsoshedecidedtomoveherintoamore ingfacility.Basedonwhatisemergingfromsomeofthisresearch,thatmighthavebeenasrationalawayasanytoreachadecision.Manypeoplefeelguiltywhentheycannotfindaceotherthananursinghomefortheirparents.Thoughithelpsforchildrentoinvestigatecarefacilities,involvingtheirparentsinthedecision-makingprocessmayproveveryimportant.Itisreallydifficult lifassistedlivingisbetterthananursingHowaresidentfeelsdependsonanin ctionbetweenthemselvesandthecarefacilitytheylivein.Theauthorthinksherfriendmadearationaldecisioninchoosingamorehospitableceoveranapparentlyelegantassistedlivinghome.ThesystemMedicaredevelopedtoratenursinghomequalityisoflittlehelptofindingasatisfactoryce.Atfirsttheresearchersofthemostrecentstudyfoundresidentsinassistedlivingfacilitiesgavehigherscoresonsocialinction.Whatkindofcarefacilityoldpeopleliveinmaybelessimportantthanwethink.Thefindingsofthelatestresearchweresimilartoanearliermulti-statestudyofassistedliving.Aresident’ssatisfactionwithacarefacilityhasmuchtodowithwhethertheyhadparticipatedinthedecisiontomoveinandhowlongtheyhadstayedthere.五、仔细阅SectionDirections：Thereare2passagesinthissection。Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements。ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA)，B)，C)andD)。YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre。PassageQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassageAsArtificialInligence(AI) esincreasinglysophisticated，therearegrowingconcernsthatrobotscould eathreat。Thisdangercanbeavoided，accordingtocomputerscienceprofessorStuartRussell，ifwefigureouthowtoturnhumanvaluesintoaprogr blecode。Russellarguesthatasrobotstakeonmorecomplicatedtasksit’snecessarytotranslateourmoralsintoAIlanguage。Forexampleifarobotdoeschoresaroundthehouseyouwouldn’twantittoputthepetcatintheoventomakedinnerforthehungrychildren。“Youwouldwantthatrobotpreloadedwithagoodsetofvalues，”saidSomerobotsarealreadyprogrammedwithbasichumanvalues。Forexample，robotshavebeenprogrammedtokeepacomfortabledistancefromhumans。Obviouslythereareculturaldifferences，butifyouweretalkingtoanother andtheycameupcloseinyour space，youwouldn’tthinkthat’sthekindofthingaproperlybrought-upwoulddoItwillbepossibletocreatemoresophisticatedmoralmachinesifonlywecanfindawaytosetouthumanvaluesasclearrules。RobotscouldalsolearnvaluesfromdrawingpatternsfromlargeofdataonhumanbehaviorTheyaredangerousonlyifprogrammersareThebiggestconcernwithrobotsgoingagainsthumanvaluesisthathumanbeingsfailtososufficienttestingandthey’veproducedasystemthatwillbreaksomekindoftaboo()。Onesimplecheckwouldbetoprogramarobottocheckthecorrectcourseofactionwithahumanwhenpresentedwithanunusualsituation。Iftherobotisunsurewhetherananimalissuitableforthemicrowaveithastheopportunitytostop，sendoutbeeps(嘟嘟声)，andaskfordirectionsfromahuman。Ifwehumansaren’tquitesureaboutadecision，wegoandasksomebodyelse。ThemostdifficultstepinprogrammingvalueswillbedecidingexactlywhatwebelieveinmoralandhowtocreateasetofethicalrulesButifwecomeupwithananswer，robotscouldbegoodforhumanity。WhatdoestheauthorsayaboutthethreatofItmayconstituteachallengetocomputerprogranmers paniesallmachineryinvolvinghightechnologyItcanbeavoidedifhumanvaluesaretranslatedintotheirlanguageIthas eaninevitableperilastechnologygetsmoreWhatwouldwethinkofa whoinvadesour alspaceaccordingtotheauthor?TheyareaggressiveTheyareoutgoingTheyareignorantTheyareill-bredHowdorobotslearnhumanByinctingwithhumansineverydaylifesituationsByfollowingthedailyroutinesofcivilizedhumanbeingsBypickinguppatternsfrommassivedataonhumanbehaviorByimitatingthebehaviorofpropertybrought-uphumanbeingsWhatwillawell-programmedrobotdowhenfacinganunusualkeepadistancefrompossibledangersStoptoseekadvicefromahumanbeingTriggeritsbuilt-inalarmsystematonceDosufficienttestingbeforetakingactionWhatismostdifficulttodowhenweturnhumanvaluesintoa blecode?DeterminewhatismoralandethicalDesignsomelarge-scaleexperimentsSetrulesforman-machine Developamoresophisticatedprogram。PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassageWhydosomepeoplelivetobeolderthanothers?Youknowthestandardexnations：keeamoderatediet，engaginginregularexercise，etc。Butwhateffectdoesyour alityhaveonyourlongevity(长寿)?Dosomekindsof alitiesleadtolongerlives?AnewstudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSocietylookedatthisquestionbyexaminingthealitycharacteristicsof246childrenofpeoplewhohadlivedtobeatleast100。Thestudyshowsthatthoselivingthelongestaremoreoutgoingmoreactiveandlessneurotic(神经质的)thanotherpeople。Long-livingwomenarealsomorelikelytobesympatheticandcooperativethanwomenwithanormallifespan。Thesefindingsareinagreementwithwhatyouwouldexpectfromtheevolutionarytheory：thosewholiketomakefriendsandhelpotherscangatherenoughresourcestomakeitthroughtoughtimes。Interestingly，however，othercharacteristicsthatyoumightconsideradvantageoushadnoimpactonwhetherstudyparticipantswerelikelytolivelonger。Thosewhoweremoreself-disciplined，forinstance，werenomorelikelytolivetobeveryold。Also，beingopentonewideashadnorelationshiptolonglife，whichmightexinallthosebad-temperedoldpeoplewhoarefixedintheirways。Whetheryoucansuccessfullychangeyour alityasanadultisthesubjectofalongstandingpsychologicaldebate。Butthenewpapersuggeststhatifyouwantlonglifeyoushouldstrivetobeasoutgoingas y，anotherrecentstudyshowsthatyouralitymayalsohelpdetermineyourlongevity。Thatstudylookedatnearly28，000Norwegianmothersandfoundthatthosemomswhoweremoreanxious，depressedandangryweremorelikelytofeedtheirkidsunhealthydiets。Patternsofchildhoodeatingcanbehardtobreakwhenwe’readultswhichmaymeanthatkidsofdepressedmomsendupdyingalityisn’tdestiny(命运)andeveryoneknowsthatindividualscanlearntochange。Butbothstudiesshowthatlonglifeisn’tjustamatterofyourphysicalhealthbutofyourmentalhealth。TheaimofthestudyintheJournaloftheAmericanGeriatricsSociety toseewhether alityaffectstheirlifetofindoutifone’slifestylehasanyeffectontheirtoinvestigatetheroleofexerciseinlivingalongtoexamineallthefactorscontributingtoWhatdoestheauthorimplyaboutoutgoingandsympatheticTheyhaveagoodunderstandingofevolutionTheyarebetteratnegotiatinganagreementTheygenerallyappearmoreresourcefulTheyaremorelikelytogetoverhardshipWhatfindingofthestudymightpro