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C.SecondmiRNA-C.eleganslet-7in2000byFrankmiRNAmightbeconservativeinorganicevolution ysanroleinregulationoforganic“The21-nucleotidelet-7RNAregulatesdevelopmentaltiminginCaenorhabditiselegans”.NATUREBiogenesisofPri-miRNA:PrimarymiRNA,thewholetranscriptormiRNAgene.Usuallyseveralkilobaseslong;posses5’capandapoly-Atail.Drosha:RNAaseIII,processingpri-miRNAintopre-miRNAandleavingthe3’endwith2nucleotidesPre-miRNA:PrecursormiRNA.CleavedinthenucleusbyDrochaenzymeto70nthairpin Dicer:RNaseIII,lop theloopatloopandstemjunctinandstillleavingthe3’endwith2nucleotidesoverhanging.RISC:RNA-inducedsilencingcomplex,withtheguidingofmiRNA,RISCperformingitsdown-regulationabilitybyeithermRNAdegradationortranslationinhibition.HowmicroRNAIncytosm,miRNAisloadedintoanRNA-inducedsilencingcomplex(RISC)andbindstoArgonaute(AGO)proteinenzymepresentinthecomplex. miRNAguidesRISCtothetarget(complementaryTargetmRNAisdegradedbytheArgonauteInmliancells,miRNAtargetsitesarelocatedinthe3’-untranslatedregion(3’UTR)oftargetmRNA.Rolesof finandtranscription

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ysisMIREAPisatoolwhichcanbeusedtoidentifybothknownandnovelmicroRNAsfromsmallRNAlibrariesdeeplysequencedbySolexa/454/Solidtechnology DSAP:deep-sequencingsmall ysisDSAPdatainput其他miRNA预测软软物平功其无无R miRNAtarget1993年，Lee等人首先在秀丽线虫体内发现了首个miRNAlin‐4lin‐4RNA通过与 3′UTR区具 序列互补序列保守性及其它 序列互补 有miRNA 序列保守性及其它 预测较关注的还包括序列保守性、热动力学因素、位点的可结合(accessibility)和UTR碱基分布等多个因序列保守性：miRNA更可能为miRNA的靶位点热动力学因素：miRNA:target位点的可结合性(accessibility)：mRNA的二级结构影响与miRNA的结合双链结构的能UTR碱基分布：miRNA结合位点在UTR样影响miRNA与 位点的结合和RISC的效率另外，诸如miRNA的分布与 组织分布的相关性也是在做 预时要考虑的重要因 microRNATarget 预测的软件种类较多，包括miRanda,EMBL,PicTar,TargetScan(S),DIANA-microT3.0,PITA,ElMMo,rna22,GenMiR++,TarBase,miRBase,miRGen- miRbase：众所周知的 microRNA的靶标的预测软件 ： Tarbase：一个收集已被实验验证的microRNA靶标数据库 版 2009年1月（v5） miRecords：一个整合的microRNA 版 ：2010年11月 （5）targetScan:基于靶mRNA序列的进化保守等特征搜寻动物的microRNA靶 （7）PITA：基于靶位点的可接性（target-siteaccessibility）和自由能预测 （9）miRanda和：是著名的MemorialSloan- 发的软件和数据库。miRanda 版 ： 1 （17）植物miRNA Practiceon /share/hp-miRNAsequencedreads: adaptorGenomesequence:non-miRNAsequences(tRNA,rNRA,snoRNA,mRNAal):miRBase: PracticeonData P1

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