高中被动语态总结

高三英语总复习语法系列(xìliè)训练被动语态详解第一页，共21页。1(一)语态分类英语动词有两种语态，主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。如：Theywillbuildanewbridgeovertheriver.(主动)Anewbridgewillbebuiltovertheriver.(被动)汉语中常用(chánɡyònɡ)“被〞、“给〞、“由〞、“受〞等词用来表示被动，而英语用：助动词be+及物动词的过去分词构成。第二页，共21页。2(二)被动语态的时态、人称和数的变化主要表达在be的变化上，其形式与系动词be的变化形式完全一样。以give为例，列表如下：一般现在时： am/is/are+given一般过去时： was/were+given一般将来(jiānglái)时： shall/will+given一般过去将来(jiānglái)时： should/would+given现在进行时： am/is/are+being+given过去进行时： was/were+being+given现在完成时： have/has+been+given过去完成时： had+been+given将来(jiānglái)完成时： shall/will+havebeen+given过去将来(jiānglái)完成时： should/would+havebeen+given

［注］被动语态没有将来(jiānglái)进行时和过去将来(jiānglái)进行时。第三页，共21页。3(三)被动语态常用的八种时态1.一般现在(xiànzài)时：Peoplegrowriceinthesouthofthecountry.Riceisgrowninthesouthofthecountry.Theschooldoesn'tallowustoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.Wearenotallowedtoenterthechemistrylabwithoutateacher.2.一般过去时：Theyagreedonthebuildingofanewcarfactorylastmonth.Thebuildingofanewcarfactorywasagreedonlastmonth.Thestudentsdidn'tforgethislessonseasily.Hislessonswerenoteasilyforgotten.第四页，共21页。43.一般(yībān)将来时：Theywillsendcarsabroadbysea.Carswillbesentabroadbysea.Theywillgiveplentyofjobstoschool-leavers.Plentyofjobswillbegiventoschool-leavers.4.过去将来时：Themanagersaidtheywouldcompletetheprojectbytheendoftheyear.Themanagersaidtheprojectwouldbecompletedbytheendoftheyear.Theworkerstoldmetheywouldmendthecarassoonaspossible.Theworkerstoldmethatthecarwouldbemendedassoonaspossible.第五页，共21页。55.现在进行时：TheradioisbroadcastingEnglishlessons.Englishlessonsarebeingbroadcastedontheradio.Wearepaintingtherooms.Theroomsarebeingpainted.6.过去(guòqù)进行时：—Whydidn'ttheydrivethereontime?—Becausetheworkersweremendingtheroad.Becausetheroadwasbeingmended.Thistimelastyearwewereplantingtreeshere.Treeswerebeingplantedherethistimelastyear.7.现在完成时：Someonehastoldmethesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Ihavebeentoldthesportsmeetmightbeputoff.Wehavebroughtdowntheprice.Thepricehasbeenbroughtdown.第六页，共21页。68.过去完成时：WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheyhadalreadysoldoutthetickets.WhenIgottothetheatre,Ifoundtheticketshadalreadybeensoldout.Thewholecountrywasverysadatthenewsofhisdeath;Peoplehadconsideredhimtobeagreatleader.Hehadbeenconsideredtobeagreatleader.9.含有情态动词(dòngcí)的被动语态：含有情态动词(dòngcí)的被动语态是由“情态动词(dòngcí)+be+及物动词(dòngcí)的过去分词〞构成。Youmusthandinyourcompositionsafterclass.Yourcompositionsmustbehandedinafterclass.Hecanwriteagreatmanyletterswiththecomputer.Agreatmanyletterscanbewrittenwiththecomputerbyhim.第七页，共21页。7(四)被动语态的使用1.当不知道或没有必要指出动作的执行者时，常用被动语态，这时往往(wǎngwǎng)不用by短语。“Mr.White,thecupwithmixturewasbrokenafterclass.〞(只是告诉老师杯子坏了，不知是谁弄坏的，或不想说出谁弄坏的)。2.突出或强调动作的承受者，如果需要说出动作的执行者，用by短语。TheserecordsweremadebyJohnDenver.ThecupwasbrokenbyPaul.3.当汉语句子的主语既不是动作的执行者，也不是动作的承受者时，这时常用in+名词作状语，而代替by短语。ThesecarsweremadeinChina.15,000carswillbeproducedeachyearinthenewfactory.第八页，共21页。8(五)主动(zhǔdòng)语态变被动语态的方法〔1〕Myauntinvitedmetoherdinnerparty.主语谓语(wèiyǔ)宾语→Iwasinvited(bymyaunt)toherdinnerparty.主语谓语(wèiyǔ)宾语〔2〕Theschoolsetupaspecialclasstohelppoorreaders.→Aspecialclasstohelppoorreaderswassetupintheschool.1.把主动语态的宾语变成被动语态的主语。be+过去分词，时态要与原句保持一致。by的宾语，放在被动语态里谓语动词之后(zhīhòu)，by短语可以省略。如果原句主语是地点名词，在被动语态中用in+地点名词作状语。第九页，共21页。9(六)语态转换时所注意的问题1.把主动语态变为被动语态时，其谓语动词的时态要与原句时态保持一致，其谓语动词的数要与新主语保持一致。Wehaveboughtanewcomputer.Anewcomputerhasbeenbought.(正确)Anewcomputerhavebeenbought.(错误)2.含有双宾语的主动句变被动句时，可分别将其中(qízhōng)的一个宾语变为主语，另一个不动，一般变间接宾语为主语时比较多。Myunclegavemeapresentonmybirthday.Iwasgivenapresentonmybirthday.如果把直接宾语(指物)改为主语，那么在间接宾语(指人)前加适当的介词，如上句还可以说：Apresentwasgiventomeyesterday.保存(bǎocún)宾语第十页，共21页。10注意：一般(yībān)在以下动词后，常在间接宾语前用介词to，如：bring,give,hand,lend,offer,pass,pay,promise,sell,show,take,teach,tell等。Thecupwithmixturewasshowedtotheclass.Mybikewaslenttoher.一般(yībān)在以下动词后，间接宾语前用介词for,如：build,buy,cook,cut,choose,do,fetch,find,fix,get,keep,make,order,paint,play,sing等。Mothermademeanewskirt.(Anewskirtwasmadeforme.)Themeatwascookedforus.Somecountrymusicwasplayedforus.有些既不用to也不用for,根据动词与介词的搭配关系。Heaskmeaquestion.(Aquestionwasaskedofme.)PeopleallovertheworldknowtheGreatWall.TheGreatWallisknowntopeopleallovertheworld.(不用by短语)第十一页，共21页。113.由动词+介词或副词构成的短语动词，要把它们作为整体看，即把它们看成(kànchénɡ)一个及物动词，介词或副词不可拆开或漏掉。这类动词有：不及物动词+介词，如:agreeto,askfor,laughat,operatedon,listento,lookafter,thinkof,talkabout等。Thepatientisbeingoperatedon.Theproblemissolved.Itneedn'tbetalkedabout.及物动词+副词：如：bringabout,carryout,findout,giveup,handin,makeout,passon,pointout,putaway,putoff,thinkover,turndown,workout,turnout等。Hisrequestwasturneddown.Thesportsmeetwillbeputoffbecauseofthebadweather.第十二页，共21页。124.带复合宾语(宾语+宾补)的动词改为被动语态时，一般(yībān)把主动结构中的宾语改为主语，而宾语补足语保存在谓语动词后面。如：Wealwayskeeptheclassroomclean.→Theclassroomisalwayskeptclean.Shetoldustofollowherinstructions.→Weweretoldtofollowherinstructions.注意：在see,watch,hear,notice,listento,lookat,make,feel等动词后作宾语补足语的动词不定式都不带to，但改成被动语态后都带to，这时不定式为主语补足语，也就是说不定式作主语补足语不存在省略to的问题。Weoftenhearhimplaytheguitar.→Heisoftenheardtoplaytheguitar.注意：带有复合宾语的句子，如果宾语补足语是名词，变被动句时，应将宾语变为主语，不要误把宾语补足语的名词作主语。如：TomatoeswerefirsttakenbacktoEuropeandpeoplecalledthemloveapples.误：Loveappleswerecalledthem.正：Theywerecalledloveapples.第十三页，共21页。135.还有一种(yīzhǒnɡ)短语动词由动词+名词+介词构成，变被动语态有两种形式，如下：1)Wetakegoodcareofthebooks.Thebooksaretakengoodcareof.Goodcareistakenofthebook.2)Youmustpayattentiontoyourpronunciation.Attentionmustbepaidtoyourpronunciation.Yourpronunciationmustbepaidattentionto.用于这类结构的短语动词常见的有：catchsightof,makeuseof,payattentionto,setfireto,takecareof,takeholdof,takenoticeof,keepaneyeon等。6.当主动句的主语是nobody,noone等含有否认意义的不定代词时，被动句中将其变为anybody,作by的宾语，并将谓语动词变为否认的被动语态。如：Nobodycananswerthisquestion.误：Thequestioncanbeansweredbynobody.正：Thequestioncannotbeansweredbyanybody.第十四页，共21页。147.当否认句中的宾语是anything,anybody,anyone等不定代词(dàicí)时，在被动句中应将其分别变为nothing,nobody,noone作主语，并将谓语动词变为肯定的被动语态。如：Theyhaven'tdoneanythingtomaketheriverclean.误：Anythinghasn'tbeendonetomaketheriverclean.正：Nothinghasbeendonetomaketheriverclean.8.以who为主语开头(kāitóu)的疑问句，变被动时，用bywhom放在句首：Whowrotethestory?误：Whowasthestorywritten?正：Bywhomwasthestorywritten?第十五页，共21页。159.有些动词既是及物又是不及物，当它们和well,badly,easily等副词连用时，表示(biǎoshì)主语内在品质或性能，是不及物动词，用主动表示(biǎoshì)被动，这时不用被动语态，常见的有：write,read,clean,sell,wash,cook等。如：Theclothwasheseasily.这布很好洗。Thenewproductsellswell.这新产品很畅销。Thepenwritessmoothly.这支笔写字很流畅。比照：Thebookssellwell.(主动句)Thebooksweresoldout.(被动句)Themeatdidn’tcookwell.(主动句)Themeatwascookedforalongtimeoverlowheat.(被动句)第十六页，共21页。1610.以下情况主动句不能改为被动句：第一，感官(gǎnguān)系动词一般用主动形式表示被动意义，如：feel，look,seem,taste,sound,remain等。—Doyoulikethematerial?—Yes,itfeelsverysoft.误：Itisfeltverysoft.Thefoodtastesdelicious.误：Thefoodistasteddelicious.Thepopmusicsoundsbeautiful.误：Thepopmusicissoundedbeautiful.第二，谓语是及物动词leave,enter,reach,suit,have,benefit,lack,own等。如：Heenteredtheroomandgothisbook.误：Theroomwasenteredandhisbookwasgot.Shehadherhandburned.误：Herhandwashadburned.第十七页，共21页。17过去时一般过去时was\were+done例句过去进行时wasbeing+done例句现在时一般现在时is\am\are+done例句现在进行时isbeing+done例句现在完成时have\hasbeen+done例句将来时一般将来时willbe+done例句情态动词can\mustbe+done例句第十八页，共21页。18第三，一些不及物动词短语没有被动语态，如：takeplace,breakout,belongto,loseheart,consistof,addupto等。如：Thefirebrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.误：Thefirewasbrokeoutinthecapitalbuilding.第四，不及物动词没有被动语态，如：rise,happen,succeed,