TPO41阅读文本答案翻译

TPO-41NavajoArtTheNavajo,aNativeAmericanpeoplelivinginthesouthwesternUnitedStates,liveinsmallscatteredsettlements.Inmanyrespects,suchaseducation,occupation,andleisureactivities,theirlifeislikethatofothergroupsthatcontributetothediversesocialfabricofNorthAmericancultureinthetwenty-firstcentury.Atthesametime,theyhaveretainedsometraditionalculturalpracticesthatareassociatedwithparticularartforms.Forexample,themostimportanttraditionalNavajoritualsincludetheproductionoflargefloorpaintings.Theseareactuallymadebypouringthin,finelycontrolledstreamsofcoloredsandsorpulverizedvegetableandmineralsubstances,pollen,andflowersinprecisepatternsontheground.Thelargestofthesepaintingsmaybeupto5.5metersindiameterandcovertheentirefloorofaroom.Workingfromtheinsideofthedesignoutward,theNavajoartistandhisassistantswillsifttheblack,white,bluish-gray,orange,andredmaterialsthroughtheirfingerstocreatethefinelydetailedimagery.■Thepaintingsandchantsusedintheceremoniesaredirectedbywell-trainedartistsandsingerswhoenlisttheaidofspiritswhoareimpersonatedbymaskedperformers.■Thetwenty-fourknownNavajochantscanberepresentedbyupto500sandpaintings.■Thesecomplexpaintingsserveasmemoryaidstoguidethesingersduringtheperformanceoftheritualsongs,whichcanlastuptoninedays-ThepurposeandmeaningofthesandpaintingscanbeexplainedbyexaminingoneofthemostbasicidealsofNavajosociety,embodiedintheirwordhozho(beautyorharmony,goodness,andhappiness).Itcoexistswithhochxo("ugliness,"or"evil,"and"disorder")inaworldwhereopposingforcesofdynamismandstabilitycreateconstantchange.Whentheworld,whichwascreatedinbeauty,becomesuglyanddisorderly,theNavajogathertoperformritualswithsongsandmakesandpaintingstorestorebeautyandharmonytotheworld.Someillnessisitselfregardedasatypeofdisharmony.Thus,therestorationofharmonythroughaceremonycanbepartofacuringprocess.Toomanywordsyoudon,tknow?Lookthemupin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》！Menmakesandpaintingsthatareaccuratecopiesofpaintingsfromthepast.Thesongssungoverthepaintingsarealsofaithfulrenditionsofsongsfromthepast.Byrecreatingthesearts,whichreflecttheoriginalbeautyofcreation,theNavajobringbeautytothepresentworld.AsrelativenewcomerstotheSouthwest,aplacewheretheirclimate,neighbors,andrulerscouldbeequallyinhospitable,theNavajocreatedtheseartformstoaffecttheworldaroundthem,notjustthroughtherecountingoftheactionssymbolized,butthroughthebeautyandharmonyoftheartworksthemselves.Thepaintingsgenerallyillustrateideasandeventsfromthelifeofamythicalhero,who,afterbeinghealedbythegods,gavegiftsofsongsandpaintings.Workingfrommemory,theartistsre-createthetraditionalformoftheimageasaccuratelyaspossible.TheNavajoarealsoworld-famousforthedesignsontheirwovenblankets.Navajowomenownthefamilyflocks,controltheshearingofthesheep,thecarding,thespinning,anddyingofthethread,andtheweavingofthefabrics.WhilethemenwhomakefaithfulcopiesofsandpaintingsfromthepastrepresenttheprincipleofstabilityinNavajothought,womenembodydynamismandcreatenewdesignsforeveryweavingtheymake.WeavingisaparadigmofthecreativityofamythicancestornamedSpider,womanwhowovetheuniverseasacosmicwebthatunitedearthandsky.Itwasshewho,accordingtolegend,taughtNavajowomenhowtoweave.Astheypreparetheirmaterialsandweave,Navajowomenimitatethetransformationsthatoriginallycreatedtheworld.Workingontheirlooms,Navajoweaverscreateimagesthroughwhichtheyexperienceharmonywithnature.Itistheirmeansofcreatingbeautyandtherebycontributingtothebeauty,harmony,andhealingoftheworld.Thus,weavingisawayofseeingtheworldandbeingpartofit.Theword“precise”isclosestinmeaningtocolorfulexactdelicatecomplexTheword“enlist"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoassistrequiredescriberecruitYouenjoytheconvenienceofhavingallvocabularyquestionslistedasaseparatepartin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.Wechat:geeqi0805Whatcanbeinferredfromparagraph1abouttheNavajoritualchants?Thereisalargenumberofthem.Eachofthemcorrespondstoaparticularsandpainting.Theyaredifficulttoremember.Theydonottakelongtoperform.Accordingtoparagraph1,allofthefollowingaretrueofmanyimportantNavajoritualsEXCEPT:Theyinvolvethecreationoflarge,detailedimages.Theyincludeperformerswhosefacesarecovered.Theytakeplaceindoors.Theyareperformedwithoutelaborateplanning.Itcanbeinferredfromthediscussionofillnessandcuringinparagraph2thattheNavajoconsiderillnesstoalwayshaveasupernaturalcauseritualsinvolvingsongsandsandpaintingsmaybeusedtotreatanillnesswhenaNavajoisill,uglyanddisorderlysandpaintingsaremadeafteraseriousillness,aNavajowilltakepartinaceremonyTheword“faithful”inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.modernB.accurateC.wonderfulD.simplifiedWhichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.A.TheNavajousedthesymbolismandbeautyoftheirworksofarttoimprovetheirlifeinanofteninhospitableenvironment.TheideastheNavajoholdaboutsymbolismandbeautywereinfluencedbytheirinhospitableclimate,neighbors,andrulers.WhentheyfirstarrivedintheSouthwest,theNavajoproducedsymbolicartformsthatpromotedharmony.Intheirworksofart,theNavajoemphasizedbeautyandharmonythatcanbefoundevenunderthemostinhospitablecircumstances.Accordingtoparagraph3,whichofthefollowingisoftenthesubjectofNavajosandpaintings?A.ThelandscapeoftheSouthwestTraditionalNavajopracticesHistoricaleventsthatoccurredintheSouthwestThelivesofheroesintraditionalNavajostoriesParagraph4supportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutNavajoweaversandweaving?Navajowomenoverseeallaspectsofwoolproductionandweaving.Thewoolusedforblanketscomesfromdifferentsheepthandoesthewoolusedforotherpurposes.Navajoweavershaveusedsomeofthesamedesignsforhundredsofyears.Weavingisdoneprimarilyforuseinrituals.Theword“ancestor“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtorelativefromanearliergenerationpersonwhoestablishedaparticulartraditioninasocietyherofromancienttimespersonwhooncemadeimportantcontributionstoasocialgrouporcultureWhydoestheauthordiscuss“amythicancestor”?ToshowhowNavajoideasofweavinghavechangedovertime.ToexplainwhytheNavajoprincipleofstabilityismoreclearlyrepresentedintheirweavingsthanintheirsandpaintings.ToemphasizetheroleofnaturallyoccurringweavingmaterialsinthecreativeweavingsoftheNavajo.TohelpexplainthesignificanceofweavinginNavajoculture.Accordingtoparagraph4,NavajoweaversimitatetraditionalweavingpatternspatternsusedinsandpaintingstheactivitiesthroughwhichtheworldwascreatedimagesfromnatureLookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtothepassage.Sincethispurposeislimitedtothecontextoftheritual,thepaintingsaredestroyedwhentheritualiscompleted.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Directions:Anintroductorysentenceforabriefsummaryofthepassageisprovidedbelow.CompletethesummarybyselectedTHREEanswerchoicesthatexpressthemostimportantideasinthepassage.Somesentencesdonotbelonginthesummarybecausetheyexpressideasthatarenotpresentedinthepassageorareminorideasinthepassage.Thisquestionisworth2points.NavajoartisfundamentallyconnectedtoaspectsofNavajoritualandbelief.•••AnswerChoicesNavajosandpaintingsareanexpressionofthecloserelationshipbetweennatureandthespiritualworldinNavajocultureSandpaintings,whichhelpparticipantsinritualsrecalltraditionalchants,arepartofceremoniesdesignedtorestorebeautyandharmony.WhereasNavajosandpaintingsareassociatedwithmaledeities.NavajoweavinginvolvesrepresentationsoffemalefiguressuchasSpiderWoman.IndividualNavajosandpaintingstypicallyembodytheprinciplesofharmonyanddisorder.Sandpaintings,whicharecreatedbyNavajomen,arefaithfulre-creationsofearlierworksandassuchrepresenttheprincipleofstability.InNavajoculture,weavingisafemaleartandisassociatedwithcreativityandchange.参考答案：1-5.BDCDB6-10.BADAA11-13.DCD14,BEFIfyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningthetextsoranswers,feelfreetocontactWechat:geeqi0805.IfyouaretiredoflookingupTPOwordsinadictionary,try《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!参考译文：纳瓦霍人的艺术纳瓦霍人是生活在美国西南部的美洲土著人，以小规模的散居为生活方式。在许多方面，如教育、职业和休闲活动，他们的生活就像其他群体一样，是二十一世纪北美文化的多元化的社会结构的一部分。同时，他们还保留了一些与特定艺术形式相关的传统文化习俗。例如，最重要的传统纳瓦霍仪式包括大型地板画创作。这些画实际上是把精心控制的细彩沙、蔬菜粉、矿物粉、花粉或花倒在地上的精确模型中制作而成。这些画中直径最大的可能有5.5米，可以覆盖整个房间的地板。面对设计模型，纳瓦霍艺术家和助手们用自己的手指由内向外撒下黑、白、蓝灰、橙、红色的材料来制作细致入微的图像。仪式所用的图画和圣歌由训练有素的艺术家和歌手们指定，他们借助了戴面具的表演者所扮演的圣灵。我们所知的二十四首纳瓦霍圣歌可由多达500幅的沙画来表现。这些复杂的绘画作为辅助记忆的手段，指导歌手在仪式中的演唱，这些演唱可以持续九天。《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》，配合TPO使用，带你高效做题+背单词。Wechat:geeqi0805沙画的目的和意义可以通过审视纳瓦霍社会的其中一个最基本的理想来说明，这个理想体现在他们的“hozho”一词（“美”、“和谐”，“善良”、和“幸福”）。在一个活力和稳定的对立力量创造不断变化的世界里，它与"hochxo"（“丑”或“邪恶”和“无序”）并存。当初创时美丽的世界变得丑陋和无序时，纳瓦霍人便聚集到一起，举行仪式，通过唱圣歌和画沙画来恢复世界的美丽和谐。有些疾病本身就被认为是一种不和谐。因此，通过仪式恢复和谐也可以作为治疗的一部分。男人做沙画，是准确地复制过去的画作。对着沙画演唱的歌曲也是过去歌曲的忠实再现。通过再现这些反映了创作的原始之美的艺术，纳瓦霍人将美丽带到现实世界来。作为美国西南部相对较新的人，面对西部荒凉的气候、冷漠的邻居和无情的统治，纳瓦霍人不只是通过重复这些象征性的行为，更是通过美和艺术品自身的和谐创造了这些艺术形式来影响他们周围的世界。这些沙画通常讲述神话英雄一生的思想和事迹，这些英雄在被神治愈后，将歌曲和绘画赠与人类。艺术家根据记忆尽可能准确地重新创造了画像的传统艺术形式。纳瓦霍人设计编织的毛毯也是世界闻名。纳瓦霍妇女掌管着自家的羊群，控制羊毛的剪取、梳理、纺纱和染色、以及面料织造的全过程。男性忠实复制过去的沙画代表着纳瓦霍思想的稳定性，而女性为每个编织做新的设计，体现的则是活力。编织是一种创造力的一种形式，是由一个叫蜘蛛女的神话人物将宇宙编织成一个联合天地的宇宙网而来。传说是她教纳瓦霍妇女编织的。妇女们准备材料和编织的过程，就是最初创造了世界的改变的模仿。纳瓦霍织工在织布机上创造图像，体会人与自然的和谐。这是她们创造美，从而促进世界的美、和谐和治愈的方式。因此，编织是一种看世界的方式，也是世界的一部分。ClimateofVenusEarthhasabundantwaterinitsoceansbutverylittlecarbondioxideinitsrelativelythinatmosphere.Bycontrast,Venusisverydryanditsthickatmosphereismostlycarbondioxide.TheoriginalatmospheresofbothVenusandEarthwerederivedatleastinpartfromgasesspewedforth,oroutgassed,byvolcanoes.Thegasesthatemanatefrompresent-dayvolcanoesonEarth,suchasMountSaintHelens,arepredominantlywatervapor,carbondioxide,andsulfurdioxide.ThesegasesshouldthereforehavebeenimportantpartsoftheoriginalatmospheresofbothVenusandEarth.Muchofthewateronbothplanetsisalsothoughttohavecomefromimpactsfromcomets,icybodiesformedintheoutersolarsystem.Infact,waterprobablyoncedominatedtheVenusianatmosphere.VenusandEartharesimilarinsizeandmass,soVenusianvolcanoesmaywellhaveoutgassedasmuchwatervaporasonEarth,andbothplanetswouldhavehadaboutthesamenumberofcometsstriketheirsurfaces.StudiesofhowstarsevolvesuggestthattheearlySunwasonlyabout70percentasluminousasitisnow,sothetemperatureinVenus,earlyatmospheremusthavebeenquiteabitlower.ThuswatervaporwouldhavebeenabletoliquefyandformoceansonVenus.ButifwatervaporandcarbondioxidewereoncesocommonintheatmospheresofbothEarthandVenus,whatbecameofEarth,scarbondioxide?AndwhathappenedtothewateronVenus?TheanswertothefirstquestionisthatcarbondioxideisstillfoundinabundanceonEarth,butnow,insteadofbeingintheformofatmosphericcarbondioxide,itiseitherdissolvedintheoceansorchemicallyboundintocarbonaterocks,suchasthelimestoneandmarblethatformedintheoceans.IfEarthbecameashotasVenus,muchofitscarbondioxidewouldbeboiledoutoftheoceansandbakedoutofthecrust.Ourplanetwouldsoondevelopathick,oppressivecarbondioxideatmospheremuchlikethatofVenus.ToanswerthequestionaboutVenus,lackofwater,wemustreturntotheearlyhistoryoftheplanet.Justasonpresent-dayEarth,theoceansofVenuslimitedtheamountofatmosphericcarbondioxidebydissolvingitintheoceansandbindingitupincarbonaterocks.ButbeingclosertotheSunthanEarthis,enoughoftheliquidwateronVenuswouldhavevaporizedtocreateathickcoverofwatervaporclouds.Sincewatervaporisagreenhousegas,thishumidatmosphere-perhapsdenserthanEarth,spresent-dayatmosphere,butfarlessdensethantheatmospherethatenvelopsVenustoday-wouldhaveefficientlytrappedheatfromtheSun.Atfirst,thiswouldhavehadlittleeffectontheoceansofVenus.Althoughthetemperaturewouldhaveclimbedabove100°C,theboilingpointofwateratsealevelonEarth,theaddedatmosphericpressurefromwatervaporwouldhavekeptthewaterinVenus'oceansintheliquidstate.Toomanywordsyoudon,tknow?Lookthemupin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!Wechat:geeqi0805Thishotandhumidstateofaffairsmayhavepersistedforseveralhundredmillionyears.ButastheSun'senergyoutputslowlyincreasedovertime,thetemperatureatthesurfacewouldeventuallyhaverisenabove374°C.-Abovethistemperature,nomatterwhattheatmosphericpressure,Venus,oceanswouldhavebeguntoevaporate,andtheaddedwatervaporintheatmospherewouldhaveincreasedthegreenhouseeffect.-Thiswouldhavemadethetemperatureevenhigherandcausedtheoceanstoevaporatefaster,producingmorewatervapor.-That,inturn,wouldhavefurtherintensifiedthegreenhouseeffectandmadethetemperatureclimbhigherstill.-OnceVenus,oceansdisappeared,sodidthemechanismforremovingcarbondioxidefromtheatmosphere.Withnooceanstodissolveit,outgassedcarbondioxidebegantoaccumulateintheatmosphere,intensifyingthegreenhouseeffectevenmore.Temperatureseventuallybecamehighenoughto"bakeout"anycarbondioxidethatwastrappedincarbonaterocks.Thisliberatedcarbondioxideformedthethickatmosphereofpresent-dayVenus.Overtime,therisingtemperatureswouldhaveleveledoff,solarultravioletradiationhavingbrokendownatmosphericwatervapormoleculesintohydrogenandoxygen.Withallthewatervaporgone,thegreenhouseeffectwouldnolongerhaveaccelerated.Accordingtoparagraph1,inwhatmajorrespectareVenusandEarthdifferentfromeachother?A.WhethercarbondioxidewaspresentintheiroriginalatmospheresHowthintheiroriginalatmosphereswereWhattheirpresent-dayatmospheresmainlyconsistofHowlongagotheyfirstdevelopedanatmosphereWhydoestheauthormentions"present-dayvolcanoesonEarth"Toprovideanexampleofanimportantdifferencebetweenpresent-dayVenusandpresent-dayEarth.TohelpexplainwhyEarth,satmospherestillcontainstracesofsulfurdioxidebutVenus,doesnot.ToindicateonesourceofinformationaboutthelikelycompositionoftheoriginalatmospheresofVenusandEarth.ToaccountforthefactthatEarth,swatersupplynolongercomesprimarilyfromimpactingcomets.Accordingtoparagraph2,whatisonereasonforthinkingthatatonetime,thereweresignificantamountsofwateronVenus?BecauseofVenus,sizeandmass,itsvolcanoesprobablyproducedmuchmorewatervaporthanvolcanoesonEarthdid.ThelowtemperatureofVenus,earlyatmospherecanbeexplainedonlybythepresenceofwater.Thepresenceofcarbondioxideinaplanet'satmosphereisanindicatorofwateronthatplanet.D.VenusprobablywasstruckbyroughlyasmanycometsasEarthwas.Theword"luminous'inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.densebrightlargeactiveYouenjoytheconvenienceofhavingallvocabularyquestionslistedasaseparatepartin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》.5.Whichofthesentencesbelowbestexpressestheessentialinformationinthehighlightedsentenceinthepassage?Incorrectchoiceschangethemeaninginimportantwaysorleaveoutessentialinformation.ThefirstquestiontobeansweredishowEarth,satmosphericcarbondioxideeithergotdissolvedintheoceansorgotchemicallyboundintocarbonaterocks.ThefactthatEarth,sabundantcarbondioxideismoreoftenfoundincarbonaterockthandissolvedintheoceansistheanswertothefirstquestion.Earthstillhasabundantcarbondioxide,butinsteadofbeingintheatmosphereitisnowdissolvedintheoceansorchemicallyboundintooceanrocks.TheformationoflimestoneandmarbleusedupthecarbondioxidethatwasdissolvedinEarth,soceanssothatonlycarbondioxideintheatmosphericformremained.Accordingtoparagraph4,whatisonefactorthatkepttheamountofcarbondioxideintheatmosphereofearlyVenusrelativelylow?ThepresenceofwatervaporcloudsThepresenceofoceansRapidlyincreasingtemperaturesatgroundlevelLowatmosphericpressuresThephrase"mechanismfor"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.meansofimportanceofneedforbenefitsofTheword"persisted"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoimprovedcontinuedweakenedevolvedAccordingtoparagraph5,whathappenswhentemperaturesriseabove374cC?Atmosphericpressurebeginstodecrease.Watervapordisappearsfromtheatmosphere.Waterevaporatesregardlessofatmosphericpressure.Moreenergyisrequiredtoevaporateagivenvolumeofwater.Accordingtoparagraph6,extremelyhightemperaturesincreasedtheamountofcarbondioxideinVenus'atmospherebyAincreasingtherateatwhichcarbondioxidewasoutgassedBbakingoutcarbondioxidefromcarbonaterocksCcreatingadditionalwatervaporDreplacingthepreviousmechanismsforremovingcarbondioxidewithlesseffectiveonesThepassagesupportstheideathatthebasicreasonthatVenusandEartharenowsodifferentfromeachotheristhatearlyVenushadmorefrequentvolcanicoutgassingthanearlyEarthdidearlyVenushadfarlessliquidwaterthanearlyEarthdidvolcanicactivitystoppedrelativelyearlyonVenusbutcontinuedonEarthVenusisclosertotheSunthanEarthisLookatthefoursquares[■]thatindicatewherethefollowingsentencecouldbeaddedtotpassage.Thiscycleofrisingtemperaturesfollowinganincreaseingreenhousegasesisknownastherunawaygreenhouseeffect.Wherewouldthesentencebestfit?Directions:Selectfromthesevenphrasesbelowthe2phrasesthatcorrectlycharacterizeearlyVenusandthe3phrasesthatcorrectlycharacterizepresent-dayVenus.Drageachphraseyouselectintotheappropriatecolumnofthetable.TwoofthephraseswillNOTbeused.Thisquestionisworth3points.Dragyouranswerchoicestothespaceswheretheybelong.Toremoveananswerchoice,clickonit.EarlyVenusPresent-dayVenus•••••AnswerChoicesHighpercentageofwatervaporintheatmosphereCarbondioxidepresentonlyinatmosphericformanatmospherequitesimilartothatofearlyEarthVerydensebutrelativelycoolatmosphereCompletelycoveredwithwaterCompleteabsenceofsurfacewateressentiallystabletemperatures参考答案1-5CCDBC6-10BABCB11-12DC13.EarlyVenus:C,D;Present-dayVenus:A,B,FIfyouhaveanyquestionsconcerningthetextsoranswers,feelfreetocontactWechat:geeqi0805.IfyouaretiredoflookingupTPOwordsinadictionary,try《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》!参考译文：金星的气候地球的海洋中有丰富的水，但在稀薄大气中二氧化碳含量极少。相比之下，金星是非常干燥的，它厚厚的大气中的大多是二氧化碳。金星和地球的原始大气至少部分是来自火山喷出或排出的气体。来自现如今地球上的火山（例如圣海伦斯火山）的气体主要是水蒸气、二氧化碳、和二氧化硫。因此，这些气体应该是金星和地球原始大气的重要部分。这两个行星上的大部分水也被认为来自在太阳系外形成的彗星和冰体的影响。事实上，水蒸气可能曾经是金星大气层的主要成分。金星和地球的大小和质量都差不多，所以两个星球的火山排出的水蒸气可能是一样多的，而且撞击到两个星球的彗星数量也相当。恒星演化的研究表明，早期的太阳亮度只相当于现在的百分之七十，所以金星早期的大气中的温度肯定比现在要低一点。因此，水蒸气能液化并在金星上形成海洋。但是，如果水蒸气和二氧化碳在地球和金星的大气中曾经如此普遍，地球的二氧化碳去了哪里？金星上的水蒸气又发生了什么？第一个问题的答案是，地球上的二氧化碳仍然很多，但现在不是以大气中的二氧化碳的形式出现，而是溶解在海洋里或通过化学作用进入碳酸盐岩中，比如在海洋中形成的石灰石和大理石。如果地球变得像金星一样热，它大部分的二氧化碳就会被从海洋中沸腾出来，从地壳中烘烤出来，我们的星球很快就会形成一个厚重的二氧化碳大气层，就像金星的大气层一样。要回答关于金星缺乏水的问题，我们必须回头看这个星球早期的历史。正如在现今的地球上一样，金星的海洋通过将二氧化碳溶解在海洋里、困在碳酸盐岩里来限制大气中二氧化碳的含量。但是金星比地球离太阳更近，很多液态水会蒸发，形成一层厚厚的水蒸气云。由于水蒸气是一种温室气体，这个潮湿的大气层——可能比地球现在的大气层厚，要比现在笼罩的金星的大气层薄得多——可以有效地留住来自太阳来的热量。起初，这对金星的海洋影响不大。尽管温度可能会上升到100°C，即地球海平面上的水的沸点，但水蒸气所增加的大气压力将使金星海洋中的水保持液态。这种炎热潮湿的状态可能持续了好几百万年。但随着太阳能量输出渐渐增加，金星表面温度最终会上升到374°C以上。在此温度之上，无论大气压力有多大，金星的海洋都会开始蒸发，而大气中的水蒸气的增加将会加强温室效应。这会使温度更高，造成海洋蒸发更快，产生更多的水蒸气。反过来又会进一步加剧温室效应，使温度继续上升。《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》，包括TPO1-20，21-34,40-48全部重点词汇，按原文顺序罗列，带你秒懂TPO原文。Wechat:geeqi0805一旦金星的海洋消失，那么去除大气中二氧化碳的机制也会消失。没有了海洋溶解，那些排出来的二氧化碳开始积聚在大气中，进一步加剧温室效应。温度最终变得足以'烤出”任何困在碳酸盐岩中的二氧化碳。这些释放的二氧化碳形成了金星如今厚厚的大气层。随着时间的推移，温度上升会趋于平稳，太阳紫外线辐射会将大气中的水蒸气分子分解成氢和氧。所有水蒸气都消失了，温室效应也就不会加速了。TradeandEarlyStateFormationBarteringwasabasictrademechanismformanythousandsofyears;oftensporadicandusuallybasedonnotionsofreciprocity,itinvolvedthemutualexchangeofcommoditiesorobjectsbetweenindividualsorgroups.Redistributionofthesegoodsthroughsocietylayinthehandsofchiefs,religiousleaders,orkingroups.Suchredistributionwasabasicelementinchiefdoms.Thechangefromredistributiontoformaltrade—oftenbasedonregulatedcommercethatperhapsinvolvedfixedpricesandevencurrency—wascloselytiedtogrowingpoliticalandsocialcomplexityandhencetothedevelopmentofthestateintheancientworld.Inthe1970s,anumberofarchaeologistsgavetradeaprimaryroleintheriseofancientstates.BritisharchaeologistColinRenfrewattributedthedramaticfloweringoftheMinoancivilizationonCreteandthroughtheAegeantointensifiedtradingcontactsandtotheimpactofoliveandvinecultivationonlocalcommunities.Asagriculturaleconomiesbecamemorediversifiedandlocalfoodsuppliescouldbepurchasedbothlocallyandoverlongerdistances,afar-reachingeconomicinterdependenceresulted.Eventually,thisledtoredistributionsystemsforluxuriesandbasiccommodities,systemsthatwereorganizedandcontrolledbyMinoanrulersfromtheirpalaces.Astimewenton,theself-sufficiencyofcommunitieswasreplacedbymutualdependence.Interestinlong-distancetradebroughtaboutsomeculturalhomogeneityfromtradeandgiftexchange,andperhapsevenledtopiracy.Thus,intensifiedtradeandinteraction,andthefloweringofspecialistcrafts,inacomplexprocessofpositivefeedback,ledtomuchmorecomplexsocietiesbasedonpalaces,whichweretheeconomichubsofanewMinoancivilization.Renfrew,smodelmadesomeassumptionsthatarenowdiscounted.Forexample,hearguedthattheintroductionofdomesticatedvinesandolivesallowedasubstantialexpansionoflandundercultivationandhelpedtopowertheemergenceofcomplexsociety.Manyarchaeologistsandpaleobotanistsnowquestionthisview,pointingoutthattheavailableevidenceforcultivatedvinesandolivessuggeststhattheywerepresentonlyinthelaterBronzeAge.Trade,nevertheless,wasprobablyoneofmanyvariablesthatledtotheemergenceofpalaceeconomiesinMinoanCrete.Toomanywordsyoudon,tknow?Lookthemupin《新托福TPO阅读词汇速查速记》！AmericanarchaeologistWilliamRathjedevelopedahypothesisthatconsideredanexplosioninlong-distanceexchangeafundamentalcauseofMayancivilizationinMesoamerica.HesuggestedthatthelowlandMayanenvironmentwasdeficientinmanyvitalresources,amongthemobsidian,salt,stoneforgrindingmaize,andmanyluxurymaterials.Allthesecouldbeobtainedfromthenearbyhighlands,fromtheValleyofMexico,andfromotherregions,ifthenecessarytradingnetworkscameintobeing.Suchconnections,andthetradingexpeditionstomaintainthem,couldnotbeorganizedbyindividualvillages.TheMayalivedinarelativelyuniformenvironment,whereeverycommunitysufferedfromthesameresourcedeficiencies.Thus,arguedRathje,long-distancetradenetworkswereorganizedthroughlocalceremonialcentersandtheirleaders.Intime,thisorganizationbecameastate,andknowledgeofitsfunctioningwasexportable,aswerepottery,tropicalbirdfeathers,specializedstonematerials,andotherlocalcommodities.Rathje,shypothesisprobablyexplainspartofthecomplexprocessofMayanstateformation,butitsuffersfromtheobjectionthatsuitablealternativerawmaterialscanbefoundinthelowlands.Itcouldbe,too,thatwarfarebecameacompetitiveresponsetopopulationgrowthandtotheincreasingscarcityofprimeagriculturalland,andthatitplayedanimportantroleintheemergenceoftheMayanstates.Nowthatweknowmuchmoreaboutancientexchangeandcommerce,weknowthat,becausenooneaspectoftradewasanoverridingcauseofculturalchangeorevolutionincommercialpractices,tradecanneverbelookedonasaunifyingfactororasaprimaryagentofancientcivilization.-Manyever-changingvariablesaffectedancienttrade,amongthemthedemandforgoods.-Therewerealsothelogisticsoftransportation,theextentofthetradingnetwork,andthesocialandpoliticalenvironment.-Intricatemarketnetworkschanneledsuppliesalongwell-definedroutes.-Authoritiesatbothendsmightregulatetheprofitsfedbacktothesource,providingtheincentiveforfurthertransactions.Theremayormaynothavebeenamarketorganization.Extensivelong-distancetradewasaconsequenceratherthanacauseofcomplexsocieties.1.Theword"notions"inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoA.ideasrulesdegreestraditionsAccordingtoparagraph1,whatdevelopmentoccurredaspoliticalandsocialcomplexityincreased?Thepricesofmostcommoditiesrose.Formaltradeemerged.ChiefsbecamemorepowerfulBarteringbecamethepreferredmeansoftrade.Theword“diversified“inthepassageisclosestinmeaningtoorganizedselectivevariedefficientAccordingtoparagraph2,whichofthefollowingcontrolledthesystemsofredistributionofgoodsinancientCrete?LocalcommunityleadersOlivegrowersMinoanrulersLong-distancetradersAccordingtoparagraph2,Renfrewbelievedthatoneeffectoflong-distancetradeintheAegeanwasagreaterefforttocontrolpiracygreaterculturalsimilaritythroughouttheregionadeclineinlocaloliveproductionadeclineintheuseofluxuriesforgiftexchangesAccordingtoparagraph3,whatwasamajorproblemwithRenfrew,smodel?HeoverlookedthefactthatonlytheMinoanpalaceshadaccesstodomesticatedvinesandolives.Hewronglyassumedthattheintroductionofdomesticatedvinesandolivesledtothecultivationofmoreland.TradeindomesticatedplantswasmuchmoreimportanttotheemergenceofMinoanpalaceeconomiesthanhethought.Domesticatedvinesandolivesdonotappeartohavebeenavailableasearlyashethought.Accordingtoparagraph4,whichofthe