语音学Phonetics外语系张Andy

ChapterⅡ

Phonetics外语系张Andy4/30/20231ChapterⅡ

Phonetics

1.Definition

2.Branches

3.PhoneticDescription

4.PhoneticTranscription5.PhoneticClassification

4/30/202321.Definition

Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsoundsastheyareandmethodsfortheirdescription,transcriptionandclassification.4/30/202332.BranchesThestudyfallsintothreemainareas:articulatoryphonetics,acousticphoneticsandauditoryphonetics.SpeechproductionSpeechperceptionSpeechtransmissionFigure1Theprocessofspeechtransmission4/30/202343.PhoneticDescription

Lips,teeth,tongue(tip,blade,front,back,root)teethridge(alveolus),hardpalate,softpalate,uvula,pharynx,larynx,vocalfold(cords),trachea(windpipe),lung.Figure2Speechorgans4/30/202354.PhoneticTranscriptionSegmentanddivergenceInternationalPhoneticAlphabet(IPA)Coarticulation4/30/202364.1SegmentanddivergenceSegment:anylinguisticunitinasequencewhichmaybeisolatedfromtherestofthesequence,e.g.asoundinanutteranceoraletterinawrittentext.(Feasibility)Divergence:betweensoundsandsymbols(necessity)4/30/202374.2InternationalPhonetic

Alphabet(IPA)Historyanddevelopment:1886,1888,1897,1920s,1993,1996.Mainprinciple:thereshouldbeaseparateletterforeachdistinctivesound,andthesamesymbolshouldbeusedforthatsoundinanylanguageinwhichitappears.TableofIPA(onPage38ofthetextbook)4/30/202384.3CoarticulationCoarticulation:theinfluenceonasoundbyitsneighborse.g.cap[kap]can[kan]Thevowelinthesecondwordisnasalized,thusmarkedwith“”above.Broadandnarrowtranscriptions:withoutorwithdiacriticse.g.can[kan](broad)can[kan](narrow)_

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4/30/202395.PhoneticClassificationVowelsandconsonantsClassificationofconsonantsClassificationofvowels4/30/202310Placemanner

Bilabial

Labiodental

DentalAlveolarPostalveolarPalatalVelarGlottalStoppb

td

kg

Nasalm

n

η

Fricativefv

θð

sz

∫3

h

Approximantw

r

j

Laterall

Affricatet∫d3

5.2Classificationofconsonants

Table1AchartofEnglishconsonants4/30/2023115.3ClassificationofvowelsMonophthongs(purevowels)anddiphthongs(vowelglides)Tonguerising:open(low),half-open(mid-low),half-close(mid-high),closeRaisedpart:front,central,backTenseness(length):tense(long),lax(short)Liprounding:rounded,unrounded4/30/2023125.3Classificationofvowels4/30/202313ReferencesRoach,P.EnglishPhoneticsandPhonology.2nded.Cambridge:CambridgeUniversityPress,1991.Robins,R.H.GeneralLinguistics.4thed.London:Longman,1989.Saussure.F.de.CourseinGeneralLinguistics.(tr.W.Baskin)Glasgow:Collins,