哥伦布英语(恢复)(恢复)

PresentationLiKeMajorinchemistry1ChristopherColumbusOneofthepioneersinnavigationduring15thcenturyMaybethefirstone(atleasttheearlistones)todiscoverAmericafromothercontinents2Columbus(1451-1506)—Theworldbelongstotheadventurers.—Geniusisthepersonthatcandigupgoldandspringfromtheplacewhereotherthinkisbarren.—Theperseverenceofmovingongivesbrithtodiscoveries,soIthinkithasnorelationshipwiththecravens.——Columbus3Columbuswasbornbefore31October1451inGenoa(热那亚〕,partofmodernItaly.HisfatherwasDomenicColombo,amiddle-classwoolweaverwhoworkedbothinGenoaandSavona〔萨沃纳，Italy)andwhoalsoownedacheesestandatwhichyoungChristopherworkedasahelper.Christopher'smotherwasSusanna,GiovanniPellegrino,andGiacomowerehisbrothers.HealsohadasisternamedBianchinetta4Columbuswasafaithfulsupportorofthetheorythattheearthisroundratherthanflat.Europeanshadlongenjoyedasafelandpassage,theso-called"SilkRoad",toChinaandIndia,whichweresourcesofvaluablegoodssuchassilk,spices,andopiates.WiththefallofConstantinopletotheOttomanTurksin1453,thelandroutetoAsiabecamemuchmoredifficultanddangerous.Portuguesenavigators,undertheleadershipofKingJohnII,soughttoreachAsiabysailingaroundAfrica.Majorprogressinthisquestwasachievedin1488,whenBartolomeuDiasreachedtheCapeofGoodHope,inwhatisnowSouthAfrica.SothePortuguesenavigatordiscoverdanewsearoutetoChinaandIndia5HoweverColumbusthoughtdiffferent,heinsistedthatastheearthisround.Youcangettotheeastbysailingwestward.In1485,ColumbuspresentedhisplanstoJohnII,KingofPortugal.HeproposedthatthekingequipthreesturdyshipsandgrantColumbusoneyear'stimetosailsubmittedColumbus'sproposaltohisexperts,whorejectedit.ItwastheirconsideredopinionthatColumbus'sestimationofatraveldistanceof2,400miles(3,860km)was,infact,fartoolow.In1488ColumbusappealedtothecourtofPortugalonceagain,andonceagain,Butallfailed.because,ashasbeenmentionedabove.PortuguesenavigatordiscoverdanewsearoutetoChinaandIndiain1488,theydon'tneedtowastemoneytoexporeawaythatisnearlyimpossiple.ColumbusestimatedthedistancefromtheCanaryIslandstoJapantobeabout3,000Italianmiles(3,700km,or2,300statutemiles),whilethecorrectfigureis19,600km(12,200mi),orabout12,000kmalongagreatcircle.Noshipinthe15thcenturycouldcarryenoughfoodandfreshwaterforsuchalongvoyage,andthedangersinvolvedinnavigatingthroughtheunchartedoceanwouldhavebeenformidable.MostEuropeannavigatorsreasonablyconcludedthatawestwardvoyagefromEuropetoAsiawasunfeasible.6FinallyheturnedtothekingofSpain,whoknewlittleaboutgeography.AndthenewroutewascontroledbyPortugal,sotheKingofSpainwaseagerforanewwaytoChinaandIndia.SoAftercontinuallylobbyingattheSpanishcourtandtwoyearsofnegotiations,hefinallyhadsuccessin1492.SoColumbusbeganhisvoyages.Between1492and1503,Columbuscompletedfourround-tripvoyagesbetweenSpainandtheAmericas,allofthemunderthesponsorshipoftheCrownofCastile.ThesevoyagesmarkedthebeginningoftheEuropeanexplorationandcolonizationoftheAmericancontinents,andarethusofenormoussignificanceinWesternhistory.Columbusalwaysinsisted,inthefaceofmountingevidencetothecontrary,thatthelandsthathevisitedduringthosevoyageswerepartoftheAsiancontinent,aspreviouslydescribedbyMarcoPoloandotherEuropeantravelers789Firstvoyage

10Ontheeveningof3August1492,ColumbusdepartedfromPalosdelaFronterawiththreeshipsColumbusfirstsailedtotheCanaryIslands,whichbelongedtotheCastile,whereherestockedtheprovisionsandmaderepairs.AfterstoppingoverinGranCanaria,hedepartedfromSanSebastiándeLaGomeraon6September,forwhatturnedouttobeafive-weekvoyageacrosstheocean.AlookoutonthePinta,RodrigodeTriana(alsoknownasJuanRodríguezBermeo),spottedlandabout2:00onthemorningof12October,andimmediatelyalertedtherestofthecrewwithashout.Thereupon,thecaptainofthePinta,MartínAlonsoPinzón,verifiedthediscoveryandalertedColumbusbyfiringalombard.Columbuslatermaintainedthathehimselfhadalreadyseenalightonthelandafewhoursearlier,therebyclaimingforhimselfthelifetimepensionpromisedbyFerdinandandIsabellatothefirstpersontosightland11Columbuscalledtheisland(inwhatisnowTheBahamas)SanSalvador;thenativescalleditGuanahani.ExactlywhichislandintheBahamasthiscorrespondstoisunresolved.PrimecandidatesareSamanaCay,PlanaCays,orSanSalvadorIsland(sonamedin1925inthebeliefthatitwasColumbus'sSanSalvador).Theindigenouspeopleheencountered,theLucayan,Taíno,orArawak,werepeacefulandfriendly.Fromthe12October1492entryinhisjournal,inwhichhewroteofthem,"ManyofthemenIhaveseenhavescarsontheirbodies,andwhenImadesignstothemtofindouthowthishappened,theyindicatedthatpeoplefromothernearbyislandscometoSanSalvadortocapturethem;theydefendthemselvesthebesttheycan.Ibelievethatpeoplefromthemainlandcomeheretotakethemasslaves.Theyoughttomakegoodandskilledservants,fortheyrepeatveryquicklywhateverwesaytothem.IthinktheycanveryeasilybemadeChristians,fortheyseemtohavenoreligion.IfitpleasesourLord,IwilltakesixofthemtoYourHighnesseswhenIdepart,inorderthattheymaylearnourlanguage."Heremarkedthattheirlackofmodernweaponryandevenmetal-forgedswordsorpikeswasatacticalvulnerability,writing,"Icouldconquerthewholeofthemwith50men,andgovernthemasIpleased."12theSantaMaríaranagroundonChristmasDay1492andhadtobeabandoned.ColumbuswasreceivedbythenativecaciqueGuacanagari,whogavehimpermissiontoleavesomeofhismenbehind.Columbusleft39men,includingLuisdeTorres,theConversointerpreter,whospokeHebrewandArabic,andfoundedthesettlementofLaNavidadatthesiteofpresent-dayMôle-Saint-Nicolas,Haiti.HekeptsailingalongthenortherncoastofHispaniolawithasingleship,untilheencounteredPinzónandthePintaon6January.On13January1493,ColumbusmadehislaststopintheNewWorld.HelandedontheSamanáPeninsula,wherehemetthehostileCiguayoswhopresentedhimwithhisonlyviolentresistanceduringhisfirstvoyagetotheAmericas.BecauseofthisandbecauseoftheCiguayos'useofarrows,hecalledtheinletwherehemetthemtheBayofArrows(orGulfofArrows).Today,theplaceiscalledtheBayofRincón,inSamaná,theDominicanRepublic.Columbuskidnappedabout10to25nativesandtookthembackwithhim(onlysevenoreightofthenativeIndiansarrivedinSpainalive,buttheymadequiteanimpressiononSevilleColumbusheadedforSpain,butanotherstormforcedhimintoLisbon.HeanchorednexttotheKing'sharborpatrolshipon4March1493inPortugal.AfterspendingmorethanoneweekinPortugal,hesetsailforSpain.HecrossedthebarofSaltesandenteredtheharborofPaloson15March1493.WordofhisfindingnewlandsrapidlyspreadthroughoutEurope.13Secondvoyage

14ColumbuslefttheportofCadizon24September1493,withafleetof17shipscarrying1,200menandthesuppliestoestablishpermanentcoloniesintheNewWorld.Thepassengersincludedpriests,farmers,andsoldiers,whowouldbethenewcolonists.Thisreflectedthenewpolicyofcreatingnotjust"coloniesofexploitation",butalso"coloniesofsettlement"fromwhichtolaunchmissionsdedicatedtoconvertingthenativestoChristianityAsinthefirstvoyage,thefleetstoppedattheCanaryIslands,fromwhichitdepartedon13October,followingamoresoutherlycoursethanonthepreviousexpeditionOn22November,ColumbusreturnedtoHispaniola,whereheintendedtovisitthefortofLaNavidad,builtduringhisfirstvoyageandlocatedonthenortherncoastofHaiti.Columbusfoundthefortinruins,destroyedbythenativeTainopeople.Amongtheruinswerethecorpsesof11ofthe39SpaniardswhohadstayedbehindasthefirstcolonistsintheNewWorld.15InretaliationfortheattackonLaNavidad,ColumbusdemandedthateachTainoover14yearsofagedeliverahawk'sbellfullofgoldpowdereverythreemonthsor,whenthiswaslacking,twenty-fivepoundsofspuncotton.Ifthistributewasnotdelivered,theTaínoshadtheirhandscutoffandwerelefttobleedtodeath.Columbusthensailedmorethan100kilometerseastwardsalongthenortherncoastofHispaniola,establishinganewsettlement,whichhecalledLaIsabela,inthepresent-dayDominicanRepublic.However,LaIsabelaprovedtobepoorlylocatedandthesettlementwasshort-lived.ColumbusleftHispaniolaon24April1494,arrivingatCuba(whichhenamedJuana)on30April.HeexploredthesoutherncoastofCuba,whichhebelievedtobepartofapeninsulaattachedtomainlandAsia,aswellasseveralnearbyislands,includingtheIsleofPines(whichhenamedLaEvangelista,"TheEvangelist").HereachedJamaicaon5May.[citationneeded]HeretracedhisroutetoHispaniola,arrivingon20August,beforehefinallyreturnedtoSpain16Thirdvoyage

17On30May1498,ColumbusleftwithsixshipsfromSanlúcar,Spain,forhisthirdtriptotheNewWorld.ThreeoftheshipsheadeddirectlyforHispaniolawithmuch-neededsupplies,whileColumbustooktheotherthreeinanexplorationofwhatmightlietothesouthoftheCaribbeanislandshehadalreadyvisited,includingahope-forpassagetocontinentalAsiaInpoorhealth,ColumbusreturnedtoHispaniolaon19August,onlytofindthatmanyoftheSpanishsettlersofthenewcolonywereinrebellionagainsthisrule,claimingthatColumbushadmisledthemaboutthesupposedlybountifulrichesoftheNewWorld.AnumberofreturningsettlersandsailorslobbiedagainstColumbusattheSpanishcourt,accusinghimandhisbrothersofgrossmismanagement.Columbushadsomeofhiscrewhangedfordisobedience.HehadaneconomicinterestintheenslavementoftheHispaniolanativesandforthatreasonwasnoteagertobaptizethem,whichattractedcriticismfromsomechurchmen.AnentryinhisjournalfromSeptember1498reads:"Fromhereonemightsend,inthenameoftheHolyTrinity,asmanyslavesascouldbesold..."Columbuswaseventuallyforcedtomakepeacewiththerebelliouscolonistsonhumiliatingterms.In1500,theCrownhadhimremovedasgovernor,arrested,andtransportedinchainstoSpain.HewaseventuallyfreedandallowedtoreturntotheNewWorld,butnotasgovernor18Fourthvoyage

19ColumbusmadeafourthvoyagenominallyinsearchoftheStraitofMalaccatotheIndianOcean.AccompaniedbyhisbrotherBartolomeoandhis13-year-oldsonFernando,heleftCadizon11May1502,withhisflagshipSantaMaríaandthevesselsGallega,Vizcaína,andSantiagodePalos.HesailedtoArzilaontheMoroccancoasttorescuePortuguesesoldierswhomhehadheardwereundersiegebytheMoors.On15JunetheylandedatCarbetontheislandofMartinique(Martinica).Ahurricanewasbrewing,sohecontinuedon,hopingtofindshelteronHispaniola.HearrivedatSantoDomingoon29Junebutwasdeniedport,andthenewgovernorrefusedtolistentohisstormprediction.Instead,whileColumbus'sshipsshelteredatthemouthoftheRioJaina,thefirstSpanishtreasurefleetsailedintothehurricane.Columbus'sshipssurvivedwithonlyminordamage,while29ofthe30shipsinthegovernor'sfleetwerelosttothe1Julystorm.Inadditiontotheships,500lives(includingthatofthegovernor,FranciscodeBobadilla)andanimmensecargoofgoldweresurrenderedtothesea.AfterabriefstopatJamaica,ColumbussailedtoCentralAmerica,arrivingatGuanaja(IsladePinos)intheBayIslansoffthecoastofHondurason30July.HereBartolomeofoundnativemerchantsandalargecanoe,whichwasdescribedas"longasagalley"andwasfilledwithcargo.On14AugusthelandedonthecontinentalmainlandatPuertoCastilla,nearTrujillo,Honduras.HespenttwomonthsexploringthecoastsofHonduras,Nicaragua,andCostaRica,beforearrivinginAlmiranteBayinPanamaon16October.20212223ColumbusmadeafourthvoyagenominallyinsearchoftheStraitofMalaccatotheIndianOcean.AccompaniedbyhisbrotherBartolomeoandhis13-year-oldsonFernando,heleftCadizon11May1502,withhisflagshipSantaMaríaandthevesselsGallega,Vizcaína,andSantiagodePalos.HesailedtoArzilaontheMoroccancoasttorescuePortuguesesoldierswhomhehadheardwereundersiegebytheMoors.On15JunetheylandedatCarbetontheislandofMartinique(Martinica).Ahurricanewasbrewing,sohecontinuedon,hopingtofindshelteronHispaniola.HearrivedatSantoDomingoon29Junebutwasdeniedport,andthenewgovernorrefusedtolistentohisstormprediction.Instead,whileColumbus'sshipsshelteredatthemouthoftheRioJaina,thefirstSpanishtreasurefleetsailedintothehurricane.Columbus'sshipssurvivedwithonlyminordamage,while29ofthe30shipsinthegovernor'sfleetwerelosttothe1Julystorm.Inadditiontotheships,500lives(includingthatofthegovernor,FranciscodeBobadilla)andanimmensecargoofgoldweresurrenderedtothesea.AfterabriefstopatJamaica,ColumbussailedtoCentralAmerica,arrivingatGuanaja(IsladePinos)intheBayIslandsoffthecoastofHondurason30July.HereBartolomeofoundnativemerchantsandalargecanoe,whichwasdescribedas"longasagalley"andwasfilledwithcargo.On14AugusthelandedonthecontinentalmainlandatPuertoCastilla,nearTrujillo,Honduras.HespenttwomonthsexploringthecoastsofHonduras,Nicaragua,andCostaRica,beforearrivinginAlmiranteBayinPanamaon16October.24

Columbus

——Oneofthegreatestnavigatorinlater15century25Columbus—Theworldbelongstotheadventurers.—Genius,isthepersonthatcandigupgoldandspringfromtheplacewhereotherthinkisbarren.—Theperseverenceofmovingongivesbrithtodiscoveries,soIthinkithasnorelationshipwiththecravens.——Columbus26ColumbusColumbuswasbornin1451inGenoaofItaly.Heisoneofthegreatestnavigatorinlater15century.Hisfatherwasawoolmerchant.Whenhewas26yearsold,hebecametomakemerchantvoyages.ThefarthestcountrieshereachedwereI