专业英语课文翻译

专业英语课文翻译Schoolofchemicalengineeringandpharmaceuticaltesttubes试管testtubeholder试管夹testtubebrush试管刷testtuberack试管架beaker烧杯stirring搅拌棒thermometer温度计boilingflask长颈烧瓶Florenceflask平底烧瓶flask,roundbottom,two-neckboilingflask,three-neckconicalflask锥形瓶wide-mouthbottle广口瓶graduatedcylinder量筒gasmeasuringtubevolumetricflask容量瓶transferpipette移液管Geiserburette(stopcock)酸式滴定管funnel漏斗Mohrburette(withpinchcock)碱式滴定管watchglass表面皿evaporatingdish蒸发皿groundjoint磨口连接Petridish有盖培养皿desiccators干燥皿long-stemfunnel长颈漏斗filterfunnel过滤漏斗Büchnerfunnel瓷漏斗separatoryfunnel分液漏斗Hirshfunnel赫尔什漏斗filterflask吸滤瓶Thielemeltingpointtube蒂勒熔点管medicinedroppercoefficientconfidencelevel检出限测定估算equivalentpointimpurity杂质interferenceinternalstandardsignificancelimitquantitationmasking掩蔽matrix基体precision精确度primarystandard原始标准物purity纯度qualitativequantitativeanalysisrandomerror偶然误差reagent试剂relativeerrorrobustnesssample样品relativedeviationselectivitysensitivity灵敏度specificity专属性titration滴定significantfigure有效数字solubilityproduct溶度积standarddeviationstandardization标定法stoichiometricpointsystematicerror系统误差有机化学acidanhydrideacylhalidealcohol醇aldehyde醛aliphaticalkene烯烃alkyne炔allyl烯丙基amide氨基化合物aminoacid氨基酸aromaticcompoundamine胺butyl丁基aromaticringbranched-chainchain链carbonyl羰基carboxyl羧基chelate螯合chiralcenterconformers构象copolymerderivative衍生物dextrorotatary右旋性的diazotization重氮化作用dichloromethane二氯甲烷ester酯ethyl乙基fattyacid脂肪酸functionalgroup官能团generalformula通式glycerolheptyl庚基heterocyclie杂环的hexylhomologhydrocarbonhydrophilichydrophobic疏水的hydroxideketone酮levorotatory左旋性的methyl甲基molecularformulmonomer单体octyl辛基openchain开链opticalactivity旋光性（度）organic有机的organicchemistry有机化学organiccompounds有机化合物pentyl戊基phenol苯酚phenyl苯基polymer聚合物，聚合体propyl丙基ring-shapedzwitterionsaturatedcompound饱和化合物sidechain侧链straightchain直链tautomerstructuralformula结构式triglycerideunsaturatedcompound物理化学activationenergyadiabatamplitude振幅collisionempiricaltemperatureenthalpy焓enthalpyofcombustion燃烧焓enthalpyoffusion熔化热enthalpyofhydrationenthalpyofreactionenthalpyfsublimationenthalpyofvaporization汽化热entropy熵firstlawfirstorderreactionfreeenergyHess’slaw盖斯定律Gibbsfreeenergyofformation吉布斯生成能heatcapacity热容internalenergy内能isobar等压线isochore等容线isotherm等温线kineticenergy动能latentheat潜能Planck’sconstant普朗克常数potentialenergy势能quantum量子quantummechanics量子力学ratelawspecificheatspontaneousstandardenthalpychange标准焓变standardentropyofreaction标准反应熵molarentropystandardpressurestatefunction状态函数thermalenergy热能thermochemicalequation热化学方程式thermodynamicequilibrium热力学平衡uncertaintyprinciple测不准定理zeroorderreactionzeropointenergy零点能课文词汇实验安全及记录：eyewash眼药水first-aidkit急救箱gasline输气管safetyshower紧急冲淋房waterfaucet水龙头flowchart流程图looseleaf活页单元操作分类：heattransfer传热Liquid-liquidextraction液液萃取liquid-solidleaching过滤vaporpressure蒸气压membraneseparation薄膜分离空气污染：carbondioxide二氧化碳carbonmonoxide一氧化碳particulatephotochemicalsmogprimarypollutantssecondarypollutantsstratosphericozonedepletion平流层臭氧消耗sulfurdioxide二氧化硫volcaniceruption火山爆发食品化学：aminoacid氨基酸,胺aminogroup氨基empiricalformula实验式,经验式fattyacid脂肪酸peptidebonds肽键polyphenoloxidase多酚氧化酶salivaryamylasesteroidhormonetablesugar蔗糖triacylglycerol三酰甘油,甘油三酯食品添加剂：acesulfame-K乙酰磺胺酸钾,一种甜味剂adrenalgland肾上腺ionizingradiation致电离辐射foodadditives食品添加剂monosodiumglutamatenaturalflavorsnutrasweet天冬甜素potassiumbromidepropylgallatesodiumchloridesodiumnitraten硝酸钠sodiumnitrite亚硝酸钠transfats反式脂肪geneticfood转基因食品foodpoisoning食物中毒hazardanalysisandcriticalcontrolpoints(HACCP)危害分析关键控制点技术maternalandchildhealthcare妇幼保健护理nationalpatriotichealthcampaigncommittee(NPHCC)全国爱国卫生运动委员会ruralhealth农村卫生管理thestatefoodanddrugadministration(SFDA)国家食品药品监督管理局光谱：AstronomicalSpectroscopy天文光谱学LaserSpectroscopyMassSpectrometry质谱AtomicAbsorptionSpectroscopy原子吸收光谱ElectronParamagneticSpectroscopy电子顺磁谱FourierTransformSpectrosopy傅里叶变换光谱Gamma-raySpectroscopyMultiplexorFrequency-ModulatedSpectroscopy复用或频率调制光谱X-raySpectroscopyX射线光谱色谱：GasChromatography气相色谱HighPerformanceLiquidChromatography高效液相色谱Thin-LayerChromatography薄层色谱silicategelmobilephase流动相stationaryphase固定相反应类型：agitatedtank搅拌槽catalyticreactor催化反应器batchstirredtankreactor间歇搅拌反应釜continuousstirredtank连续搅拌釜exothermicreactions放热反应pilotplant试验工厂fluidizedbedReactor流动床反应釜multiphasechemicalreactions多相化学反应packedbedreactor填充床反应器redoxreductant-oxidantacidbasereaction酸碱反应additionreactionchemicalequationvalenceelectron价电子combinationreactionhybridorbitaldecompositionreaction分解反应substitutionreaction取代(置换)反应Lesson5ClassificationofUnitOperations单元操作Fluidflow流体流动它涉及的理是确任一流从一个到另一点流动和输。Heattransfer传热这个单元作涉及原理是制不同置处热和量的积累转移。Evaporation蒸发它涉及易发溶剂蒸发，些溶剂自不易发溶质，诸盐或溶中任意他物质。Drying干燥这个操作将易挥的液体通常为）从固物中移除。Distillation蒸馏蒸馏是基不同液的蒸汽不同，过加热沸一个液体合物分。Absorption吸收吸收是将种化合从气体中转移液体中。Membraneseparation薄膜分离这个过程包含从液体或气体的溶质通过一个暂时性的薄膜扩散到另一液体中。Liquid-liquidextraction液液萃取Liquid-solidleaching过滤过滤用于理液体的细微分离固，并可到含在固体的溶质出。Crystallization结晶该操作可现溶质回收，如溶液的盐可过体中的溶沉淀获得。Mechanicalphysicalseparation机械物理分离Lesson6FractionalDistillation分馏分馏是根据混合物里面化合物的沸点，将其加热到足够高的温度从而达到分离。(1)Apparatus实验装置：圆底烧瓶锥形瓶李比希冷凝器抗爆沸原板颗粒温度计橡胶塞(除非快速适应使用)(2)Method试验方法：Lesson7Crystallization结晶化结晶是一种化学家利用它净化固体化合物的技术。这是一种每个化学家在实验室必须熟练掌握的基本程序。结晶是以溶解度原则为基础:化合物(溶质)更倾向于溶于热的液体(溶剂)而非冷的液体。如果允许饱和热溶液冷却，溶质不再溶于溶剂和形成纯化合物晶体。杂质从生长的晶体中被排除和纯固态晶体可通过过滤从溶解的杂质中被分离。(1)加热溶剂至沸腾，把固体放入一个锥形瓶重结晶。(2)向含有固体的锥形瓶中倒入少量的热溶剂。(3)强烈振荡锥形瓶使固体溶解。(4)将锥形瓶放在蒸气浴上，以保持溶液高温。(5)(6)当所有固体都溶解了，把锥形瓶放在工作台上。不要动它！(7)过一会儿后，晶体出现在锥形瓶中。(8)你现在可以把锥形瓶放入冰浴中来完成结晶过程。Lesson11HeatTransfer传热1BasicsofHeatTransfer基本传热Inthesimplestofterms,thedisciplineofheattransferisconcernedwithonlytwothings:temperature,andtheflowofheat.Temperaturerepresentstheamountofthermalenergyavailable,whereasheatflowrepresentsthemovementofthermalenergyfromplacetoplace.在最简单的术语，传热学科关注的只有两件事：温度，和热流量。温度是热能源的数量，而热流代表的热能从一个地方移动到的地方。Onamicroscopicscale,thermalenergyisrelatedtothekineticenergyofmolecules.Thegreateramaterial'stemperature,thegreaterthethermalagitationofitsconstituentmolecules(manifestedbothinlinearmotionandvibrationalmodes).Itisnaturalforregionscontaininggreatermolecularkineticenergytopassthisenergytoregionswithlesskineticenergy.在微观尺度，热能是分子的动能相关。更大的物质的温度，其组成分子的热运动更大的（表现在直线运动模式）和振动。含有大分子的动能来传递能量到较小的动能的地区是自然的。Severalmaterialpropertiesservetomodulatetheheattransferredbetweentworegionsatdifferingtemperatures.Examplesincludethermalconductivities,specificheats,materialdensities,fluidvelocities,fluidviscosities,surfaceemissivities,andmore.Takentogether,thesepropertiesservetomakethesolutionofmanyheattransferproblemsaninvolvedprocess.几种材料的性能起到调节转移之间的两个区域在不同温度下的热。例子包括的热传导率，比热，密度，流体速度，流体粘度，表面的发射率，和更多。总之，这些特性使许多传热问题，一个复杂的过程，解决方案。2.HeatTransferMechanisms传热机制Heattransfermechanismscanbegroupedinto3broadcategories:传热机制可以分为3大类：Conduction:Regionswithgreatermolecularkineticenergywillpasstheirthermalenergytoregionswithlessmolecularenergythroughdirectmolecularcollisions,aprocessknownasconduction.Inmetals,asignificantportionofthetransportedthermalenergyisalsocarriedbyconduction-bandelectrons.传导：更大的分子动能的地区将通过他们的热能通过分子的直接碰撞不分子的能量区域，这个过程被称为传导。在金属的热能源，运输的一个重要部分，也是由导带电子进行。Convection:Whenheatconductsintoastaticfluiditleadstoalocalvolumetricexpansion.Asaresultofgravity-inducedpressuregradients,theexpandedfluidparcelbecomesbuoyantanddisplaces,therebytransportingheatbyfluidmotion(i.e.convection)inadditiontoconduction.Suchheat-inducedfluidmotionininitiallystaticfluidsisknownasfreeconvection.对流：当热传递到一个静态流体导致局部体积膨胀。作为一个结果，诱导的压力梯度，重力，浮力和流体包裹成为扩大移除，从而输送热流体运动（即对流）除了传导。这样的热诱导的流体运动的最初的静态液体被称为自由对流。Radiation:Forcaseswherethefluidisalreadyinmotion,heatconductedintothefluidwillbetransportedawaychieflybyfluidconvection.Thesecases,knownasforcedconvection,requireapressuregradienttodrivethefluidmotion,asopposedtoagravitygradienttoinducemotionthroughbuoyancy.辐射：对于流体已经在运动，进行了流体热将被运走，主要是由流体对流。这些情况下，被称为强制对流，需要的压力梯度驱动的流体的运动，而不是一个重力梯度诱导运动通过浮力.Lesson14AirPollution大气污染Pollutants污染物一种空气污染物被称为空气中的物质，可以对人体和环境造成的危害。污染物可在固体颗粒，形成液滴，或气体。此外，他们可能是天然的或人造的。oxicmetals,suchaslead,cadmiumandcopper.有毒金属，如铅，镉和铜。Lesson21MedicalChemistryChemistryhaslongbeenanintegralpartofthepharmaceuticalindustryanditsimportanceshouldnotdiminish.Manycurrentlymarketeddrugssuchastheantineoplasticagent,paclitaxel,andtheantibiotic,vancomycin,arenaturalproducts.Theextractsofplantsandmarineorganismsandtheproductsofsoilbacteriafermentationwillcontinuetobeinvestigatedaspotentialsourcesofpowerfulnewdrugsubstances.Chemistsarecertainlyinvolvedinthisarenaofdrugdiscoveryastheyconductthepainstakingisolation,purification,andstructuralcharacterizationofpharmacologicallyactivecomponentswhichmostoftenarepresentinminuteamountsinthenaturalsourceandwhichhaveextremelycomplexchemicalstructures.Theenormousadvancesinmolecularbiologyhaveresultedinthesuccessfuldevelopmentofbio-engineeredtherapeuticagents,forexample,humaninsulin,Herceptin(Genentechdrugforbreastcancer),andEnbrel(Immunexdrugforrheumatoidarthritis).Itisanticipatedthatmanyotherbio