产业转型从进化视角思考的概念外文翻译

本科毕业论文外文翻译外文题目：IndustryTransformation—ConceptualConsiderationsfromanEvolutionaryPerspective出处：JournalofBusinessMarketManagement,2007,Volume1,Number2,Pages151-182作者：MartinGersch·ChristianGoeke原文：IndustryTransformation–ConceptualConsiderationsfromanEvolutionaryPerspectiveMartinGersch·ChristianGoekeAbstractTheexplanandum‘industrytransformation’isconceptualizedagainstthebackgroundofmarketprocesstheories.Asystemofindicatorstomeasureindustrytransformationissetupandtypicalpatternsofdevelopmentandchallengesforentrepreneurialactiononbusiness-to-businessmarketsarederived.Analyzingindustrytransformationrequiresaco-evolutionaryapproach.Changeisthendetectedusingdifferentindicators,exemplifiedusingtheGermanhealthcaresectorasaninsighttobusiness-to-businessmarketsintransition.Entrepreneurialactionisthekeytoanevolutionaryunderstandingofbusinesssystemsasdriversofchangeprocessesandthefactthat–atthesametime–theyaredrivenbythem.Typicalfeaturesofindustrytransformationincludehistoricity,pathdependencies,andevolutionaryinterpretationsofspecificityleadingtotrajectoriesandmultiplepatternslikeforexample(dis-/re-)intermediationandcooperationObjectivesandcourseofthepaperBusinessactivityinmulti-tiermarketstructuresisthesubjectofbusiness-to-businessmanagement.Itseemsthatoveralongperiodoftimescientificliteratureonbusiness-to-businessmanagementwasmissingtwothings:(1)atheory-basedanalysisofeffectiveandlastingchangeprocessesthatexplicitlyrespectstemporality(AnderssonandMattsson2006)and(2)ananalysisofthechallengesforentrepreneurialactionwhichaccompanythesechangeprocesses.Thelackisconcerningboth,changesacrossthewholeindustrychannel(valuechain/supplychain)orwithinsinglemarketsinthechannel.Observably,suchtransformationprocessesoftencomealongwithsignificantmodificationsinestablishedindustrystructureandsingleplayers’strategiestoremaincompetitive.Moreconcrete,changesinmarketrequirements,shiftsinstructureofcompetition–e.g.throughnewcompetitors–changedcompetitivestrategiesortheerosionof‘unwrittenrules’andgrowncompetitivecultureoccur.Differentformsof(dis-/re)intermediationand/orverticalintegrationintheindustryvaluechainareprominentexamplesforsuchchanges,aswell.Theintentionofthispaperispredominantlyofconceptualnature,proposingaframeworkfortheory-drivenanalysisofchangeprocessestobenamedindustrytransformation.Recentresearchundertheumbrellaofmarketprocesstheories(e.g.Hayek1978;Kirzner1973;Mises1949;Vaughn1994)andresource-andcompetencebasedresearch(e.g.FossandIshikawa2006;HamelandPrahalad1994;SanchezandHeene2004;Sanchezetal.1996)facilitatesanevolutionaryinterpretationofobservabletransformationprocesses.Applyingthesetheoreticalfoundations,changeprocessescanbeanalyzedinanintegratedway,takingintoconsideration(1)thelevelofactingsingleplayers,(2)market-levelsand(3)thewholeindustryvaluechain.Especiallyduetotheembeddednatureofbusiness-to-businessmarketssuchacomprehensivemulti-levelanalysisisconsideredabsolutelynecessary.Applyingresearchprogramstoallabove-mentionedlevelswhicharecompatibleintermsofbasicassumptionsandtheirhardcore(andwhichactuallyexistundertheumbrellaofmarketprocesstheories),amulti-levelanalysisseemspossibleinawaywhichisconsistentintermsofphilosophyofscience.Accordingtomarketprocesstheory’sbasicrationale,entrepreneurialactionisviewedastheprimummobileofanykindofchangeprocess.Inthisregard,businesssystemscanplaytwodifferentroles:theycanontheonehandactivelycreateanddrivethetransformationprocessonhigherlevelsofaggregation,likemarketsorindustries,butontheotherhandtheycanalsobeforcedanddrivenbyit.Althoughtheywillbecharacterizedinmoredetaillater,thepostulationsofmanystrategicmanagementscholarsfor‘co-evolutionarydevelopment’,‘strategicfit’or‘coherence’(MorganandHunt2002;Venkatraman1989;VolberdaandLewin2003;Zajacetal.2000)cannowbeconsistentlyimplementedonatheoreticalbasis.Thisiswhyatargetedintegratedframeworkformultiplelevelsofanalysisisdeemedessentialinordertofinallyprovideausefulsupportforstrategicmanagementpractice.Asfarastheauthorsknow,hitherto,suchanintegratedandtheoreticallyconsistentframeworkdoesnotexistinextantliterature.Followingarespectiveconceptualizationonthebasisofmarketprocesstheories,firstempiricalfindingsfromtheGermanhealthcaremarketafter2004’sextensivehealthcaresystemreformareshowcasedonthebasisoftheelaboratedframework.Theinteractionbetweenindividuals’,market-andindustry-levelisfinallyhighlightedexemplarilybyexploringthequestionofwhyfirmstendtocollaborateinchangingenvironments.IndustrytransformationfromanintegratingmarketprocesstheoryperspectiveIndustrytransformationinthespotlightofmarketprocesstheoriesRelevantresearchprogramsundertheumbrellaofmarketprocesstheoriesWhileinthefieldofeconomicsespeciallythe(New)AustrianEconomicsrepresentaschoolofthoughtwhichfocusesonthecontinuouschangesinmarketsasamainpointofexplanation(‘explanandum’),thecorrespondingcomplementofanalysisforthefirm-level(withmanagementimplications)–asthebasisforanintegratedanalysishasbeenmissingforalongtime.Thislackofanalysisforthefirmlevelhasevenbeenlabeledasa‘missingchapterofmarketprocesstheory’(Ehret2000;Fagerberg2003;Schneider2001;Witt1999).Inthecontextofmarketprocesstheoriesasanumbrellaforseveralresearchconceptssuchacomplementmustworkwithsimilarbasicassumptionsandresearchquestionsinordertobecompatibleinthehardcore(Lakatos1970)forcreatingaconsistentandintegratedframeworkforanalysis.Theventureintocreatinganintegratedframeworkforanalysisisfeasibleinawaybeingconsistentintermsofphilosophyofscience,asmarketprocesstheoriesdonotonlycomprisethealreadymentionedAustrianEconomics,butforexamplealsoworkonentrepreneurialfunctions(e.g.Schneider1995a)orthecompetence-basedtheoryofthefirm(e.g.Freilingetal.2005;2006),whicharosefromare-conceptualizationofresource-andcompetence-basedresearch.Hence,thereisahugepotentialtouseanintegratedevolutionarytheorytoanalyzechangeandtransformationprocessesfromaperspectivecomprisingbothmarket-andfirm-level.Enhancingthemarketprocesstheories’understandingofmarketsandmarketprocesses,theauthorsderiveasuggestionforexplainingtheartifact‘industrytransformation’basedontheabove-mentionedcompetence-basedtheoryofthefirm.However,beforeaddingtheauthors’contributionconcerningthenatureandterminologyof‘industrytransformation’inmarketprocesstheories’thinkinginthenextsubsection,thefollowingparagraphwilloutlinesomenecessarybasicterminology.ThisshallbedoneinaccordancewithDieterSchneider(1995a),withhisadmittedlyvague,butveryusefuldefinitions,whicharenotverywidespreadintheAnglophoneliterature.Marketprocesstheoriesconcentratesubstantiallyontheanalysisandexplanationofmarketprocessesandtheirresultsawayfromthetypicaleconomicnotionofmarketequilibriums(Witt1999,p.198).Theycomprisealleconomicphenomenaconnectedwiththeexistenceofmarkets,forexamplemarketstructure,behaviorinmarkets,andperformance(Rese2000;Rese2004).Theterm‘marketprocess’referstoanirreversiblesequenceofactionswithinmarketswhichcanalsobeinterpretedas‘groping’(Schneider1995b).FollowingSchneider(1995a)marketsasinstitutionscanbeinterpretedasastructuredmassof‘elements’calledmarketprocesseswhicharearrangedaccordingtothe‘relations’marketrulesandmarketstructure.Hencemarketprocessesofsuppliersandcustomersatleastcomprise:•collectionanddiffusionofknowledgeaboutofferedordesiredbundlesofgoods,services,andpropertyrights(asthecategory‘objectofmarket’)•negotiationsthatprecedetheexchangeofthesebundles•agreementsonthetransferofpropertyrights.Suchtransferscanberegardedasakindofexchange.The‘exchangerate’isnottobeunderstoodquantitativelyasa‘relativeprice’,butratherqualitativelyasthecomparisonoftwocategoriesofgoods:bundlesofcoreproductsand‘side’productscomparedtoabundleofexchangegoods.Followingthisnotion,marketprocessesasactionswithinamarketmustbeseparatedfrompreparationactivitiesandmarketinputprocesses,asthelattercontainallactivitiestobeperformedbeforeorafteratransaction.Themarketinputisdeterminedbyaplayer’sreadinessforactionataspecificpointintime.Latterconstituteshispotentialforprovidingparticularcoreandsideproductswithinanofferedbundle.Marketprocessestakeplaceembeddedintoexistingmarketrules,i.e.the‘constitution’ofmarkets,whichcontains‘codesofconduct’andlegalnormsforthesell-sideaswellasforthebuy-side.Marketprocessesthemselvescanbearrangedaccordingtothemarketstructure(e.g.numberandsizeofcompetitorsandpotentialcustomers).Particularfeaturesofthemarketstructureare–fromanevolutionarypointofview–notonlyresultsofplayers’actionbutalsofactorswhichinfluencetheirfutureconduct(andthereforemarketprocesses).Hence,totallydifferentgeneralconditionscomparedtoneoclassicalconsiderationsapplyinmarketprocesstheories:while‘neoclassicaleconomicsmainlyareconcernedwiththeestablishmentofeconomicequilibriumunderfullyknownor(inMarshallianterminology)givenconditionsofresourceavailability,technologyandpreferences(...)theAustrianapproachisentirelydifferent.Theeconomyisinaperpetualstateofdisequilibrium:thingsarealwayschangingandinastateSummaryandOutlookBothscholarsandpractitionersinthefieldofmanagementrefertoanincreasingvolatilityofrelevantparametersfordoingbusiness.Therebyuncertaintyforsingleplayersinchangingmarketsseemstobeescalating.Theorthodoxwayofthinkingincomparativestaticwayswhensettinguponesown‘entrepreneurialtheories’(Harper1995)isassumedtobeonereasonfortheuneasinesstheplayersfeel.Managersoftenconsiderchangeanduncertaintyas‘thingstobeavoided,ashardtounderstandandasimpossibletocontrol’(CopelandandWeiner1990,p.133).Butasamatteroffact,uncertaintyisaveryimportantfeatureofreality,whichshouldbecomethesubjectofexplanationstoeconomicactivityandobservableevents:‘ifmanagers[andscientists]cannotfullyembraceit,theycanatleastlearntolivewithit’(O’Driscolletal.2001,p.87).Withtheestablishedmarketprocesstheoriesanditsrecentenhancementbythecompetence-basedtheoryofthefirmthereisaccesstoanevolutionaryschoolofthoughtwhichisabletoconsistentlyanalyzechangeprocessesondifferent–butindependent–levelsandwhichisbasedonresearchconceptsthatarecompatibleintermsofbasicassumptionsinthehardcore.Followingthisagendathealertnessforfindingopportunitiesandchancesinthemarket(again)becomesthemainfocusofexplanations.Themissingchapterinmarketprocesstheories(Ehret2000;Witt1999)isbeingwrittenbyacompetence-basedtheoryofthefirm,asitpossessesthepotentialtoexplainintra-firmprocessesfromaresource-andcompetenceperspective(Schneider2001)undertheumbrellaofmarketprocesstheories.Thispaperdefinedtheartifact‘industrytransformation’andconcretecausalstructures,whichinterpretthechangeprocessesinmulti-tiervaluechainsandsinglemarketswithinthevaluechainsastheconsequenceoftheinterplayofindividualandcollectiveentrepreneurialdecisions.Forboththelevelofsinglebusinesssystemsandthelevelofentiremarketsandindustriesthereareunique,idiosyncraticandirreversiblepathsofdevelopment.Singleplayerscanonlyhavelimitedinfluenceonthesepaths:concerningagoalorientedcreation/formationoftheirrelevantenvironmentontheonehandaswellasconcerningtheopeningandseizingofupcoming‘windowsofopportunity’ontheother.Gettingintothecomplexityofchangeprocessesbasedonthemarketprocesstheories’frameworkoutlinedaboveisstillinthefledglingstagesandthereismuchworklefttoremoveexistingimpreciseness,lackingconcreteness.Afterhavingsetupabasicframeworkforanalysis,weclaimthatfleshtoitsbonescanonlybegivenbyempiricalwork,addressingconcreteresearchquestionsoutofobservabletransformationprocesses.However,marketprocesstheoryappliedfortheframeworkisgenerallyassociatedwithparticularchallengestoempiricalresearchandmethodologicalopportunities.Especiallyqualitativemethodsinordertoderivepropositionsaredeemedfruitfulforthispurpose(Lockett,andThompson,2001).Atthesametimeitmustbestatedthattheoften-mentionedcriticismofmarketprocesstheories,namelyconcerningtheinsufficientvalidityofpredictions(duetotheexistingbasicassumptions)willneverbedispelledcompletely.Likewise,the‘unacceptablesoftness/openness’ofhypothesesinPopper’snotionwillneverbeovercomeentirely.Itistheevolutionarycharacteroftheinquirywhichdominatesandwhichisimplicitintheunderlyingtheory.Henceamodifiednormtoevaluatethequalityofdeductible‘ifthenstatementsincausalstructures’seemsnecessary(Hayek1964).However,evenonthisabstractlevelonecancometoimportantconclusionstounderstandthenatureandcourseofobservablechangeprocessesinmulti-tiermarketstructures.译文：产业转型-从进化视角思考的概念摘要在市场进程的理论背景下解释产业转型的概念。根据企业对企业市场创业行动的各种挑战，建立和发展一个指标体系来衡量城市产业转型的典型模式。分析产业的转型需要一个共同进化方法。然后，更改使用不同的检测指标，以德国医疗保险行业作为一个例证深入的了解到企业对企业市场转型。创业行动是一个业务系统作为变革的进程司机，这一事实进化理解的关键，在同一时间，他们是他们所推动的。产业转型的典型特征包括历史性，依赖性，并导致轨迹多模式进化的特异性的解释，例如中介和合作。论文的目标和过程业务多层次的市场结构的活动是企业对企业管理的主题。看来，在很长一段时间内的科学文献上企业对企业管理中缺少两件事情：（1）有效的和持久的变化过程理论为基础的分析，明确尊重时间性(AnderssonandMattsson2006)及（2）对创业行动的挑战，伴随这些变化过程的分析。既缺乏有关的，在整个行业渠道(valuechain/supplychain)或在通道中的单一市场的变化。显著，这种转变过程中经常会与既定的产业结构和单一球员的战略的重大修改，同时保持竞争力。更具体的，变化的市场需求，在竞争结构的变化，通过新的竞争对手，改变经营策略的'潜规则'侵蚀和成长竞争的文化发生。（dis-/re）中介和在产业价值链的垂直整合等不同形式的变化，以及突出的例子。本文的目的是提出主要的概念性质，理论驱动的分析框架的变化进程就被命名为产业转型。最近的研究下的市场化进程的理论保护伞(e.g.Hayek1978;Kirzner1973;Mises1949;Vaughn1994)和资源和能力基础的研究(e.g.FossandIshikawa2006;HamelandPrahalad1994;SanchezandHeene2004;Sanchezetal.1996)促进了进化论的解释观察到的转化过程。应用这些理论基础，分析了变化过程可以在一个集成的方式，同时考虑到（1）作用单级的球员，（2）市场层次，（3）在整个产业价值链。特别是由于企业对企业市场的嵌入式性质这样一个全面的多层次的分析被认为是绝对必要的。应用研究方案，上述所有级别的是兼容的基本假设和他们的核心条款（实际上在市场过程理论下存在保护伞），一个多层次的分析似乎有可能在某种程度上是一致的术语科学哲学。据市场过程理论的基本原理，创业行动被视为是任何一种变化的无移动过程。在这方面，业务系统可以扮演两个不同的角色：他们一方面可以积极创造，推动更高层次上聚集像市场或产业，改造过程中，但在另一方面，它们也可以被强制和由它驱动。虽然他们的特点将更加详细后，为'协同进化发展'，'战略适合'或'一致性'(MorganandHunt2002;Venkatraman1989;VolberdaandLewin2003;Zajacetal.2000)现在可以持续实施提供了理论依据。这就是为什么有针对性的分析，多层次的综合框架被认为是必要的，以便最终提供一个有用的战略管理实践的支持。据笔者所知，迄今为止，在现存文献不存在这种综合和一致的框架的理论。继2004年后的广泛的医疗体系改革的市场化进程的理论依据各自的构想，来自德国的医疗市场的实证研究结果首次展示对制定框架的基础。最终突出探讨为什么企业往往不断变化的环境中进行协作的问题的是个人之间的相互作用，市场和产业层面的模范。产业转型从理论的角度整合市场化进程产业转型中的市场化进程的理论焦点在市场化进程的理论保护伞有关的研究方案而在经济领域尤其是(New)奥地利经济学派代表了其在市场上作为一个主要问题的解释(‘explanandum’)不断变化的重点，相应的补充为公司级(withmanagementimplications)-作为一个综合分析的基础上已经失踪了很久。这种分析缺乏对公司的水平，甚至被打成'缺少市场化进程的理论章节(Ehret2000;Fagerberg2003;Schneider2001;Witt1999)。在市场化进程中的理论作为伞等概念的一些研究工作的一种补充，必须具有相似的基本假设和研究问题，以兼容的硬核心创造一个连贯一致的综合分析框架(Lakatos1970)。将建立一个综合框架的分析企业是在一个被科学哲学中的条款一致的方式是可行的，因为市场过程理论不仅包括已经提到的奥地利经济，而是像也对创业工作的功能(e.g.Schneider1995a)或本公司基于胜任力的理论(e.g.Freilingetal.2005;2006)，从一个重新的资源和能力为基础的研究概念出现了。因此，有一个巨大的潜力，使用集成的进化理论来分析，成员包括来自市场和企业层面的角度变化和转化过程。加强市场过程理论的市场和市场过程的理解，作者解释的建议得到了神器的产业转型，基于上述能力为基础的企业理论。然而，再加入作者的贡献有关的性质和术语的产业转型在市场过程理论在下一小节的思想，下段将概述一些必要的基本术语。此事应在与Dieter施耐德(1995a)的规定，固然与他的含糊不清，但非常有用的定义，这都不是很讲英语文学普遍。集中市场过程理论的分析和大量的市场过程及其结果的解释远离平衡点的典型的市场经济概念(Witt1999,p.198)。它们包括随着市场的存在，例如市场结构，市场行为和表现，(Rese2000;Rese2004)连接的所有的经济现象。术语'市场化进程，指的是一个不可逆转的顺序在其中的行动也可以作为'摸索'(Schneid